J Ornithol (2004) 145: 300–320
DOI 10.1007/s10336-004-0043-8
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Frank D. Steinheimer
Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. "Beagle", 1831–1836
Received: 19 April 2004 / Revised: 10 May 2004 / Accepted: 10 May 2004 / Published online: 25 June 2004
© Dt. Ornithologen-Gesellschaft e.V. 2004
Abstract This paper analyses Charles Darwin's bird collection and the ornithological knowledge he derived from it during the voyage of H.M.S. "Beagle". Darwin collected 468 bird skins, 10 detached parts of the lesser rhea, and the nests and eggs of 16 different taxa as well as 14 whole birds and 4 parts of birds which he preserved in spirit. He labelled these specimens with a number tag only, cross-referring the number to a notebook entry. Partly because of his limited ornithological knowledge and partly because he was confronted at times with entirely unknown birds, Darwin was often unable to apply the correct generic designations and gave his South American specimens English and Spanish names from literature and the local tongues, as well as the scientific generic names of European birds. Back home, it was John Gould, the prominent ornithologist of the Zoological Society of London, who made sense of Darwin's collection, among his many other scientific achievements correctly identifying the Galápagos finches as a group of closely related birds. Darwin's bird collection did not receive much attention in the latter part of the 19th century. Most of the specimens had their original labels removed and replaced by ones of the custodian institution. Today, original Darwin specimens stemming from the "Beagle" voyage are to be found in at least eight different institutions, but almost half of the bird specimens Darwin collected on the "Beagle" voyage are not accounted for. The appendix to this paper lists for the first time all the birds which Darwin collected during the voyage. Darwin's famous book On the origin of species hardly draws upon any ornithological examples from his voyage on the "Beagle". Nevertheless, Darwin contributed much to ornithology. His collection contained 39 new species and subspecies of birds, mainly described by Gould, and some birds from populations now extinct, and he also made a few very good field observations, published in the sections of The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle dedicated to birds.
Keywords Bird collection · Charles Darwin · Ornithology · Voyage of the "Beagle"
Introduction
Charles Darwin (1809–1882) is often seen as an experienced ornithologist with an expert knowledge of birds. In particular, his discovery of a group of 'finches' (Family Emberizidae) on the Galápagos Islands in September and October 1835, now commonly named 'Darwin's finches',1 cemented his reputation as a field ornithologist par excellence (inter alia Heberer 1959, pp. 33–35; Lack 1961, pp. 9-10; Barlow 1963, p. 261 (footnote 1); de Beer 1963, p. 132; Moorehead 1969, pp. 196–205; Grinnell 1974, pp. 260–261; Schmitz 1983, pp. 56–60; Wehner and Gehring 1990, p. 559; Curio 1993,
Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Ernst Mayr
Communicated by F. Bairlein
F. D. Steinheimer
Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany, Sylter Strasse 18, 90425 Nuremberg, Germany
E-mail: franksteinheimer@yahoo.co.uk
Tel.: +49-30-20938512
Fax: +49-30-20938528
F. D. Steinheimer
Bird Group, Department of Zoology,
Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
1 The term 'Darwin's finches' was first used by Lowe 1936 (cited in Sulloway 1982b, p. 45) and established by Lack (1961, p. 14), with the argument that "the term 'Galapagos finch' is less satisfactory, since one species, namely Pinaroloxias inornata, occurs not in the Galapagos, but on Cocos Island […]." In fact, Darwin himself had only encountered some of the finch species. In this paper, both Galápagos finches and Darwin's finches are used, according to prevailing usage.
p. 344; cf. Sulloway 1982b, pp. 6–7). This is reflected in passages such as the following by Lack (1961, p. V), who wrote in the preface to Darwin's Finches: "…in 1835, Charles Darwin collected some dull-looking finches on the Galapagos Islands. They proved to be a new group of birds and, together with the giant tortoises and other Galapagos animals, they started a train of thought which culminated in the Origin of Species, and shook the world." Moorehead (1969, p. 202) added: "…it was the number of different species of finch, and the variety of their beaks, that so amazed Darwin."
The general public still sees birds as Darwin's major clue to evolution. Rediscoveries in museum collections of original 'finches' from Darwin's collection made headline news 160 years after the voyage (Anonymous 1996; Clausen 1996; Field 2003), while Darwin's own Galápagos finches were the biggest visitor attraction at a recent touring exhibition (1999–2002) on the early voyages of discovery (Rice 1999).
However, since Kottler (1978) and Sulloway (1979, 1982a, 1982b), the myth of 'Darwin and his finches' has been shown to be just that. We now know that in the field Darwin did not appreciate the close relationship between the different species of finches on the Galápagos Islands. In fact, he actually believed he had collected specimens of five different (sub-) families—finches, grosbeaks, American blackbirds, wrens and warblers—although he did not rule out that the first three at least might be closely related. Darwin did not discuss evolution during his visit to the Galápagos Islands, nor did he subsequently use 'Galápagos finches' in his book (Darwin 1859) On the Origin of Species (Kottler 1978; Sulloway 1979, 1982a, 1982b; Futuyma 1990; Mayr 1994; Quammen 1997; Larson 2001; Keynes 2002, 2003). To him, these birds remained even in latter years "undistinguishable from each other in habits" (Darwin in Gould et al. 1841, p. 99).
Therefore, the question as to what Darwin actually knew about, and contributed to, ornithology seems to be justified (cf. Bourne 1992). Moreover, how much did Darwin actually draw on ornithology from the "Beagle" voyage in developing his theory of evolution?
While undertaking a database project for the Natural History Museum, London/Tring, the author had the opportunity to assemble data on Darwin's entire avian collection. The information which this brought to light on the taxa involved, combined with Darwin's ornithological notes (Barlow 1963; Keynes 2000), permitted a thorough evaluation of Darwin's ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S.2 "Beagle" in 1831–1836. More than half of Darwin's bird specimens were traced during this research; data for additional birds were added from literature, since all of Darwin's ornithological notes have survived as well. "Lucky we are that Darwin kept up […] collecting throughout his life. If he had not collected and saved specimens, notes, manuscripts, letters, and annotated books, our understanding of his life and motivations would be close to nil" (Porter 1985, p. 974).
Darwin and ornithology before the voyage
No Darwinian bird collection of any kind which predates the voyage of the "Beagle" has survived. In all likelihood there never was one, except for a few eggs and perhaps nests. One can only surmise what ornithological knowledge Darwin would have acquired during his teens and subsequent studies in Britain by looking at his notes and collections made during the early stages of the voyage, and from autobiographical sources (Barlow 1958; Burkhardt and Smith 1985, 1986). Darwin started collecting natural history objects, including birds' eggs, as a young boy (Steinmüller and Steinmüller 1987, p. 29). He apparently read Gilbert White's (1789) The natural history and antiquities of Selborne and wondered why every gentleman did not become an ornithologist (Barlow 1958, p. 45). During his studies, he certainly collected plants, beetles, fossils and geological objects (Junker 2001), focussing, from when he attended Cambridge, on beetles and plants (Porter 1985). He was also a keen hunter and kept a record book on what he had seen and shot (Steinmüller and Steinmüller 1987, pp. 31, 47).
Darwin learned how to prepare bird specimens at the museum in Edinburgh (Desmond and Moore 1995, pp. 42, 58). His teacher there was the former travel servant of Charles Waterton (1782–1865), a famous British collector, ornithologist and taxidermist. Darwin spent some time studying the bird galleries of the Edinburgh, Cambridge and London museums. He wrote retrospectively that he also read bird books housed in the university library of Edinburgh during this period (Steinmüller and Steinmüller 1987, p. 45). While at Edinburgh University in 1825–1827, Darwin attended lectures given by John James Laforest Audubon (1785–1851) on the habits of North American birds (Keynes 1997, p. 461). One can therefore assume that Darwin had all the tools needed in the field by an ornithologist of his day, most importantly being able to shoot a bird and preserve its skin. However, Darwin was never taught, not even by his great mentor Prof. John Stevens Henslow (1796–1861) in Cambridge, what data should be noted down on bird specimen labels. This lack was later to prove a problem.
By the time of his departure a few weeks short of his 23rd birthday, Darwin would probably have known most common British and some exotic birds. He had not, however, acquired thorough identification skills for all British birds, nor would he have encountered all
2 H.M.S. stands for His Majesty's Ship (more exactly Surveying Sloop; cf. Bourne 1992). The '"Beagle"' was built in 1820 and named after the dog. The ship had already been used for a previous voyage to Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia in 1826–1830 before Darwin's famous 'Voyage of H.M.S. "Beagle"'. Any use of the term 'Voyage of H.M.S. "Beagle"' in this paper always refers to this latter, second journey of the "Beagle".
British species, especially those not commonly shot on hunts and offered at markets, such as nocturnal birds and rare passerines. For example, Darwin was unable to identify a short-eared owl (Asio flammeus) when confronted with the taxon on East Falkland Island. Even worse were Darwin's identification skills for the different plumages of seabirds and waders, which he sometimes attributed to the wrong genus. He did not know the scientific names of all British birds and had no special knowledge of the scientific names of exotic species, lacking the necessary years of training in the field as well as in reference collections.
Generally, one can say that during his youth and student years Darwin's naturalist's eyes were turned more often to the soil then to the sky (cf. Desmond and Moore 1995). Nevertheless, he was well equipped to record, but not to identify, the avifauna of the regions to be visited during the voyage of H.M.S. "Beagle". Henslow commented in a letter to Reverend George Peacock (1791–1858) that Darwin is not "a finished Naturalist, but as amply qualified for collecting, observing, & noting anything new to be noted in Natural History" (Barlow 1967, p. 30). Or as Porter (1985, p. 977) phrased it: "Charles Darwin was as prepared to be the naturalist of the "Beagle" as any contemporary university graduate could have been." Darwin, however, had two further advantages: from his youth onwards he had been an avid collector of any kind of object, and his lack of specialization meant that he was not narrow-mindedly interested in only one single subject. Secondly, Darwin had learned Spanish in his enthusiasm to follow Alexander von Humboldt's (1769–1859) example and explore Tenerife (Steinmüller and Steinmüller 1987). Thus he was probably able to understand at least parts of the stories told to him by locals in South America regarding the native bird life, although his recourse to interpreters during the voyage (Barlow 1933, p. 30) suggests that his Spanish may not have been particularly good.
When Darwin accepted a place on H.M.S. "Beagle" "more as a companion [of the Captain] than a mere collector" (Barlow 1967, p. 30), he nevertheless busily assembled and acquired the books, tools and material for preparation which he believed he might need for the long journey (Keynes 2002). While Captain Robert FitzRoy (1805–1865) might have viewed Darwin more as the accompanying gentleman, his former Cambridge professors were keen to stress "the importance of his collections […]" (Porter 1985, p. 977). The ship's library contained a wonderful set of the most modern travel guides and natural history books of the time. The following (partly) ornithological works would have been most useful for identifying birds in the field (cited from Burkhardt and Smith 1985, pp. 553–566; some books were subsequently sent out to the "Beagle" during the voyage): Blainville et al. (1834); Burchell (1822, 1824); Cuvier (1817, 1829); Griffith et al. (1828); Forster (1778); King (1827, MS to King et al. 1839); Labillardière (1799–1800); Lesson (1828); von Wied-Neuwied (1820); Quoy and Gaimard (1824); Saint-Vincent et al. (1822–1831); and Spix and Martius (1824). Darwin also had access to Molina (1809)3 not listed in Burkhardt and Smith (1985), since there are references to the work in his zoology notes (Barlow 1963; Keynes 2000). Unfortunately, the library lacked the book of Azara (1802–1805), which would have been of much help for identifying some birds of the Rio Plata region (cf. Darwin 1870; Sulloway 1982c).4 Darwin was also missing some additional publications on the avifauna of South America such as Lichtenstein (1823), Vieillot (1816) and Wagler (1827), but their implication for field ornithology would have been small.
Darwin's ornithology during the voyage of H.M.S. "Beagle"
I am spending September in Patagonia, much in the same manner as I should in England, viz. shooting (Darwin in Barlow 1933, p. 100).
H.M.S. "Beagle" set off on 27 December 1831 and returned nearly 5 years later on 2 October 1836 after having charted the coast of South America and circumnavigated the globe. Darwin's interest in birds during the voyage was marginal (Bourne 1992). A letter home to his distant cousin William Darwin Fox (1805–1880) on 23 May 1833 reveals his attitude towards ornithology: "You ask me about Ornithology; my labours in it are very simple.-I have taught my servant to shoot & skin birds, & I give him money.-I have only taken one bird which has much interested me […]" (Burkhardt and Smith 1985, p. 316, cited in Bourne 1992). The bird Darwin was referring to was the least seed-snipe Thinocorus rumicivorus5; Barlow 1963, pp. 211, 278; Bourne 1992). While in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro on 4 June 1832, Darwin wrote in his diary of the local hunters, whom he joined in shooting deer and other mammals, that "they shoot parrots & Toucans &c. [between hunting mammals]. I soon found this very stupid & began to hunt my own peculiar game" (Barlow 1933, pp. 66–67). Darwin prepared only eight birds for his collection, and there was not a parrot or a toucan among them.
Darwin himself wrote in his autobiography (Sobol 1959, p. 71) that his love for hunting diminished after the first 2 years of the journey, and he began more and more often to entrust his gun to his servant Syms Covington
3 The version Darwin consulted was the English translation of the Italian original (cf. Sulloway 1982b). The taxonomically important first descriptions of birds are found in Molina (1782).
4 The references to Azara (1802–1805) in Darwin's notebooks and Gould and Darwin (1838, 1839a, 1839b, 1839c) and Gould et al. (1841) were added after the voyage (Sulloway 1982c).
5 See Appendix: 'Charles Darwin's bird collection from the voyage of the H.M.S. "Beagle"' at http://www.do-g.de, 'journals' –Supplementary information to published papers.
(c. 1816–1861; cf. Armstrong 1992, p. 135). Darwin believed that shooting would take too much of his attention away from investigating the geology of the countries visited. While Darwin concentrated on geology, invertebrates and plants, Covington collected only vertebrates. Covington's birds were entered into Darwin's specimen lists without any indication as to who the actual collector was. It is probable that from mid May1833 onwards Syms Covington shot most of the birds.
Darwin's Zoology Notes (published by Keynes 2000) show the same bias. While much space is dedicated to ornithology in the first two-thirds of the journey (especially during his stay in Uruguay and Argentina), later notebook entries speak much more about marine invertebrate life such as corals, crustaceans and molluscs. However, Darwin's real love, despite his zoological background, was geology: "Geology & invertebrate animals will be my chief object of pursuit through the whole voyage" (Barlow 1967, p. 54; cf. Darwin 1851, 1890a, 1890b). Except in 1832, he wrote from two to eleven and a half times as many pages of geological notes per year as biological notes (Porter 1985, p. 984).
Darwin and Covington collected 327 dry specimens (mainly skins) on the outward journey to South America and along its east coast to the southern tip between 1832 and May 1834 (Cape Verde Islands: 5 bird specimens; St. Paul Rocks: 2; Brazil: 8; Uruguay: 1156; Argentina: 115; Tierra del Fuego: 49; and Falkland Islands: 33), but only 167 specimens during the second half of the journey from June 1834 to 1836 (Chile: 92 bird specimens; Peru: 4; Galápagos Islands: 65; New Zealand: 1; Cocos Island: 1; Ascension Island: 1; and Cape Verde Island: 3), not collecting any bird specimens from such locations as Tahiti, where the "Beagle" stopped for 11 days, Australia, where it anchored 28 days in Sydney and 11 days at St. George's Sound, Tasmania, where the "Beagle" crew stayed 15 days, Mauritius (10 days), and St. Helena (7 days). Apparently, Darwin hardly had the chance to get on shore in some places (Darwin cited in Barlow 1967, p. 114): "In our passage across the Pacifick [sic], we only touched at Tahiti & New Zealand: at neither of these places, or at sea had I much opportunity of working." Nevertheless, comparisons of Darwin's "Beagle" notes on entomology (and to some extent on mammalogy) show that, as regards zoology, Darwin "was possibly even fonder of birds than of the beetles generally regarded as his favourites" (Keynes 1997, p. 462).
Darwin's nomenclature
Darwin designated new birds he found in three different ways. He used their correct English generic/family names when he knew them or could learn them from others, e.g. grebe, petrel, cormorant, hawk, caracara, oven bird, wren, sparrow. In some cases, however, Darwin also cited the local Spanish names, such as carpintero for woodpeckers of the genus Dendrocopos, or avestruz(s) petise for the lesser rhea (Pterocnemia pennata). Darwin sometimes mixed up the names of closely related birds or misspelled the name slightly. He made just one real error, labelling the rufous hornero Furnarius rufus with the name for its nest, which is 'casita', meaning little house.
Most errors occurred when Darwin applied scientific (genus) names. Keynes (2002, p. 147) summarizes the problems involved in this approach as follows: "In some cases this was fine— an owl is an owl both in England and in Patagonia—but for many of the passerines […] there was no directly equivalent South American family, although there were many species that, as he [Darwin] was careful to point out, occupied an ecological niche very similar to those of their European cousins." One may add that some of the species which Darwin encountered were not known to science at the time.
Darwin hardly made any use of the literature on board the "Beagle" in identifying or learning more about birds. Had he done so, he would have found Cuvier (1817, 1829), Griffith et al. (1828), Forster (1778), King (1827, MS to King et al. 1839) and Lesson (1828) most useful. Lesson (1828) is cited just six times in Darwin's ornithological notes, in connection with the correct name for Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829 (Barlow 1963, p. 211), when Darwin correctly criticized Lesson's views on the feeding behaviour of the black skimmer Rynchops nigra (Barlow 1963, p. 223), when referring to the nest of Furnarius rufus (Keynes 2000, p. 158), when writing about the different species of penguins in the region (Barlow 1963, p. 246; Keynes 2000, p. 212) and twice in connection with the tameness of birds, especially of the dark-bellied cinclodes Cinclodes patagonicus (Barlow 1963, pp. 232, 266). However, in Chile Darwin referred frequently to Molina (1809), which increased his ornithological understanding considerably.
Darwin used the following names in his Zoology Notes and Specimen Lists from H.M.S. Beagle (ed. Barlow 1963; Keynes 2000). The names and sequence follow Peters et al. (1934–1987). The term 'in errore' has been added wherever an obvious misidentification is present. A question-mark indicates that a cross-reference between Darwin's note and a current taxon is uncertain.
6 Darwin noted about Maldonado: "My collection of the birds […] of this place is becoming very perfect" (Darwin in Barlow 1933, p. 153).
– RHEIDAE: ostrich, Struthio rhea (for Rhea); ostrich petise, petise, avestruz petise [sic: Esp. Avestruz petizo = dwarf ostrich] (for Pterocnemia).
– TINAMIDAE: Perdrix [sic: Perdix; in errore ], partridge [in errore ] (for Rhynchotus, Nothoprocta, Nothura).
– PROCELLARIIDAE: Procellaria gigantea, nelly, quebranta huesos [sic: Esp. quebrantahuesos] (for Macronectes);
Procellaria (for Fulmarus, Procellaria); Puffinus [in errore] (for Procellaria cinerea); petrel (for Puffinus).
– HYDROBATIDAE: Thalassidromus (for Oceanites).
– PELECANOIDIDAE: petrel (for Pelecanoides).
– SPHENISCIDAE: penguin (for Spheniscus).
– PODICIPEDIDAE: fresh water grebe, grebe (for Rollandia); fresh water grebe, Podiceps (for Podiceps).
– FREGATIDAE: frigate bird (for Fregata) (not collected).
– PHALACROCORACIDAE: cormorant (for Phalacrocorax).
– SULIDAE: booby (for Sula).
– ARDEIDAE: heron, Ardea (for Ardea); bittern (for Nyctanassa, Nycticorax).
– THRESKIORNITHIDAE: ibis (for Plegadis, Theristicus).
– PHOENICOPTERIDAE: flamingo (for Phoenicopterus).
– CATHARTIDAE: Vultur aura (for Cathartes aura); condor (for Vultur) (not collected).
– ACCIPITRIDAE: hawk, Falco [in errore] (for Circus); hawk, caracara [in errore] (for Buteo).
– FALCONIDAE: caracara, hawk (for Phalcoboenus); chimango, vulture [in errore], Caracara chimango, Falco, P. [= Phalcoboenus] Pezoporus7 (for Milvago); Falco (for Polyborus); hawk [in errore] (for Falco).
– ANATIDAE: duck (for Anas, Amazonetta, Chloephaga, Tachyeres).
– RALLIDAE: land rail (for Rallus), "bird from summit of barren arid mountain of Ascension" (? for Porphyrula).
– HAEMATOPODIDAE: Ostralogus [sic: Ostralegus] (for Haematopus).
– ROSTRATULIDAE: [?] Limosa [in errore] (for Nycticryphes).
– CHARADRIIDAE: Vanellus (for Belonopterus); Charadrius (for Pluvialis, Oreopholus, Charadrius); Arenaria [in errore] (for Charadrius); plover (for Oreopholus); Tringa [in errore] (for Zonibyx).
– SCOLOPACIDAE: Numenius, curlew (for Numenius); Scolopax, godwit, [?] Tringa (for Limosa); Tringa (for Tringa, Heteroscelus, Tryngites); plover [in errore], Charadrius [in errore] (for Arenaria); Scolopax, snipe (for Capella); Tringa, Pelidna minutilla8 (for Erolia).
– RECURVIROSTRIDAE: Himantopus, [?] Charadrius [in errore] (for Himantopus).
– THINOCORIDAE: ptarmigan [in errore], partridge [in errore] (for Attagis); Scolopax-Perdrix [sic: Perdix; in errore], Perdrix-Scolopax [sic: Perdix; in errore], [?] vaginalis, Tinochorus [sic] Eschscholtzii9 (for Thinocorus).
– LARIDAE: gull, Larus (for Larus); Larus (for Gabianus); Sterna (for Gelochelidon); tern (for Sterna, Anous); noddy (for Anous).
– RHYNCHOPIDAE: Rhyncops [sic; ? error in Barlow 1963, p. 221 or Darwin's notes; taxon not in Keynes 2000, p. 387] (for Rynchops).
– COLUMBIDAE: palomba [sic: palomo, paloma = Chilean Esp./Esp. dove] (for Columba, Zenaidura, Columbina); dove (for Columba, Zenaidura, Columbina, Nesopelia, Metriopelia); pigeon (for Columba).
– PSITTACIDAE: Psittacus (for Cyanoliseus, Myiopsitta).
– CUCULIDAE: "small flocks, very noisy chattering bird"(for Guira).
– TYTONIDAE: owl (for Tyto).
– STRIGIDAE: owl (for Speotyto, Strix, Asio).
– CAPRIMULGIDAE: Caprimulgus (for Caprimulgus).
– APODIDAE: swallow [in errore] (for Apus).
– TROCHILIDAE: Trochilus (for Chlorostilbon, Patagona, Sephanoides); humming bird (for Patagona).
– ALCEDINIDAE: Alcedo (for Ceryle, Chloroceryle, Halcyon); kingfisher, Alcido [sic; ? error in Barlow 1963, p. 249 or Darwin's notes] (for Ceryle).
– PICIDAE: woodpecker, pituí [old Chilean Esp. for pitío,], Picus (for Colaptes); woodpecker, carpintero [Chilean Esp. = carpenter] (for Dendrocopos).
– FURNARIIDAE: Furnarius (for Geositta, Upucerthia, Eremobius, Cinclodes, Furnarius10); long-billed casaia (for Upucerthia); oven bird, casita [sic: Esp. little house = nest; casaro = house-builder in Gould and Darwin 1839c], house maker (for Furnarius); Certhia [in errore] (for Limnornis, Aphrastura, [?] Phleocryptes, Limnoctites, Spartonoica, Synallaxis, Asthenes, Phacellodomus); creeper [in errore] (for Aphrastura, Asthenes, Pygarrhichas); Furnarius-Certhia (for Anumbius); long-tailed creeper (for Leptasthenura); red-throated creeper (for Asthenes anthoides), Turdus [in errore] (for Cinclodes).
– FORMICARIIDAE: Lanius [in errore] (for Thamnophilus).
– RHINOCRYPTIDAE: Myothera,11 turco [Chilean Esp. = turca] (for Pteroptochos megapodius); guid-guid [sic: Esp. huet-huet],12 barking bird13 (for Pteroptochos tarnii); Myothera, tapacola [sic: tapaculo] (for Pteroptochos albicollis); Myothera [in errore], cheucau [sic: Esp. chucao] (for Scelorchilus); [unidentified] bird (for Rhinocrypta); [unidentified] bird, wren [in errore] (for Scytalopus); Myothera [in errore], cheuqui [sic: Esp. churrín] (for Eugralla).
– TYRANNIDAE: [unidentified] bird (for Suiriri, Xolmis, Pyrocephalus); Parus [in errore] (for Serophaga, Anairetes, Tachuris); long-tailed tit [in errore] (for Anairetes); Muscicapa [in errore] (for Polystictus, ? Myiophobus, Ochthocea, Hymenops, Xolmis, Neoxolmis, Muscisaxicola); Motacilla [in errore] (for Lessonia); scarlet-breasted Tyrannus (for Pyrocephalus
7 See Barlow 1963, p. 278: added after the journey.
8 Added after the voyage.
9 See Barlow 1963, p. 211: added after 7th September 1835, during or after the voyage.
10 Darwin correctly identified Furnarius rufus to species level.
11 Myothera is normally synonymised with Pteroptochos albicollis (in Wytsman 1905–1914, fide J. Torres-Mura, personal communication, April 2004), but Sulloway (1982c) synonymized Myothera with all species of Pteroptochos.
12 Today the Chilean people call Pteroptochos tarnii 'huez-huez.'
13 The call of this species could be seen as similar to the 'barking' of a very small dog in a high voice; another Chilean bird, the black-necked stilt Himantopus mexicanus has also a 'barking' call, as already noted by Darwin as well (Barlow 1963, p. 217).
rubinus nanus); Tyrannus (for Pyrocephalus, Ochthocea); scissor tail (for Tyrannus savana); Lanius [in errore] (for Xolmis, Agriornis); Alectrurus (for Alectrurus); yellow-breasted Tyrannus (for Myiarchus magnirostris); Sylvia (for ? Muscisaxicola,? Satrapa); "habits resembling our field-fares" (for Neoxolmis); "like the Butcher bird […] resembles a hawk […] & […] like a kingfisher", bien te veo [Esp.: I see you well] (for Pitangus); "little bird with crest" (for Elaenia); [Darwin's name not traced for Platyrinchus].
– PHYTOTOMIDAE: finch, Phytotoma rara (for Phytotoma rara).
– ALAUDIDAE: [unidentified] bird (for Eremopterix, Ammomanes).
– HIRUNDINIDAE: swallow (for Tachycineta, Progne, Notiochelidon); Hirundo (for Progne).
– MOTACILLIDAE: Anthus, Alauda [in errore], lark [in errore] (for Anthus).
– TROGLODYTIDAE: Sylvia [in errore], "bird lives near the beach" (for Cistothorus); wren (for Troglodytes).
– MIMIDAE: Lanius, thenca [Esp.], callandra [sic: Esp. calandria] (for Mimus); thenca [Esp.] (for Nesomimus).
– TURDIDAE: thrush, Turdus (for Turdus).
– EMBERIZIDAE: Fringilla [in errore] (for Ammodramus, Zonotrichia, Phrygilus, Diuca, Poospiza, Embernagra, Geospiza, Camarhynchus, Thraupis); sparrow [sensu American sparrows] (for Zonotrichia); blue sparrow (for Phrygilus alaudinus); Emberiza (for Melanodera, Sicalis); Icterus [in errore] (for Geospiza); grosbeak [in errore] (for ? Camarhynchus); Sylvia [in errore], wren [in errore] (for Certhidea); [Darwin's names not traced for Aimophila, Donacospiza, Sporophila, Gubernatrix, Volatinia, Saltator and Pipraeidea].
- PARULIDAE: Sylvia [in errore] (for Dendroica, Geothlypis).
- VIREONIDAE: Lanius (for Cyclarhis).
- ICTERIDAE: Xanthornus (for Xanthopsar); Icterus (for Agelaius, Pezites, Pseudoleistes, Amblyramphus, Curaeus, Molothrus); thili, chili [from Molina 1809, Chilean Esp. trile] (for Agelaius);14 Sturnus ruber [in errore] (for Pezites militaris [nec Sturnella rubra = Amblyramphus holsericeus]); Anthus [in errore] (for Dolichonyx); [unidentified] egg (for egg of Molothrus).
– FRINGILLIDAE: Fringilla, siu [from Molina 1809, Esp. jilguero] (for Carduelis).
– PLOCEIDAE: sparrow (for Passer).
Identification problems
However close an observer a naturalist may be, it is not possible for him to know much of a species from seeing perhaps one or two individuals in the course of a rapid ride across the pampas. (Hudson 1870a, about Darwin).
Waders posed the biggest challenge to Darwin's identification skills. He misidentified, for example, the common turnstone Arenaria interpres as a plover of the genus Charadrius, and vice-versa. Darwin lacked any real interest in waders, and barely mentioned their behaviour, habitat or geographical range. Accordingly, the chapters on species of Charadriiformes in the Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (Gould et al. 1841) are quite poor and contain very little data beyond the collecting localities.
Furthermore, Darwin had immense problems in applying any sensible name to species of bird confined to America, such as Tinamidae,15 Furnariidae, Tyrannidae and Rhinocryptidae.
A notebook entry from the Patagonian coast near Santa Cruz in April 1834 reveals the problems Darwin faced when writing about undescribed bird species (Barlow 1963, p. 247): "[No.] 2011 Callandra.-see suprá. No ? (1216).-S. Cruz / [No.] 2012 Lanius; rare (unless ?) [del.] both on coast & in the interior plains; chases insects very quickly half flying, half running.-do [S. Cruz] / [No.] 2013 Lanius.-rare.-female.-Hab. do. [S. Cruz]—N. B. [added about a year later in summer 1835] One of these birds is brownish with a white tail; I saw it in the lofty & arid valleys on the Eastern slope of the Cordillera at Chili.-The other of these, or one shot at P. Desire or St Julians, is brown all over & with a broarded [sic: broader] bill like true Lanius, this bird is found also in Chili as far North as Copiapò. I am assured that it commonly kills young birds." The first species Darwin was referring to is the Patagonian mockingbird Mimus patagonicus, described by Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny in 1837. The other birds are shrike-tyrants, Agriornis montana leucura (Gould, 1839) and Agriornis microptera microptera (Gould, 1839) both described by Gould on the basis of Darwin's material, and the species that kills young birds is Agriornis livida livida (Kittlitz, 1835) (cf. Darwin in Gould and Darwin 1839c: p. 56: Agriornis gutturalis). Darwin used the substitute name Lanius (genus of old world shrikes) for the shrike-tyrants.
Labelling of specimens
Trust nothing to the memory; for the memory becomes a fickle guardian when one interesting object is succeeded by another still more interesting. (Darwin 1839, p. 598).
Darwin recorded the important information regarding each specimen, such as locality, date and habitat, in his notebook only, not on the specimen label. Even after
14Darwin wrote in Gould et al. 1841, p. 106 that the name of the country would derive from the song of Agelaius thilius, which is indeed one of the theories as to where Chile got its name from (J. Torres-Mura, personal communication, April 2004).
15Subsequent authors (Steinmüller and Steinmüller 1987, p. 153) still referred to the tinamous in Darwin's words, as grey partridges.
Fig. 1 Original field label by Darwin on a specimen of Gallinago paraguaiae (BMNH 1860.1.16.74). The species name is in Gould's hand, the number "1203" is written by Darwin. Photo: Harry Taylor, Natural History Museum, London/Tring
the voyage he still considered this the most reliable method of recording data (Darwin 1839, pp. 598–600). His specimen labels were made out of scrap paper, tied with a cord to the foot or neck of the bird (birds in alcohol got a metal tag; Figs. 1, 2). These bird labels contained nothing except for a number ranging from 185 to 3907 (all dried zoological items were numbered in the same sequence), cross-referring the individual specimen to the corresponding notebook entry. Darwin kept separate notebooks for geological (cf. Herbert 1980) and biological specimens (plants and animals: Zoology Notes, Keynes 1997), the latter numbered in two different sequences for dry and wet collections (Porter 1985, p. 979; cf. Darwin 1839). During the last months of the voyage, separate lists of the mammals, birds,16 insects, shells, plants, reptiles and amphibians, crustaceans, and fishes, were copied out by Darwin and Covington for the benefit of the specialists to whom they were to be given for classification. During this procedure, Darwin marked each original 'bird entry' with a capital 'B' (Chancellor et al. 1988). Some original bird entries, though, were missed out, so that one has to consult the original Zoology Notes (ed. Keynes 2000) rather than the bird notes (ed. Barlow 1963) when completeness is important. The numbers on the skin labels were mainly written in pencil, and to a lesser extent in Indian ink. Only one label is known to have survived on which the locality is also cited. It belongs to a Spanish sparrow Passer hispaniolensis (BMNH17 1881.5.1.2117) collected on the Cape Verde Islands, collection number 189, and reads "loc S Jago" [in pencil; collected at Praia (1455'N, 2331W') on the island of Sã o Tiago]. Later, John Gould (1804–1881), who worked on these specimens, sometimes added a species name to the original label. All Darwin's birds would have carried these labels originally, but later owners of the bird collection did not appreciate the importance of these reference numbers, replacing Darwin's labels with proper museum labels after the sale of the Zoological Society Museum in 1855.18 Thus, most of Darwin's data was used only once, in the writing of the section of the Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle which deals with birds (Gould and Darwin 1838, 1839a, 1839b, 1839c; Gould et al. 1841). Most subsequent museum labels do not quote any actual collecting locality and rarely make reference to Darwin's notebook numbers. Unfortunately, just 16 original labels have survived (Sulloway 1982a knew only one; see Appendix). The numbers of 499 bird items were entered into the notebooks of Darwin published by Barlow (1963) and Keynes (2000), but, as comparisons with the text of Gould and Darwin (1838, 1839a, 1839b, 1839c) and Gould et al. (1841) have now revealed, a total of 512, perhaps even 515, items had probably been collected. Two notebook numbers are shared by two and, respectively, three different egg clutches. The birds not traced in the notebooks are two specimens in alcohol, five skins from Rio de Janeiro (April to July 1832) and
16The ornithological notes had been compiled between 12 April–19 July 1836 (Sulloway 1982c).
17For any museum's abbreviation see Appendix.
18The Zoological Society labels recorded the donor's name, the acquisition date and Darwin's specimen numbers: front "C. Darwin Esq. Jan 4 1837", back (number); but most of these labels were also replaced.
Fig.2A set of all but one specimen of Darwin's collection with original field labels attached.Photo:HarryTaylor, Natural History Museum, London/Tring
one skin each from Tierra del Fuego (southern summer 1832/1833 or 1834), Buenos Aires (October 1833) and East Falkland Island (March 1833 or 1834).
Darwin used a method for recording data known to geologists and palaeontologists. It is difficult to tie a label to a stone, and writing a number on the specimen cross-referring the item to a notebook entry is the only practicable solution. However, most bird collectors would put any important information directly on the specimen labels, entering additional data into a notebook only if space were short. Darwin's contemporaries Johann Natterer (1787–1843), Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) and Eduard Rüppell (1794–1884), to name but a few, used minute paper labels, but still wrote down collecting locality, date, sex and a reference number.
Observations and investigations
I do not doubt that every traveller must remember the glowing sense of happiness he experienced, from the simple consciousness of breathing in a foreign clime, where the civilized man has seldom or never trod. (Darwin 1839, p. 606).
Despite the foregoing criticism of the view that Darwin was a good field ornithologist, he did make some excellent ornithological observations and carried out innovative experiments, noting down every minute detail of his research. His ornithological notes run for 86 numbered and 10 additional pages. Darwin's real strength was that he never took anything for granted and was aware that either he or other scientists might have made errors in certain observations. Darwin was also good at asking the right questions, many of which he could then answer himself during the voyage through his own field studies.
Take for example his investigations into the olfactory abilities of the Andean condor Vultur gryphus, which had been triggered by a report by Audubon that vultures can smell (Darwin in Gould and Darwin 1838, pp. 3–6; cf. Barlow 1963, pp. 240–245):
I tried […] the following experiment. The condors were tied, each by a rope, in a long row at the bottom of a wall. Having folded a piece of meat in white paper, I walked backwards and forwards, carrying it in my hand at the distance of about three yards from them; but no notice whatever was taken of it. I then threw it on the ground within one yard of an old cock bird; he looked at it for a moment with attention, but then regarded it no more. With a stick I pushed it closer and closer, until at last he touched it with his beak: the paper was then instantly torn off with fury, and at the same moment every bird in the long row began struggling and flapping its wings. Under the same circumstances, it would have been quite impossible to have deceived a dog.
What Darwin observed ties in what we know about these birds today: while the Cathartes species studied by Audubon have a superb olfactory sense, condors find their food optically (Houston 1994).
Darwin also gave a vivid account of the lesser rhea Pterocnemia pennata (Keynes 2000, pp. 188–189):
There is some notice about a second species of Rhea, which is very rarely found N of the R. Negro [Patagonia]. Mr Martens [Conrad Martens (1801–1878), the official artist on board] shot one at Port Desire, which I looking slightly at it pronounced to be a young one of the common sort, that is it appeared to be 2/3 in size of the common one. I also [saw] some live ones of the same size, but entirely forgot the Petises. I have since reclaimed the Head, Legs & several feathers […]. The scales on legs are of a different shape, & is feathered below the knees, this accounts for their being said to be shorter in the legs & perhaps for being feathered to the claws. (it is a bird which the R. Negro Gauchos have only seen once or twice in their lives). […] Whatever Naturalists may say, I shall be convinced from such testimony as Indians & Gauchos that there are two species of Rhea in S. America.
Darwin was correct. Two species of rheas inhabit South America. These parts of several different individuals of rhea were later mounted to form a nearly perfect composite specimen, now considered lost, for the museum of the Zoological Society of London (Rice 1999). John Gould, the curator of the Society's museum, described Darwin's, or, as it is called today, the lesser rhea as Rhea darwinii in 1837 (Gould 1837d). The famous French traveller Alcide Dessalines d'Orbingy (1802–1857), however, got the credit for the discovery and naming of the bird, which he described as Rhea pennata in 1834, the same year in which Darwin wrote the above note, away from civilisation and out of contact with the scientific community (cf. Herbert 1980, pp. 107–110).
Darwin was excellent in his observations when it came to game birds. His account of tinamous, for example, reads like a hunting manual:
Does not live in covies [pl. of covey = flock of partridges], but generally in pairs, runs more & does not lie so close as the English Partridge; not a high shrill[,] chirp or whistle—When riding through the country great numbers, (generally in pairs) may be seen, as when at a short distance they take no pains to conceal themselves. They are silly birds; a man on horse-back by riding in a circle or rather in a spire, round & round, each time closer & closer, so bothers the bird, that it may be knocked on the head, or noosed by running knot, at the end of a long stick, with the greatest ease. Flesh most delicately white, when cooked more so than of Pheasant, but rather dry & flavourless (Barlow 1963, p. 218).
Darwin gave some hints that where he indicated the sex of a bird, these had in fact been sexed internally by dissection. He did not believe that birds could always be sexed on size or plumage characters, which was common practice among the naturalists of the day. In his discussion of the different colour morphs and sizes of striated caracara Phalcoboenus australis from the Falklands, Darwin checked for the first time during the voyage the reproductive organs (Darwin in Gould and Darwin 1838, p. 16). It is unclear whether somebody influenced Darwin, and subsequently Covington, to adopt internal sexing as a normal procedure when preparing bird skins. Neither do we know whether Darwin was taught the differences in the sexual organs of birds or if he found out how testes differ in appearance from ovaries himself (cf. nothing is mentioned in Armstrong 1992). From March 1834 on, though, Darwin and Covington consistently dissected birds to sex them. In a notebook entry for birds collected around Valparaiso (Chile) Darwin stated (in Barlow 1963, pp. 253–254): "The following birds were shot at Valparaiso, during months of August & September [1834].-The sexes were distinguished by S. Covington by opening their bodies, & judging chiefly from the granulated state of the Ovarium: it being the Spring [of the Southern hemisphere], probably this means is correct." Darwin, an amateur ornithologist, would not have had the necessary knowledge of sex-related plumages, and therefore had to dissect.
Careful investigations were made into the geographical range of each species and its general habitat. Furthermore, Darwin was interested in what the birds ate, frequently dissecting the stomachs of birds and reporting on the contents. Most of his thorough bird accounts close with a passage on the bird's calls and songs. Where Darwin was able to gather information on breeding, this information has also been added. The following is a good example of a detailed notebook entry:
[No.] 1222 Furnarius [i.e. common miner Geositta cunicularia cunicularia (Vieillot, 1816)].-This bird has a considerable distribution. On the east coast, it occurs from 30° (& perhaps in this & many other cases those bird[s] which frequent plains, reach much further to the North, to the extreme limit of the great central plains) to 40°. I never saw a specimen further South than this. On the west coast, it occurs from Concepciòn (where open country commences) 37°,to as far (at least) as Lima in 12°.-It constantly haunts the driest plain parts, away from bushes & trees. Sand dunes, near the sea coast afford a very favourite resort. At Maldonado [Uruguay] & at Bahia Blanca [Patagonia] it is very abundant, it is very tame, most quiet solitary little bird; being disturbed only flies to a very short distance. Is active early in the mornings & late in the evenings (like Robin): is fond of dusting itself in a road: walks, but cannot run very quickly; in stomach small Coleoptera [beetles], chiefly Carabidous insects. At certain times it frequently utters a peculiar shrill, but gentle, quickly reiterated cry (so quickly reiterated as to make one running sound). In
this respect resembles the Oven bird [Furnarius rufus], but as widely differs in its quietness, from that active bird.-It builds its nest at the bottom of a narrow cylindrical hole, which is said to extend horizontally to nearly six feet long. Several country men, told me, that when boys they had attempted to dig out the nests, but from their depth had nearly always failed.- The bird chooses any low little bank of firm sandy soil, by the side of a road or stream. (Barlow 1963, pp. 217–218).
Without the personal anecdotes, this species description could not be beaten by any in a modern handbook (cf. e.g. Ridgely and Tudor 1994, pp. 26–27). Most unusual for the time, but extremely helpful, were Darwin's reports on the pedal locomotion of birds, which is sometimes characteristic for the whole family or genus. He very often noted down if a bird hopped, walked or ran on the ground. Even the geographical range of the species is given more or less correctly,19 which is astonishing when one takes in account that this would entail Darwin having to check for the bird in all the places he visited. Darwin was intrigued by the isolation factor constituted by the Andes and, probably towards the end of the voyage, compiled a list of birds occurring on both sides of the mountain range (Keynes 1997, p. 466).
Some notes, however, were extremely poor. Sulloway (1982a, 1982b) has already explored this fact with regard to the Galápagos finches. No attention was paid to which island which specimen came from. During the Galápagos visit itself, Darwin showed no great interest in this group of birds, nor in any other bird from the Galápagos Islands, perhaps with the exception of the mockingbirds (Keynes 2003). The same is apparently true for his visit to Isla de Chiloé (Willson and Armesto 1996).
A letter from Darwin to George Robert Gray written in the summer of 1839 (Burkhardt and Smith 1986, vol. 2, p. 196) witnesses the problems faced by the scientists who worked on Darwin's collection when confronted with Darwin's scanty notes: "With respect to the Falkland Emberiza, I can give little assistance 1919, 1920, 1922 female 'Shot in same large scattered flock on the hills'[.] But 1920 & 1923 & 1879 'I think more commonly occur on the plains' I put mark of ? to 1923 whether different species or not.-In another part of my catalogue I say I saw 1046 & 1047 together[.] My specimens were shot in March, corresponding to September, & this is all the very little inform[ation] I can tell you[.]" Gray (in Gould and Darwin 1839c, Gould et. al. 1841) nevertheless managed to correctly identify one group of birds as the black-throated finch Melanodera melanodera (Fig. 3) and described the other taxon as a new species, the yellow-bridled finch Melanodera xanthogramma.
Darwin's contribution to ornithology
I shall relate […] the few facts, which I have been enabled to collect together; and these, if not new, may at least tend to confirm former accounts. (Darwin's preface of Gould and Darwin 1838).
There is no question that of all Darwin's works, his evolution theory has had the biggest impact on ornithology (cf. Stresemann 1951). However, Darwin also kept important notes and collected a small number of very significant birds, among them birds new to science at the time or from nowadays extinct populations. Just how important were Darwin's bird collection and notes for the ornithology of the countries he visited?
Essentially, Darwin's bird collection only became ornithologically significant through the involvement of other people. Luckily, acknowledging that he was no expert in ornithology, Darwin donated his collection to the most senior experts in the field, to the anatomically interested Thomas Campbell Eyton (1809–1880), to George Robert Gray (1808–1872) and to John Gould (cf. Sauer 1998). The latter busily went about describing Darwin's new bird species in lectures given to the Zoological Society of London between January 1837 and January 1838 (Gould 1837a, 1837b, 1837c, 1837d, 1837e, 1837f, 1838), while Darwin added some comments during two of these meetings (Darwin 1837a, 1837b). Eyton compiled the anatomical appendix for the Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (Gould et al. 1841), but also used some data gathered by Darwin in his Synopsis on the Anatidae (Eyton 1869, pp. 29, 31–32).
John Gould later summarized the ornithological knowledge which had been accumulated by Darwin during his journey in part 3 (Birds) of the Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (Gould and Darwin 1838, 1839a, 1839b, 1839c; Gould et al. 1841), a book mainly financed by the government (Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury; cf. Darwin in Owen and Darwin 1840, pp. II-III). Gould left a draft of the manuscript and the lithographs of Elizabeth Gould (1804–1841) with Darwin when he and his wife left for their own expedition to Australia on 16 May 1838. Some doubts remained with regard to certain birds and their taxonomy, so Darwin consulted George Robert Gray for advice. Gray was asked to work over Gould's manuscript, and he apparently double checked each name in issues 2–5, which had not yet been published (cf. e.g. Burkhardt and Smith 1986, vol. 2, p. 280).20 It took Gray so long to finish issue 5 that Darwin was forced to ask him in 1840 if he would "oblige [him] by kindly finishing the remaining
19The species does, however, occur along the east coast to the top of Tierra del Fuego.
20The first issue (pp. 1–16, pls. 1–10) of the bird section of Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. "Beagle" was apparently published in July 1838, the second (pp. 17–32, pls. 11–20) in January 1839, the third (pp. 33–56, pls. 21–30) in July 1839, the fourth (pp. 57–96, pls. 31– 40) in November 1839, the fifth (pp. 97–164, pls. 41–50) in March 1841 (Burkhardt and Smith 1986, vol. 2, pp. 432–437; Zimmer 1926, p. 159).
Fig.3 Darwin's specimens of the black-throated finch Melanodera melanodera (BMNH1855.12.19.50, BMNH1885.12.14.806) in comparison to Gould and Darwin (1839c): plate32. Photo: Harry Taylor, Natural History Museum, London/Tring
MS" (Darwin cited in Porter 1985, p. 1003). Darwin was not very pleased to see that Gray had added his name to any new combination of names, disregarding 'Strickland's laws'21 (letter to Leonard Jenyns, cited in Burkhardt and Smith 1986, vol. 2, p. 317), but Gray's name nevertheless appears in the printed version, which was published from July 1838 to March 1841, heavily edited by Darwin himself. For this task Darwin had worked on both his bird collection and that of the BMNH from mid 1837 onwards (Brandon-Jones 1996, p. 504). His notes are in fact equally important as Gould's and Gray's descriptions as they add much on habitat, behaviour and even ecology for some species not found elsewhere at the time. Furthermore, the expert work on avian taxonomy by Gould and Gray provided Darwin with some raw material for his thoughts on evolution (see below; cf. Sulloway 1982 b, 1982c).
Darwin twice resumed his ornithological notes in later life (Darwin 1870, 1881). In 1870, Darwin wrote a paper on the habit of the campo flicker Colaptes campestris, of which he once collected two specimens in Uruguay and Argentina (cf. Barlow 1963, p. 219, Nos. 1238; and p. 225, No. 1428). When Darwin studied the campo flicker in the field near Maldonado, Uruguay, he wrote in his notebook that it "alights horizontally, like any common bird, on the branch of a tree: but occasionally I have seen it clinging to a post vertically […] frequent the open plains." (Barlow 1963, p. 219). Darwin explored the example also in On the Origin of Species:
On the plains of La Plata, where hardly a tree grows, there is a woodpecker (Colaptes campestris) which has two toes before and two behind, a long pointed tongue, pointed tail-feathers, sufficiently stiff to support the bird in a vertical position on a post […], and a straight long beak. […] Hence this Colaptes in all the essential parts of its structure is a woodpecker […], yet, as I can assert, not only from my own observations but from those of the accurate Azara [1802–1805], in certain large districts it does not climb trees, and it makes its nests in holes in banks! (Darwin 1872, p. 183).
Darwin's paper from 1870 was triggered by the accusation of William Henry Hudson (1841–1922) that these woodpeckers, as published by Darwin in the Origin of Species, do not breed in mud banks, but in tree holes like other woodpeckers (Hudson 1870a, 1870b). It is now common knowledge that the campo flicker does both (Winkler et al. 1995, p. 326).
Eleven years later Darwin published on the parasitic behaviour of the cowbirds Molothrus, four specimens
21Strickland et al.: Report of a committee appointed "to consider of the rules by which the nomenclature of zoology may be established on a uniform and permanent basis." Report of the 12th meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Manchester 1842:105-121 (cited in Burkhardt and Smith 1986, vol. 2, p. 500). Drawin was much in favour of referring the species name to the first author, but not to the author of any new combination.
of two species of which were to be found in his collection.
John Gould described a total of 37 new bird species on the basis of Darwin's collection. G.R. Gray added one further species.22 Darwin collected another 12 birds previously described by Molina (1782), 10 which had been described from d'Orbigny's collection in 1837 and 1838, 7 birds already named by Lesson in 1826–1839, 8 described by King in 1828–1831 and 13 described by Kittlitz mainly in his 1830 publication (see Appendix for type specimens in Darwin's collection).
Darwin's contribution to the avifauna of Chile has already been discussed (Jaksic and Lazo 1994; Willson and Armesto 1996). He followed Giovanni Ignazio Molina (1740–1829), René Primevére Lesson (1794–1849), Prosper Garnot (1794–1838), Philip Parker King (1791–1856), Baron Friedrich Heinrich von Kittlitz (1799–1874), Jeremiah Reynolds (1799–1859) and Alcide Charles Victor Marie d'Orbigny (1802–1857) as a collector of birds in Chile (cf. Steinheimer 2002, p. 35). Hardly any new (sub-)species were left to discover,23 though Darwin contributed many useful ornithological observations and range extensions.24 The same is true for the greater part of the east coast of South America. In the plains of Patagonia, however, Darwin encountered 11 undescribed taxa,25 despite the fact that d'Orbigny and Captain Philip Parker King had also collected there.26 Other new species came from Maldonado in Uruguay27 and from the Cape Verde Islands.28
Ornithologically the most fruitful was Darwin's visit to the Galápagos Islands, where no proper collection-based survey of birds had ever taken place before the "Beagle" crew came ashore. Twenty-two new (sub-)species were among the birds which Darwin brought back to Britain. They were all described immediately by John Gould, who also, as discussed in Sulloway (1982a, 1982b), was the first to recognize the close relationship among the Galápagos finches. Gould received Darwin's specimens on 4 January 1837 (see below), and had already presented the Galápagos finches as new to science 6 days later at a meeting of the Zoological Society (10 January 1837). At that time, Darwin had not yet given Gould the necessary notebook data so he was forced to rely on descriptions only, even in sexing the birds (cf. Gould 1837a). It was only later that Gould placed the genus Certhidea within the group (probably during March 1837), but this was covered up by the fact that before the proceedings of the meetings of the Zoological Society were published later the same year, Gould had corrected his paper (1837a) of the 10 January meeting accordingly (Sulloway 1982b, pp. 21–22).29 What Gould (1837a), unlike most 19th century ornithologists, understood after several months of research (cf. Sulloway 1982b, pp. 21– 22) was that within this group of birds, the different beaks, which for continental birds were believed to be one of the stable family characters, were highly modified whereas the plumage, otherwise most variable, remained almost identical.
One can therefore say that it was mainly John Gould who made Darwin's collection and notes into a significant contribution to ornithology. The Galápagos finches subsequently proved to be more interesting than any other specimens in Darwin's collection. Swarth (1929, 1931), followed inter alia by Lack (1947, cited 1961), Steadman (1982) and Rosemary and Peter Grant (e.g.
22G.R. Gray also described Tyto alba punctatissima (G.R. Gray in Gould and Darwin 1839b, pp 34–35), but the description had been based on a specimen of Captain FitzRoy's collection.
23Three new Chilean taxa are based on Darwin's collection:Caprimulgus longirostris bifasciatus Gould 1837c: Valparaiso; Melanodera xanthogramma xanthogramma (Gray in Gould and Darwin 1839c): Tierra del Fuego and on Falkland Islands; Ochthocea parvirostris (Gould in Gould and Darwin 1839b): Valparaiso and Santa Cruz, Argentina.
24Following Jaksic and Lazo (1994), Darwin made notes of about 40 Chilean species out of 440, and added 11 new country records.
25Aimophila strigiceps strigiceps (Gould in Gould and Darwin 1839c): Santa Fé; Agriornis microptera microptera Gould in Gould and Darwin 1839c: Patagonia; Agriornis montana leucura Gould in Gould and Darwin 1839c: Port Desire; Asthenes pyrrholeuca flavogularis (Gould in Gould and Darwin 1839c): Patagonia; Buteo ventralis Gould 1837b: Santa Cruz; Caprimulgus parvulus parvulus Gould 1837c: Santa Fé; Coturnicops notata notata (Gould in Gould et al. 1841): Rio de la Plata; Eremobius phoenicurus Gould in Gould and Darwin 1839c: Patagonia; Myiophobus fasciatus auriceps (Gould in Gould and Darwin 1839b): Buenos Ayres; Ochthocea parvirostris (Gould in Gould and Darwin 1839b): Santa Cruz and Valparaiso, Chile; Phalcoboenus megalopterus albogularis Gould 1837b: Santa Cruz.
26King's birds are mainly housed in the BMNH collection. See d'Orbigny and Gervais (1835–1847) for details of d'Orbigny's collection.
27Ammodramus humeralis xanthornus Gould, 1839; Limnoctites rectirostris (Gould, 1839); Limnornis curvirostris Gould, 1839.
28Ammomanes cincturus cincturus (Gould, 1839); Eremopterix nigriceps nigriceps (Gould, 1839); Passer iagoensis iagoensis (Gould,1837).
29Although contested by Warren and Harrison (1971) and Sulloway (1982a, 1982b, 1982c), only Darwin's specimens were used in Gould's first descriptions, and therefore only these specimens can be considered types of the Geospizinae (Galápagos finches). If birds collected by such a high-ranking person as a Captain of the Royal Navy had been available, this would have been mentioned in Gould's publication. Darwin travelled as private and self-financed naturalist on the "Beagle" and was free to dispose of his specimens as he liked. FitzRoy, an employee of the Navy, was more restricted. He gave, probably on order by Sir William Burnett (1779–1861), the physician-general of the navy, his bird collection to the BMNH on 21 February 1837, where they did not get the same attention accorded to Darwin's at the Zoological Society. Sulloway (1982a) claims that Gould also used a Geospiza specimen from Fuller's collection, which was given to him by Eyton. However, there is no correspondence to corroborate this, and it is therefore believed that the missing taxon was not in Eyton's collection, but was among those of Darwin's Geospiza specimens not traced. Darwin later communicated the locality data relating to the collections of Fitz-Roy and other shipmates to John Gould, and it is even assumed that Gould later saw FitzRoy's birds in the BMNH, but as there is no reference to FitzRoy in Gould's first description, any other Galápagos finches than those of Darwin can be at best seen as Paratypes (cf. Gould 1837a).
Grant et al. 1985; Grant 1986), showed their adaptive radiation and on-going evolution, similar to that of the Hawaiian honeycreepers, which make them one of the best examples of Darwin's evolutionary theory (cf. Weiner 1994).
Five bird populations encountered by Darwin are today believed to be extinct. His specimens count among the few remaining records we have of the existence of these populations, which comprise the large-beaked population of the large ground-finch Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris (cf. Fuller 2001, p. 297), believed by Darwin to occur on Santa María (Charles) and San Cristòbal (Chatham) Islands,30 the Santa María (Charles) Island population of the sharp-beaked ground-finch Geospiza nebulosa (cf. Lack 1961, p. 23; Sulloway 1982b, p. 30), the population of the Charles mockingbird Nesomimus trifasciatus trifasciatus from Santa María (Charles) Island, though the same subspecies still occurs on neighbouring islands (Mayr and Greenway 1960, p. 447), the yellow-bridled finch Melanodera xanthogramma xanthogramma from the Falkland Islands31 and the Andean tapaculo Scytalopus magellanicus magellanicus, also from the Falklands.32 Last but not least, Darwin recorded a "gull" in the "neighbourhood of Porto Praya [i.e. Sáo Tiago] from 16th of January to 7th of Feb. [1832]" (Keynes 2000, p. 371; Darwin No. 185).There is hardly any other record of any gull species from the Cape Verde Islands (Hazevoet 1995). Unfortunately, the gull specimen, which Darwin shot on the Cape Verde islands and which he entered under number "185" in his specimen list, has not been traced. A specimen of rail from the Ascension Islands, also of unknown whereabouts, might also have proved interesting. Taylor (1998, p. 478) listed the record under the species of Allen's gallinule Porphyrio alleni.
Darwin's bird collection
Let [the collector] work hard from morning to night,for every day and every hour is precious, in a foreign clime; and then most assuredly his own satisfaction will one day well repay him. (Darwin 1839, pp. 601– 602).
Darwin's comprehensive geographical notes on certain birds' distributions were only possible because he would, at least during the first 3 years of the voyage, always collect any bird, when time permitted, regardless of whether he already had a specimen of the same species in his collection or not. This might have been due to the fact that he was not actually able to tell the difference in the field, but it may more charitably be believed that his collection of small series33 of the same species was actually inspired by his intense nterest in biogeography and geographic variation. Darwin may often have been thwarted, though, by the space problem in the tiny cabins and store rooms of H.M.S. "Beagle",34 which probably did not permit constant access to his collection when he wanted to make comparisons.
Obviously, contemporary field collectors of the likes of Alcide Dessalines d'Orbingy in 1826–1833 and the early Alfred Russel Wallace in 1848–1852 did more comprehensive collecting in South America than Darwin. Johann Natterer brought back more than 12,000 bird specimens from his exploration of Brazil in 1817– 1835. Even Captain Robert FitzRoy assembled a collection of 188 birds, not bad when one considers that he was in command of the "Beagle" and chiefly occupied with meteorology, hydrography and charting the coast line of the South American continent (Sharpe 1906, p. 323).
Darwin's 468 bird skins, 10 parts of the lesser rhea, the nests and eggs of 16 taxa, and his 14 whole birds and 4 parts of specimens in alcohol from the voyage of H.M.S. "Beagle" seem nothing in comparison (cf. Appendix; Eyton in Gould et al. 1841).35,36 "But it must be borne in mind how large a proportion of time, during a long voyage, is spent on the water, as compared with the days in harbour […besides] other losses […] are the want of room, of seclusion, of rest; the jading feeling of constant hurry […] " (Darwin 1890a, pp. 532, 533).
It is fairer, then, to compare Darwin's collection with those of other travellers on national circumnavigations, such as Baron Friedrich Heinrich von Kittlitz (1799– 1874) during the voyage of the "Senjawin" in 1826–1829 and Andrew Bloxam (1801–1878) on H.M.S. "Blonde" in 1824–1825, whose bird collections are indeed of a
30Sulloway (1982b) raises the possibility that Darwin's birds did not come from these two islands at all, but from San Salvador (James) Island. Still, there is no bird with such an enlarged beak anywhere in the Galápagos Islands today.
31On 6–8 July 1998, a resident of the Falkland Islands, Lynda Anderson, probably saw two birds of this species on San Carlos, East Falkland (R. Woods, personal communication, April 2004, cited from a fax to Hay Miller, July 1998). However, there is no evidence that the species is still resident in the Falklands (Woods 1988; R. Woods, personal communication, April 2004).
32It seems conclusive that Darwin indeed collected a specimen of that species on the Falkland Islands (Keynes 2000, p. 385, Darwin No. 1144, see Appendix). However, the bird was more likely to be a rare vagrant from mainland South America than a breeding bird on the Falklands, which was what Darwin first believed (in Gould and Darwin 1839c, p. 74; cf. Woods 1988, p. 213). Darwin might have confused the nests of Cistothorus platensis (W.R.P. Bourne, personal communication, February 2000; R. Woods, personal communication, April 2004).
33It has to be stated, though, that the largest series of any one and the same species numbers just six individuals (cf. also Sulloway 1982c).
34Darwin had a very small cabin under the forecastle at his disposal for storing specimens (Porter 1985, p. 986).
35Darwin made some additional field notes on birds not collected (cf. Darwin 1839; Jaksic and Lazo 1994).
36Corrections of the total number of Darwin's avian specimens have been made since Steinheimer (2003).
similar size to Darwin's. Nevertheless, most voyages and most field collectors collected many more birds than Darwin.
Nonetheless, as shown above, Darwin's contribution to ornithology was not insignificant. Many of the specimens collected by Darwin are now the types for new names proposed by John Gould. Furthermore, "there has probably been more published on Darwin's ornithological collections than on all the other groups combined" (Porter 1985, p. 1002). One might therefore wonder why we do not actually know much more about Darwin and his bird collection, other than those from the Galápagos Islands. Nobody has ever comprehensively listed, for example, which birds Darwin collected or encountered during the voyage of the "Beagle". There are several explanations for this. One is the subsequent dispersal of Darwin's bird collection. When Darwin was still out in South America, he would send back bird specimens to Prof. John Stevens Henslow at Cambridge, who was paid by Charles' father, Dr. Robert Waring Darwin (1766–1848), to store the boxes until Darwin's return.37 Henslow received four boxes and eight casks sent from Montevideo and the Rio de la Plata in August 1832, November 1832, July 1833 and November 1833, one box from Buenos Aires sent in May 1834 and four boxes from Valparaiso sent in January and June 1835 (Porter 1985). All additional specimens collected later than June 1835, such as birds from Lima and the Galápagos Islands, were stored in the "Beagle" until her return to England.
Once Darwin was back in Britain, he and Covington spent some time in Cambridge sorting out the birds from the rest of Darwin's natural history collection in late December 1836 and early January 1837 (Sobol 1959, p. 126). Darwin had already been concerned before the journey as to whom he would present the zoological specimens he was going to collect during the circumnavigation. He had originally tended towards the British Museum, but could "not feel […] any great respect even for the present state of that establishment", while the Zoological Society Museum was considered "nearly full" (Porter 1985, pp. 979, 991). Upon his return Darwin learned that his bird collection was neither welcomed with open arms nor much valued. "I am out of patience with the Zoologists, not because they are overworked, but for their mean quarrelsome spirit" (Darwin cited in Barlow 1967, p. 121).
In the end, the 14 birds in alcohol, more than a dozen skins and probably four anatomical specimens were forwarded to Darwin's friend and Cambridge colleague, Thomas Campbell Eyton,38 among them birds later found in the BMNH and, in the case of one steamerduck Tachyeres patachonicus (CUMZ 12/Ana/60/a/5),39 in Cambridge. Eyton wrote the appendix "anatomical description" in Gould et al. 1841. The remainder of the bird skins40 was presented to the Zoological Society of London on 4 January 1837, the same day as Darwin delivered a talk to the Geological Society entitled Observations of proofs of recent elevation on the coast of Chili (Darwin 1838).41 These Zoological Society skins attracted much interest among Darwin's contemporaries, as shown above. Darwin subsequently withdrew some, mainly duplicate, skins from the Society museum to forward them on loan to George Robert Gray at the BMNH. In a letter dated between June and early August 1839,42 Darwin wrote that he would try to negotiate with the Zoological Society for the donation of a specimen of the scale-throated earthcreeper Upucerthia dumetaria to the BMNH. The bird was subsequently given to the BMNH in early August 1839, and is now registered as BMNH 1839.8.4.1 (see Appendix).
In total, about 34–39 skin specimens from the "Beagle" voyage were subsequently given by the Zoological Society to the BMNH in 1839, 1841 and 1856, on Darwin's initiative, which got him entered into BMNH registers as a donor. It seems certain that the
37During the voyage, Darwin prepared rough bird skins, just like the ones known as study skins in modern museum collections. He always applied arsenical soap on the skins, and a corrosive sublimate on the beaks and legs (Darwin 1839, pp. 600–601). Darwin stuffed the specimens with dry grass or moss and left the incision un-sewn. Back home, the larger proportion of the birds presented to the Zoological Society Museum and all of those given to the BMNH before 1857 (see below) were immediately mounted for display purposes. Nevertheless, several dozen original skins of Darwin have survived.
38Since his return Darwin would have met Eyton personally at the latest towards the end of 1837 (Burkhardt and Smith 1986, vol. 2, pp. 54, 64), but it is believed that by then he had already sent the skin specimens to Shropshire, where Eyton lived. It is equally possible that the two met during the previous winter (December 1836 to March 1837) in Cambridge. Later, in November 1839, Darwin forwarded the specimens in spirit, numbered 388, 630, 650, 707, 721, 722, 728, 1037, 1043, 1050, 1157, 1309 ('Specimens in spirits of wine') and two unnumbered items, altogether 14 whole birds (cf. Keynes 2000; Burkhardt and Smith 1986, vol. 2, pp. 243– 244). It is likely that Darwin had also sent the four parts of birds to Eyton numbered 620 (tongue of woodpecker), 576 and 577 (tracheae of ducks, 'specimens in spirits of wine') and 3362 (stomach contents of flamingo, 'specimens not in spirits').
39It was always believed that this duck came from the Falkland Islands, but Darwin did not collect any duck during his two visits to East Falkland (cf. Barlow 1963; Keynes 2000). The anatomical specimens might have been forwarded to the Royal College of Surgeons as suggested by Darwin in a letter to Eyton on 6 January 1840 (Burkhardt and Smith 1986, vol. 2, pp. 249–250).
40The Morning Herald, London, from 12 January 1837, p. 5, reported that Darwin presented 450 bird specimens to the Zoological Society of London on 4 January 1837. The number might be correct considering that Eyton received at least 12, but perhaps even 18, specimens of Darwin's 468 bird skins.
41Sulloway (1982b, p. 20) cited an unpublished minute of the Council of the Zoological Society, which recorded that the Society had received Darwin's "Beagle" birds on that date, accompanied by a letter in which Darwin asked the Society to dispose of any duplicate specimens, and to mount and describe the rest.
42In Burkhardt and Smith (1986, vol. 2, p. 196) the letter is dated from June-October 1839, but the BMNH had already received the specimen in question in early August.
1839 and 1841 donations of at least nine birds were mainly triggered by Darwin asking George Robert Gray of the BMNH for help in finishing the bird chapters of the Zoology of H.M.S. Beagle (Gould and Darwin 1838, p. IX). Gray re-classified three of these birds for the book. In 1855, the Zoological Society Museum was broken up. The BMNH had the first choice of specimens. George Robert Gray, then the assistant curator of zoology, was entrusted with the selection of important material for the BMNH (Sharpe 1906, p. 251). Many type specimens, though, were overlooked by Gray, or possibly not shown to him by John Gould. Whatever the case, some of the remaining skins not chosen by Gray were subsequently sold to other bidders, such as the private collectors John Henry Gurney (1819–1890; cf. Gurney 1884, 1894) and Henry Baker Tristram (1822–1906). Most of the Zoological Society bird skins from the voyage of the "Beagle", however, went into the private collection of John Gould, and from there to Philip Lutley Sclater (1829–1913), Osbert Salvin (1835–1898), Frederick Du Cane Godman (1834–1919) and Gustav Adolph Frank (1808–1880).43 Confirmed Darwinian bird specimens are now housed at the BMNH, LIVCM, MANCH, CUMZ, NMSE, RMNH, USNM and VMM (cf. Appendix; Steinheimer 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003). John Gould was not only a good ornithologist, natural history artist and museum curator, but an even more successful businessman. Gould used bird skins as a 'special gift' for those subscribing to his bird books (Güntert et al. 2004), shipping Darwin's bird specimens to institutions all over the world.
When the second lot of specimens was transferred at Darwin's request from the Zoological Society to the BMNH, the museum was just about to move its natural history collections from the old Montagu House at Bloomsbury to the department of zoology in Robert Smirke's new British Museum building. John Edward Gray (1800–1875), the older brother of George Robert Gray and curator of zoology at the BMNH, was busy keeping the collection in some kind of order, and therefore unable to cope effectively with the new specimens arriving at the museum, with correspondence, or with the maintenance of collections (Gunther 1975, 1980; see also Brandon-Jones 1996). The registration of Darwin's birds in the collection registers was therefore very poor, and mainly at genus level only. Moreover, Gray and his brother replaced all the original Darwin labels with the BMNH 'Handlist' labels (Sharpe 1906, p. 85). The collection therefore lost some of its authenticity and value. Its importance diminished further when new, larger and better dated collections from the same regions arrived.44 Other institutions holding Darwin specimens, perhaps with the exception of Gurney's Norwich Castle Museum and Tristram's specimens at Liverpool, also lost track of the fact that these birds had been collected by Darwin. By the time the remaining collection of the Zoological Society of London had been sold, most of the specimens were just referred to the Society, not to Darwin. This all happened before Darwin made his name with the publication of On the Origin of Species (Darwin 1859), and we must remember that, in those days, Darwin was neither as famous as he is today, nor did his collection enjoy such a good scientific reputation (cf. Sharpe 1906).
It is therefore no wonder that the whereabouts of at least 243 bird skins from Darwin's collection are now not known, despite intensive research. It is possible that authentic Darwin birds could yet come to light, but their provenance will of course most likely no longer be evidenced by their labels. Nevertheless it is hoped that the Appendix, which gives for the first time a comprehensive list of all the birds collected by Darwin, might help future researchers to locate missing birds from the voyage of the "Beagle".
Darwin's ornithological notes and the Origin of species
Sulloway (1982b) has already shown that the mockingbirds from the Galápagos Islands rather than the finches were used in Darwin's On the Origin of Species, though some later authors have still succumbed to confusion on this matter (Strathern 1999, pp. 43–44; Riedl 2003, p. 59).45
In a chapter entitled 'Geographical distribution', Darwin (1872, p. 414, pagination from Odhams Press reprint edition)46 noted:
But we often take, I think, an erroneous view of the probability of closely-allied species invading each other's territory, when put into free intercommunication. Undoubtedly, if one species has any advantage over another, it will in a very brief time wholly or in part supplant it; but if both are equally well fitted for their own places, both will probably hold their separate places for almost any length of time.
In short, Darwin recognized the importance of building different ecological niches ("own places") for the
43Specimens of Baron Guillaume Michel Jerome Meiffren-Laugier de Chartrouse (1772–1843), cited on the BMNH labels and in the BMNH registers as deriving from Darwin (cf. Steinheimer 2003), are more likely birds from the collections of René Primevére Lesson, Prosper Garnot or Alcide Charles Victor Marie d'Orbigny, which tends to be confirmed by matching Darwin's field numbers and the number of available specimens.
44E.g., Sulloway (1982b, p. 40) reported that the next person to collect on the Galápagos Islands was Dr. A. Habel, shooting 460 specimens in 1868, followed by many others.
45Confusion occurred mainly because Darwin referred to the Galápagos finches in the second edition of his Journal of Research (Darwin 1845).
46This and all further quotations are also found in the 1859 edition, though differently worded (cf. Darwin 1859, pp. 402, 48, 390, 183, 184, 184–185, 243, 349)
Fig.4 Four specimens of captive-bred pigeons from Darwin's collection.Photo: Harry Taylor, Natural History Museum, London/Tring
establishment of two very similar species in the same geographical region (cf. Gause 1934, pp. 19–20). As an example he used the Galápagos mockingbird Nesomimus parvulus, the Charles mockingbird Nesomimus trifasciatus, and the San Cristòbal mockingbird Nesomimus melanotis (cf. Barlow 1963, p. 262; Keynes 1997, p. 466), of which he collected one and, respectively, two specimens of each (Darwin's numbers 2206, 3307, 3349, 3350). In his Transmutation Notebooks (Notebook B from 1837–1838; Barrett et al. 1987, p. 195) he goes on to say that: "It may be argued representative species [such as the South American and Galápagos mockingbirds] [are] chiefly found where barriers […] interrupt[ed…] communication," stressing the importance of geographical isolation for speciation processes. The birds of the Galápagos Islands are also cited, albeit in general terms, as an example of how vague the distinction is between what one sees as a species and what scientists refer to as subspecies (Darwin 1872, p. 69). The mockingbirds of the Galápagos Islands collected by Darwin have been classified both as subspecies of a single species (Mayr and Greenway 1960, pp. 447–448), and as three different (allo-)species (Dickinson 2003, p. 649).
Darwin turned again to the Galápagos birds when explaining endemism. Darwin showed that of the 26 land birds known at the time, 21, or perhaps even 23, were believed to be endemic to the Galápagos Islands, whereas of 11 marine birds only 2 were considered endemic (Darwin 1872, pp. 405–406).
However, Darwin (1872) also drew upon several additional ornithological observations from mainland South America for his book On the Origin of Species.As example of both diversified and changed habits, what would now be termed intraspecific variation in behaviour, Darwin (1872, p. 183) mentioned the great kiskadee Pitangus (Saurophagus) sulphuratus, which apparently both hovers and moves like a kestrel, and perches on twigs and darts into water like the kingfisher (cf. Ridgely and Tudor 1994). Geographical separation, different hunting preferences of divided populations and availability of food might modify this behaviour to either extreme. Darwin saw this as evidence that behaviour can be variable within one population, allowing diversification and the building of different behavioural niches after geographical separation. He encountered these birds near Maldonado in May and June 1833, and shot one specimen, numbered in his collection 1216 (cf. Keynes 2000, p. 153). Darwin (1872, p. 183) continued exploring different behaviour, moving on to the 'atypical' behaviour of one species within a genus as shown by the campo flicker Colaptes campestris (see above).
Darwin (1872, p. 184) went on in his investigation of behavioural differences on the family level by turning to the order of Procellariiformes: "Petrels are the most aerial and oceanic of birds, but in the quiet sounds of Tierra del Fuego, the Puffinuria berardi [i.e. Pelecanoides urinator berard], in its general habits, in its astonishing
power of diving, in its manner of swimming and of flying when made to take flight, would be mistaken by any one for an auk or a grebe." What Darwin noted was that the diving petrels, Family Pelecanoididae, catch most of their food by diving under water, either from the surface or by plunging in directly from the air, which contrasts with the feeding behaviour of most other members of the Procellariiformes, though some albatrosses, and of course shearwaters, can dive short distances. Darwin's field notes read: "This bird in its habits is a complete diver […], drops from the air like a stone, & as quickly dives to a long distance." In February 1834, after having seen these birds on the open sea between the Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego, and off Patagonia, Darwin obtained one specimen of the common diving petrel for his collection (Barlow 1963, p. 230, No. 1782).
A major part of the ornithology drawn upon in On the Origin of Species concerned cuckoo behaviour (see below). Darwin's first hand experience was of the bay-winged cowbird Molothrus badius and the shiny cowbird M. bonariensis. He encountered both species several times around Maldonado and Montevideo in Uruguay. Of the latter species Darwin even possessed a single egg numbered 1592 in his notebooks, which was found within a clutch of the rufous-collared sparrow Zonotrichia capensis (Darwin in Gould et al. 1841, pp. 108–109; Barlow 1963, p. 227). Darwin did not discover the bird's brood parasitic behaviour himself. It was Syms Covington who obtained the mixed egg clutch and came up with the theory about its cause. Darwin learned more about the brood parasitism of the cowbirds by speaking to local people, however, and finally consulted Azara (1802–1805) who confirmed his and Covington's suspicions. For Darwin, brood parasitism was one of the major problems to be tackled in his theory, and the cowbirds showed how such behaviour might have evolved. Cowbirds show all stages of graduation from a fully developed brood parasite to self-breeding.
The next reference to birds from the voyage of H.M.S. "Beagle" in Darwin's On the Origin of Species concerns nest building behaviour (Darwin 1872, p. 282). Darwin aimed to explain inborn behaviour in closely related but ecologically separated species, such as the song thrush Turdus philomelos and the austral thrush Turdus falcklandii. Darwin saw the American thrush on the Falkland Islands, in Tierra del Fuego and Isla de Chiloé, which are quite different habitats than those occupied by the song thrush in Britain, yet both build similar nests. Darwin had already noted in the field (Barlow 1963, p. 250): "Is said to have its nest smoothly lined with mud. I presume like our thrush." He collected at least two specimens of the austral thrush, one on East Falkland Island (Barlow 1963, p. 233, No. 1900), the other one at Chiloé (p. 250, No. 2125).
When Darwin (1872, p. 373) explained parapatric species he also made use of his own observations on the two forms of Rheidae, the greater rhea Rhea americana and the lesser rhea Pterocnemia pennata, which are, in Darwin's view, two 'successive' populations living in the plains near the Strait of Magellan, and northwards of the plains of La Plata, with an overlap in North Patagonia. Darwin went on to elaborate that, in modern words, although the Rheidae have built themselves a similar niche to ostriches and emus, they are still their own family, thus evolving in some respects also convergently.
Discussion
Many authentic sources from the "Beagle" voyage and much secondary literature (cf. Kohn 1985) has not been consulted for this work, and it must be borne in mind that the impact on ornithology of the "Beagle" circumnavigation as a whole is slightly greater than Darwin's contribution alone. Benjamin Bynoe (1804–1865) was initially the assistant and from April 1832 the acting surgeon of the "Beagle", also carried out the duties of the ship's naturalist. He kept detailed notes on the natural history of all the places they visited. Even more detailed was the work of Captain Robert FitzRoy, who, as mentioned above, had his own small bird collection. He also entered notes on birds in his log books. Syms Covington wrote a diary, including comments on natural history, and had a small private bird collection of a dozen birds or so. FitzRoy's personal steward, Harry Fuller (dates unknown), collected some birds (Porter 1985), now at CUMZ, and his Galápagos finches were apparently used by Darwin for his talk on 10 May 1837 (Barrett 1977, p. 40) and by John Gould for the 1841 publication. A "Beagle" mate named Charles Musters, classified as 1st Class volunteer, died of a fever "caught whilst snipe-shooting" (Barlow 1933, p. XXIII). Last but not least, the ship's clerk Edward Hellyer (?–1833) drowned on the shores of the Falkland Islands attempting to retrieve a bird he had shot (Sulloway 1982a).
The important steps towards Darwin's theory of evolution have already been discussed and summarized by much greater authorities (i.a. Herbert 1974; Sulloway 1979; Mayr 1991, cited 1994; Keynes 1997), and therefore this paper remains with the simple conclusion that birds were not Darwin's first love, and that the ornithological knowledge gained on the "Beagle" voyage do not seem to have been indispensable for his evolution theory, although he did use many examples from captive birds47 (Fig. 4; cf. Darwin 1872, pp. 37–38, 45–51, 58– 59, 61, 101, 167, 256–258, 288–289, 452–453) and
47For example, the observation on hybrids of his distinguished friend Eyton, that: "amongst birds, species originally coming from distant parts of the world, are more likely to breed together, than those from nearer countries" (Burkhardt and Smith 1986, vol. 2, p. 181; Eyton 1837, p. 359: cited ibid. 182, footnote 5) made clear to Darwin that, in general terms, hybrids are less well adapted than the parent species, so that, where the overlapping of species occurs, natural selection avoids hybrids, whereas bird populations at a geographical distance from each other and which do not overlap have no need to avoid hybrids and are thus not able to distinguish between their own and different species when brought together artificially.
cuckoos (pp. 251, 258–261, 282).48 49 Ten and a half percent of the index of the 1872 edition of On the Origin of Species was taken up by subjects related to (palaeo-) ornithology. This is probably not representative of the proportion of ornithological knowledge as opposed to other sciences held by Victorian society. For Darwin, then, ornithology, especially of captive breeds, provided essential evidence for his theory of evolution.
Acknowledgements Richard Keynes (Cambridge, UK) initiated this study when he came to the Natural History Museum in 1998 to see the bird skins of his great-grandfather for his forthcoming book Charles Darwin's Zoology Notes & Specimen Lists from H.M.S. Beagle (Keynes 2000). Robert Prŷs-Jones (Head of Bird Group, Natural History Museum, Tring) kindly forwarded Richard's interesting request to me, giving me the opportunity to research and data-base all known "Beagle" birds, in close cooperation with Richard Keynes and his notebook transcripts. Many thanks also to the following colleagues for comments and a wide range of additional support, from sending me reprints, books, information on birds and data on specimens to giving me access to the collections and literature in their care: Malgosia Atkinson, Ernst Bauernfeind, W.R.P. Bourne, Les Christidis, Paul Cooper, Ann Datta, Barry Davis, René Dekker, Clem Fisher, Alison Harding, Tony Irwin, Les Jessop, Henry McGhie, Bob McGowan, Matthew Jarron, Ingeborg Kilias, Michael Mules, Storrs Olson, Eric Pasquet, Susan Snell, Christine Steinheimer, Ray Symonds, Juan C. Torres-Mura, Julia Voss, Effie Warr, Mic G. Wells and Robin Woods. Thanks also to Phil Rainbow and the Department of Zoology of the Natural History Museum for funding my research in Paris, Norwich, Liverpool and Leiden. Lucy Cathrow discussed linguistic aspects of the paper and I gratefully acknowledge her invaluable advice. I would like to thank Walter Bock, Armin Geus, Gordon Paterson, Robert Prŷs-Jones and Walter Sudhaus for commenting on an earlier draft. Last but not least I would like to thank Franz Bairlein for his patience during the editing process.
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48Other ornithological examples in On the Origin of Species (Darwin 1872) are a discussion on bird races versus species with the example of the red grouse of Britain being perhaps a subspecies of the willow grouse (p. 69), survival rates of eggs and nestlings (pp. 82, 84–85), mortality rate of birds in Darwin's garden during the winter of 1854– 55 (p. 86), the range extension of bird species such as mistle thrush and swallow, causing the decline of other species (p. 92), the natural selection of camouflage colours in grouse (p. 100), the hatching of birds (p. 101), sexual selection in birds, especially in birds of paradise, rock-thrushes, peacocks and turkeys (pp. 103–104), a separate subspecies of guillemot (Uria aalge spiloptera) on the Färoe Islands (p. 106), plumage colours (p. 145), constraints of construction in bird morphology explained by the variety of kidney forms in adaptation to different pelvis-bones (p. 154), flightless and rarely flying birds (pp. 146–147, 181, 224), bird flight (p. 182), differences in the behaviour of the great tit (pp. 183, 275), the diving ability of the white-throated dipper, which is seen in relation to hardly any visible adaptation (p. 184), the webbed feet of some birds, such as waterfowl, frigate birds and grebes, compared to the long toes of some waders (p. 184), the green colour of the green woodpecker, discussed in the light of natural versus sexual selection (pp. 200–201), the naked head of the vulture as an adaptation to scavenging versus the naked head of the turkey for display purposes (p. 201), the beauty of plumages and songs (p. 205), beaks of northern shoveler and Egyptian goose (pp. 227–229), bird nests, including those of swiftlets (pp. 254, 275), differences in and reasons for the timidity and tameness of birds (pp. 255, 257–258), the breeding behaviour of ostriches and pheasants (p. 262), the similarities in nest construction between closely related but geographically separated species such as wrens, thrushes and hornbills (p. 282), fossil birds (pp. 336, 356, 365), birds as vectors for plant seeds and fresh-water shells (pp. 382–384, 402–404), a seed-eating heron (p. 403), birds from certain islands like the Bermudas, Madeira and the Canary Islands as an example of the means of geographical distribution (p. 406), birds replacing large mammals in certain regions shown by the moas on New Zealand (p. 406), near world-wide ranges of some avian genera (p. 416), and the parallel embryological development of different vertebrates, including birds, as well as the similarity of nestlings and juveniles of the same genus, such as those of different thrush species (p. 447). The glossary (pp. 493–525) explains the following ornithological terms: Furcula (bone), Gallinaceous Birds, Gallus, Grallatores, Primaries, and Scutellae (scales on bird feet). In the concordance of Darwin (1859), 180 entries are for bird(s), 63 entries for mammal(s), 58 for fish(es), 12 for reptile(s), none for amphibian(s), 117 entries for insect(s), 58 for fossil(s), 160 for terms on geology & mineralogy and 364 entries for plant(s), giving birds quite a prominent place (Barrett et al. 1981).
49In addition to the "Beagle" birds, the following items of Darwin's collection can be found at the BMNH: 60 domestic pigeon skins, 6 domestic duck skins, 11 skeletons of ducks, 46 skeletons of pigeons and 28 skeletons of chickens, and 26 (25 still at the BMNH) skins of Persian birds from Teheran, which were previously in Sir John Murray's (1841–1914) possession (Steinheimer 2003).
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Appendix: Charles Darwin's bird collection from the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle
Similar lists of Darwin's specimens have already been published for other animals than birds, e.g. invertebrates at Oxford University Museum (Chancellor et al. 1988). The following list, however, does not follow the general procedure in giving the entries in Darwin's number sequence, but in a taxonomical sequence.
Squared parentheses indicate comments and references added by the author. Sex and age, when given, are as on the label, in Darwin's notes or in the 'Catalogue of Birds' (Sharpe et al. 1874-1895). The determination of subspecies are mainly based on collecting locality, cited from Peters et al. (1934-1987), except for the Geospizinae, which follow Sulloway (1982). The total number of specimens slightly differs to Sulloway (1982) and Steinheimer (2003).
The taxonomy and nomenclature of Peters et al. (1934-1987) is followed throughout the document. No nomenclatural issues are discussed here and have to remain the subject of a separate paper. The authorship of new names has mainly been attributed to John Gould; and to George Robert Gray only in the few cases when the accompanying text refers to him. However, this might prove to be incorrect when further investigations take place on the history of the publication of The Zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle. The names and authors cited from The Zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle (Gould & Darwin 1838, 1839a-c, Gould et al. 1841; indicated by "Z.") may sometimes differ from what modern nomenclature would regard as correct. If a name on a plate has been published earlier than its accompanying text according to Sherborn (1897) then the name on the plate is given when referring to type status followed by the plate number in squared parentheses. Differences in the plate sequence between a fascimile copy and two originals sets of The Zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, now housed at The Natural History Museum, Tring, and the University College, London, are addressed for each case.
Loc. = collecting locality as on label and/or in CD.
Leg. = Lat. legit; collected by.
ZSL = Zoological Society of London.
Z. = 'The Zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, Part 3 - Birds' (Gould & Darwin 1838, 1839a-c, Gould et al. 1841).
CD = Darwin's Ornithological Notes (Barlow 1963), Specimen Lists (Keynes 2000)
Cat. = 'Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum' (Sharpe et al. 1874-1895).
BMNH = British Museum (Natural History), now The Natural History Museum, Tring.
MANCH = Manchester Museum University of Manchester, Manchester.
LIVCM = Liverpool Museum National Museums & Galleries on Merseyside, Liverpool.
NMSE = National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh.
ZMD = The Zoology Museum, University of Dundee, Dundee.
CUMZ = Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
USNM = United States National Museum, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
VMM = Victoria Museum, Melbourne.
MNHN = Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
RMNH = Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie, now Naturalis Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden.
RHEIDAE:
* Rhea americana Americana (Linnaeus, 1758). [CD 814]. Z. pp. 120-123: Rhea americana Lath. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. October 1832. Material: single egg. Status: missing.
* Pterocnemia pennata pennata (d'Orbigny, 1834). [CD 1832-1838, 2004, 2147, 2148]. Z. pp. 123-125: Rhea darwinii Gould. Holotype Rhea Darwinii Gould, 1837 [based on a composite specimen]. Loc.: Argentina: Port Desire, Port Famine, Port St Julian, Santa Cruz. February July 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: mount. Status: missing.
*Pterocnemia pennata pennata (d'Orbigny, 1834). [CD 1814]. Z. pp. 123-125: Rhea darwinii Gould. Paratype Rhea darwinii Gould, 1837. Loc.: Argentina: Port Desire. January – February 1834. Remark: BMNH possesses one data-less egg, BMNH 1859.3.25.31, from "Rhea darwinii" = Pterocnemia p.pennata, which is registered as from John Gould's collection, see also Keynes 2000: 189 for detailed description of the egg. Material: single egg. Status: probably missing.
TINAMIDAE:
*Rhynchotus rufescens rufescens (Temminck, 1815). [CD 1382]. Z. p. 120: Rhynchotus rufescens Wagl. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. July 1833. Remark: perhaps a second bird of this species had been collected; cf. Z. p. 120: "my specimens were procured at Maldonado". Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Nothoprocta perdicaria perdicaria (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 2159]. Z. pp. 119-120: Nothura perdicaria G.R.Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Nothoprocta perdicaria perdicaria (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 2427]. Z. pp. 119-120: Nothura perdicaria G.R.Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so. August-November 1834. Material: single egg. Status: missing.
*Nothura darwinii darwinii Gray, 1867. [CD 1447]. Z. p. 119: Northura [sic] minor Wagl. Holotype Nothura darwinii Gray, 1867. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.107. Cat. XXVII: 563: a.
*Nothura maculosa maculosa (Temminck, 1815). CD 1223. Z. p. 119: Northura [sic] major Wagl. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: northern shores of the Plata. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.18.34. Cat. XXVII: 560: e.
*Nothura maculosa maculosa (Temminck, 1815). [CD 1378]. Z. p. 119: Northura [sic] major Wagl. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: northern shores of the Plata. 1833. Material: single egg. Status: missing.
PROCELLARIIDAE:
*Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 2080]. Z. pp. 139-140: Procellaria gigantean Gmel. Loc.: Chile: Port Famine. June 1834. Material: skin/ex mount, imm. Status: missing.
*Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith, 1840). [CD 1335]. Z. p. 140: Procellaria glacialodes A. Smith. Loc.: Argentina: Bay of St Mathias [Golf S. Matias]. [? April] 1833. Material: skin/ex mount. Status: missing.
*Daption capense australe Mathews, 1913. [? CD 3413]. Z. pp. 140-141: Daption capensis Steph. Loc.: New Zealand: Bay of Islands. December 1835. Remark: probably listed as "bird" in CD. Keynes 2000 accidentally referred to CD No. 3189, which is Puffinus griseus. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Pachyptila desolata ? banksi Smith, 1840. [CD n/a]. Z. p. 141: Prion vittatus Cuv. Loc.: South America and off shore islands. Remark: Ranges suggests P. desolata versus vittata. Material & Status: not collected.
*Procellaria cinerea Gmelin, 1789. [CD 1624]. Z. pp. 137-138: Puffinus cinereus Steph. Loc.: Argentina: little south of the mouth of the Plata. November 1833. Remark: species attribution uncertain, could also be P. griseus. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Procellaria cinerea Gmelin, 1789. [CD 1816]. Z. pp. 137-138: Puffinus cinereus Steph. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine in the Straits of Magellan. January – February
1834. Remark: species attribution uncertain, could also be P. griseus. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Puffinus griseus (Gmelin, 1789). CD 3189. Z. pp. 137-138: Puffinus cinereus Steph. Loc.: Peru: Lima: Callao Bay. August 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Remark: accidentally referred to as Daption capensis in Keynes 2000. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.133. Cat. XXV: 388: o.
HYDROBATIDAE:
*Oceanites oceanicus ssp. (Kuhl, 1820). [CD 1349]. Z. p. 141: Thalassidroma oceanica Bonap. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. July 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
PELECANOIDIDAE:
*Pelecanoides garnotii (Lesson, 1828). [CD 3190]. Z. p. 139: Pelecanoides garnotii G. R. Gray. Loc.: Peru: Callao Bay [on label], Iquique [Z.]. 12-15 July 1835. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. Eyton. Remark: On label as Calao [Callao Bay], which is near Iquique. Very likely one of Darwin's birds. Material: skin, ad. Status: probably BMNH 1888.5.18.167. Cat. XXV: 439: g.
*Pelecanoides urinator berard (Gaimard, 1823). [CD 1782]. Z. pp. 138-139: Pelecanoides berardi G. R. Gray. 'Holotype' [fide Cat.] Haladroma tenuirostris Eyton MS [not valid]. Loc.: Chile: Straits of Magellan. January – February 1834. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Remark: no indication of Darwin on label. Material: skin, imm. Status: probably BMNH 1881.5.1.6015. Cat. XXV: 438: r.
SPHENISCIDAE:
*Spheniscus humboldti Meyen, 1834. [CD 2321]. Z. p. 137: Spheniscus humboldtii [sic] Meyen. Loc.: Chile: coast near Valparaso. September-November 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
PODICIPEDIDAE:
*Rollandia rolland chilensis (Lesson, 1828). [CD 1429]. Z. p. 137: Podiceps chilensis Garnot. Loc.: Argentina: near Buenos Aires. October 1833. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Remark: Preparation style and stuffing would speak for a Darwin bird, though locality 'Chile' on label. Material: skin, imm. Status: possible BMNH 1867.3.16.78. Cat. XXVI: 526: h.
*Rollandia rolland chilensis (Lesson, 1828). CD 2435 [original field label]. Z. p. 137: Podiceps rollandii Quoy et Gaim. Loc.: Chile: eastern coast of Isla de Chiloé. December 1834. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, imm. Status: BMNH 1881.5.1.6001. Cat. XXVI: 526: a'.
*Rollandia rolland chilensis (Lesson, 1828). CD 1780 [original field label]. Z. p. 137: Podiceps rollandii Quoy et Gaim. Loc.: Chile: eastern coast of Isla de Chiloé [on label], Straits of Magellan [CD]. February 1834. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1881.5.1.5999. Cat. XXVI: 526: z' [in errore: z].
*Rollandia rolland rolland (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). [CD 1917]. Z. p. 137: Podiceps rollandii Quoy et Gaim. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Podiceps occipitalis occipitalis Garnot, 1826. [CD 1918]. Z. p. 136: Podiceps kalipareus Quoy & Gaim. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834.
Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Remark: the specimen listed would fit to Darwin's specimen style. Material: skin, ad. Status: perhaps 1860.1.16.89. Cat. XXVI: 537: p/q.
*Podiceps occipitalis occipitalis Garnot, 1826. [CD 713]. Z. p. 136: Podiceps kalipareus Quoy & Gaim. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. September 1832. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
FREGATIDAE:
*Fregata aquila (Linnaeus, 1758). [CD n/a]. Z. p. 146: Fregata aquila Cuv. Loc.: United Kingdom: Atlantic Ocean: Ascension Island. July 1836. Material & Status: not collected.
*Fregata magnificens / minor ridgwayi Mathews, 1914. [CD n/a]. Z. p. 146: Fregata aquila Cuv. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. September-October 1835. Material & Status: not collected.
PHALACROCORACIDAE:
*Phalacrocorax atriceps atriceps King, 1828. [CD 1756]. Z. p. 145: Phalacrocorax carunculatus Stephens. Loc.: Argentina: Port St. Julian. January 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
SULIDAE:
*Sula leucogaster leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783). [CD 413, shared with an egg of Anous]. Z. n/a. Loc.: Brazil: St. Paul Rocks [= Sao Paulo Island, Atlantic Ocean]. April 1832. Material: several eggs. Status: missing.
ARDEIDAE:
*Ardea herodias cognata Bangs, 1903. [CD 3296]. Z. p. 128: Ardea herodias Linn. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Material: skin/mount, fem. Status: missing.
*Ardea alba egretta Gmelin, 1789. [CD 1269]. Z. p. 128: Egretta leuce Bonap. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Nyctanassa violacea pauper (Sclater & Salvin, 1870). [CD 3300]. Z. p. 128: Nycticorax violaceus Bonap. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Material: skin/mount, female/imm. Status: missing.
*Nyctanassa violacea pauper (Sclater & Salvin, 1870). [CD 3301]. Z. p. 128: Nycticorax violaceus Bonap. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Remark: Z. speaks only of one specimen, though two are entered in CD. Material: skin/mount, female/imm. Status: missing.
*Nycticorax nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte, 1855. [CD 2184]. Z. p. 128: Nycticorax americanus Bonap. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August-September 1834. Material: skin/mount, female/imm. Status: missing.
THRESKIONITHIDAE:
*Plegadis chihi (Vieillot, 1817). [CD 1458]. Z. p. 129: Ibis (falcinellus) ordi Bonap. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Negro. August 1833. Material: skin/ mount. Status: missing.
*Theristicus melanopis melanopis (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 1773]. Z. pp. 128-129: Theristicus melanops Wagl. Loc.: Argentina: Port Desire: desert gravel plains. 23 December 1833 – 4 January 1834. Remark: Z. mentions at least two specimens, but only one in CD. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
PHOENICOPTERIDAE:
*Phoenicopterus ruber ruber Linnaeus, 1758. [CD 3362]. Z. n/a. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Material: stomach contents in spirit. Status: missing.
CARTHARTIDAE:
*Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793). [CD n/a]. Z. p. 7: Cathartes atratus Rich. & Swain. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Negro: Colorado. Material & Status: not collected.
*Cathartes aura falklandicus (Sharpe, 1873). [CD 1915]. Z. pp. 8-9: Cathartes aura Illi. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: Not yet looked for by author.
*Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758. [CD n/a]. Z. pp. 3-6: Sarcoramphus gryphus Bonap. Loc.: Chile, Argentina. Material & Status: not collected.
ACCIPITRIDAE:
*Circus cinereus Vieillot, 1816. [CD 2822]. Z. pp. 30-31: Circus cinerius [sic] Vieill. Loc.: Chile: Concépcion or Coquimbo. 1835. Ex.coll. Norwich Castle Museum/Gurney Collection, ex. S. G. Buxton, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male [CD], ad. [label]. Status: Probably BMNH 1955.6.N20.3488.
*Circus cinereus Vieillot, 1816. CD 1881. Z. pp. 30-31: Circus cinerius [sic] Vieill. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Ex.coll. Norwich Castle Museum/Gurney Collection, ex. S. G. Buxton, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, female/imm. Status: BMNH 1955.6.N20.3497.
*Circus cinereus Vieillot, 1816. [CD 1160]. Z. pp. 30-31: Circus cinerius [sic] Vieill. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Circus cinereus Vieillot, 1816. [CD 1054]. Z. pp. 30-31: Circus cinerius [sic] Vieill. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833. Ex.coll. Norwich Castle Museum/Gurney Collection, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female / imm. Status: BMNH 1955.6.N20.3487.
*Circus buffoni (Gmelin, 1788). [CD 1396]. Z. pp. 29-30: Circus megaspilus Gould. Holotype Circus megaspilus Gould, 1837. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: La Plata. July 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.258. Cat. I: 63: a.
*Buteo galapagoensis (Gould, 1837). [CD 3297]. Z. pp. 23-25: Craxirex galapagoensis Gould. Syntype Polyborus galapagoensis Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.202. Cat. I: 171: a.
*Buteo galapagoensis(Gould, 1837). [CD 3298]. Z. pp. 23-25: Craxirex galapagoensis Gould. Syntype Polyborus galapagoensis Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female/imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.203. Cat. I: 171: b.
*Buteo polyosoma polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). [CD 1781]. Z. pp. 26-27: Buteo varius Gould. Holotype [fide Warren 1966] Buteo varius Gould, 1837. Loc.: Chile: Straits of Magellan: Cape Negro, 20 km NNE of Punta Arenas. February 1834. Ex.coll. Norwich Castle Museum/Gurney Collection, ex. ZSL. Remark: Type designation uncertain. Material: ex mount, imm. Status: BMNH 1955.6.N20.2410.
*Buteo polyosoma polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). [CD 1758]. Z. pp. 26-27: Buteo varius Gould. Loc.: Argentina: Port St. Julian. January 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Remark: In
Gould's first description only one bird is mentioned; but two birds are referred to in Z. The bird listed here is not the BMNH specimen collected by King. Material: ex mount, female/imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.208. Cat. I: 173: m.
*Buteo polyosoma polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). [CD 2136]. Z. pp. 26: Buteo erythronotus [King]. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Ex.coll. Norwich Castle Museum/Gurney Collection, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: probably BMNH 1955.6.N20.2412.
*Buteo polyosoma polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). [CD 1916]. Z. p. 26: Buteo erythronotus [King]. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Ex.coll "old collection". Remark: This specimen can only derive from three collections, FitzRoy, King or Darwin. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: perhaps BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. I: 163: a.
*Buteo ventralis Gould, 1837. [CD 2030]. Z. pp. 27-28: Buteo ventralis Gould. Holotype Buteo ventralis Gould, 1837. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.204. Cat. I: 190: p.
FALCONIDAE:
*Phalcoboenus megalopterus megalopterus (Meyen, 1834). [CD n/a]. Z. p. 21: Milvago megalopterus [Meyen]. Loc.: Chile: Copiapó. 1835. Material & Status: not collected.
*Phalcoboenus megalopterus albogularis Gould, 1837. [CD 2029]. Z. pp. 18-21: Milvago albogularis [Gould]. Holotype Polyborus albogularis Gould, 1837. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.405. Cat. I: 38: a.
*Phalcoboenus australis (Gmelin, 1788). CD 1882. Z. pp. 15-18: Milvago leucurus [Forster]. Syntype Milvago leucurus Darwin & Gray, 1838.1 Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Ex.coll. Norwich Castle Museum/Gurney Collection, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, imm. Status: BMNH 1955.6.N20.46.
*Phalcoboenus australis (Gmelin, 1788). [CD 1926]. Z. pp. 15-18: Milvago leucurus [Forster]. Syntype Milvago leucurus Darwin & Gray, 1838.1 Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Ex.coll. Norwich Castle Museum/Gurney Collection, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female. Status: BMNH 1955.6.N20.47.
*Phalcoboenus australis (Gmelin, 1788). [CD 1932]. Z. pp. 15-18: Milvago leucurus [Forster]. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Material & Status: lost [cf. Keynes 2000: 399].
*Phalcoboenus australis (Gmelin, 1788). [CD 1933]. Z. pp. 15-18: Milvago leucurus [Forster]. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Material & Status: lost [cf. Keynes 2000: 399].
*Polyborus plancus plancus (Miller, 1777). [? CD 2028]. Z. pp. 9-12: Polyborus brasiliensis Swains. Loc.: Argentina: plains of Santa Cruz. April - May 1834. Remark: The BMNH possesses a specimen from the Norwich Castle Museum (ex.ZSL), which has not the "pale rusty brown" on head [cf. Z.: 11]. Material: skin/mount, male, imm. Status: missing.
*Polyborus plancus plancus (Miller, 1777). [? CD 1456]. Z. pp. 9-12: Polyborus brasiliensis Swains. Loc.: Argentina: [? Bahia Blanca]: plains of Santa Cruz. July-August 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Milvago chimango chimango (Vieillot, 1816). CD 1294 [on label accidentally 1204D]. Z. pp. 14-15: Milvago chimango [Vieill.]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. May 1833. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. I: 42: c.
1 Authorship here given as Darwin and Gray, 1838, on preliminary conclusion. Authorships of the species accounts of the Zoology of H.M.S. Beagle need further studies.
*Milvago chimango temucoensis Sclater, 1918. [CD 1772]. Z. pp. 13-14: Milvago pezoporos [Meyen]. 'Holotype' Polyborus hyperstictus Giebel MS [not valid]. Loc.: Argentina: Port Desire. January 1834. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: perhaps BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. I: 42: d.
*Milvago chimango temucoensis Sclater, 1918. [CD 1028]. Z. pp. 13-14: Milvago pezoporos [Meyen]. Loc.: Chile: extreme Southern Tierra del Fuego: Hardy Peninsula. February 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Falco sparverius cinnamominus Swaison, 1837. [CD 2014]. Z. p. 29: Tinnunculus sparverius Vieill. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Falco sparverius cinnamominus Swaison, 1837. [CD 1464]. Z. p. 29: Tinnunculus sparverius Vieill. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Negro. August 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Falco femoralis femoralis Temminck, 1817. [CD 1706]. Z. p. 28: Falco femoralis Temm. Loc.: Argentina: small valley on the plains at Port Desire. January 1834. Ex.coll. Norwich Castle Museum/Gurney Collection, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: probably BMNH 1955.6.N20.1796.
*Falco femoralis femoralis Temminck, 1817. [CD 1710, number shared with egg(s) of Zonotrichia capensis, see below]. Z. p. 28: Falco femoralis Temm. Loc.: Argentina: Port Desire. January 1834. Material: egg clutch. Status: missing.
ANATIDAE:
*Chloephaga melanoptera (Eyton, 1838). [CD n/a]. Z. p. 134: Anser melanopterus Eyton. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. Remark: bird mentioned in Z. was bought by FitzRoy on a local market at Valpara so. Material & Status: not collected by Darwin.
*Chloephaga picta leucoptera (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 576 specimens in spirit]. Z. p. 134: Chloephaga magellanica Eyton. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833. Ex.coll. Eyton. Material: trachea in spirit. Status: missing.
*Chloephaga hybrida malvinarum Phillips, 1916. [CD 577 specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 134-135: Bernicla antarctica Steph. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833. Ex.coll. Eyton. Material: trachea in spirit. Status: missing.
*Tachyeres patachonicus (King, 1828). [CD 1661]. Z. p. 136: Micropterus brachypterus Eyton. Loc.: Argentina: Port Desire, 20 miles up the creek. January 1834. Remark: no authentic locality data on label, was always believed to come from the Falklands, but Darwin did not collect any duck there. If locality is correct, then the duck was shot by Fuller or Covington. Material: mount. Status: probably CUMZ 12/Ana/60/a/5.
*Amazonetta brasiliensis ipecutiri (Vieillot, 1816). [? CD 1419/1421/1436, see also below]. Z. p. 135: Querquedula erythrorhyncha Eyton. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires. October 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*?Amazonetta brasiliensis ssp. (Gmelin, 1789). [? CD 1778/1779, see below]. Z. p. 135: Querquedula erythrorhyncha Eyton Loc.: Chile: Straits of Magellan: Cape Negro (fresh water). February 1834. Remark: Z. claims this species to occur near Straits of Magellan – either very rare vagrant or different species. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Anas flavirostris flavirostris Vieillot, 1816. [? CD 1419/1421/1436, see above/below]. Z. pp. 135-136: Querquedula creccodes Eyton. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Plata near Buenos Aires. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Anas flavirostris flavirostris Vieillot, 1816. [? CD 1778/1779, see above]. Z. pp. 135-136: Querquedula crecco des Eyton. Loc.: Chile: Straits of Magellan: Cape Negro (fresh water). February 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Anas georgica spinicauda Vieillot, 1816. [CD 1454]. Z. p. 135: Dafila urophasianus Eyton. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. 1833. Remark: Cat. (Salvadori 1895: 282) listed D. urophasianus under P. bahamensis, which does not fit with the locality of the specimen. Therefore it is more likely that the taxon of Z. is Anas spinicauda. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Anas bahamensis galapagensis (Ridgway, 1889). [CD 3299]. Z. p. 135: Paecilonitta bahamensis Eyton. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Anas platalea Vieillot, 1816. [? CD 1419/1421/1436, see above]. Z. p. 135: Rhynchaspis maculatus Gould. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Plata near Buenos Aires. October 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
RALLIDAE:
*Rallus philippensis andrewsi (Mathews, 1911). [CD 3591]. Z. p. 133: Rallus phillipensis [sic] Linn. Loc.: Australia: Cocos / Keeling Islands. April 1836. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Ortygonax rytirhynchos landbecki (Hellmayr, 1932). [CD 2183]. Z. p. 133: Rallus sanguinolentus Swains. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August-September 1834. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Aramides ypecaha (Vieillot, 1819). CD 1435 [original field label]. Z. p. 133: Rallus ypecaha Vieill. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires. 1833. Remark: Darwin added the species name on his label. Material: skin. Status: BMNH unregistered specimen.
*Laterallus spilonotus (Gould, 1841). [? CD 3353 / 3351, see below]. Z. pp. 132-133: Zapornia spilonota Gould. Syntype Zapornia spilonota Gould, 1841. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago [James Isl. fide Rothschild/Hartert Nov.Zool.VI, 1899: 185]. October 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing [unless the specimen of FitzRoy is the bird listed in CD: BMNH 1837.2.21.404. Cat. XXIII: 113: b. Vell. Cat. 40: 180 a, cf. Warren 1966].
*Laterallus spilonotus (Gould, 1841). [CD 3352]. Z. pp. 132-133: Zapornia spilonota Gould. Syntype Zapornia spilonota Gould, 1841 & Syntype Porzana galapagoensis Sharpe, 1894. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago [James Isl. fide Rothschild/Hartert Nov.Zool.VI, 1899: 185]. October 1835. Material: skin, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1964.45.1. Cat. XXIII: 113: a.
*Laterallus spilonotus (Gould, 1841). [? CD 3351 / 3353, see above]. Z. pp. 132-133: Zapornia spilonota Gould. Syntype Zapornia spilonota Gould, 1841. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago [James Isl. fide Rothschild/Hartert Nov.Zool.VI, 1899: 185]. October 1835. Remark: This specimen is not a syntype of Porzana galapagoensis. The second syntype of this name is a FitzRoy specimen. Material: skin, female, imm. Status: BMNH 1964.46.1. Cat. XXIII: 138: e.
*Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius (Vieillot, 1819). [? CD 1235 / 1295, see below]. Z. p. 132: Crex lateralis Licht. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado near Rio Plata. May-June 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius (Vieillot, 1819). [? CD 1295 / 1235, see above]. Z. p. 132: Crex lateralis Licht. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado near Rio Plata. May-June 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Coturnicops notata notata (Gould, 1841). [? CD 1453 / 1424, see below]. Z. p. 132: Zapornia notata Gould. Holotype Zapornia notata Gould, 1841. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Plata: shot on board of the Beagle near Buenos Aires. 1833. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1964.44.1. Cat. XXIII: 129: a.
*Porphyriops melanops melanops (Vieillot, 1819). [? CD 1424 / 1453, see above]. Z. p. 133: Gallinula crassirostris J. E. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires: banks of the Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Porphyriops melanops crassirostris (J. E. Gray, 1829). [CD 2164]. Z. p. 133: Gallinula crassirostris J. E. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August-September 1834. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Porphyriops melanops crassirostris (J. E. Gray, 1829). [CD 2165]. Z. p. 133: Gallinula crassirostris J. E. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so. August-September 1834. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Gallinula chloropus garmani Allen, 1876. [CD 2821]. Z. p. 133: Fulica galeata G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Concépcion. 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Porphyrula alleni (Thomson, 1842). [CD 3900]. Z. pp. 133-134: Porphyrio simplex Gould. Holotype Porphyrio simplex Gould, 1841. Loc.: United Kingdom: Atlantic Ocean: Ascension Island. July 1836. Remark: Barlow 1833: 413-415 gives no further details. Taylor 1998: 478 added Darwin's record with questionmark. One other record than Darwin's is known for Ascension Island. The nomenclature and taxonomy of this taxon would need further studies. Material: skin/mount, female/imm. Status: missing.
ROSTRATULIDAE:
*Nycticryphes semicollaris (Vieillot, 1816). [? CD 1214]. Z. p. 131: Rhynchaea semicollaris G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo or Maldonado. November 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
HAEMATOPODIDAE:
*Haematopus ostralegus durnfordi Sharpe, 1896. [CD 1383]. Z. p. 128: Haematopus palliatus Temm. Loc.: Argentina/Uruguay: Guritti Island: Rio de la Plata or Maldonado. July 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Haematopus ostralegus durnfordi Sharpe, 1896. [? CD 1420]. Z. p. 128: Haematopus palliatus Temm. Loc.: Argentina: Rio de la Plata near Buenos Aires. July 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
CHARADRIIDAE:
*Belonopterus chilensis lampronotus (Wagler, 1827). [CD 1602]. Z. p. 127: Philomachus cayanus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Rio de la Plata near Montevideo. November 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Pluvialis dominica dominica (P. L. S. Mller, 1776). [CD 1606]. Z. p. 126: Charadrius virgininus Borkh. Loc.: Uruguay: banks of the Plata. November 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Charadrius hiaticula semipalmatus Bonaparte, 1825. [CD 3357]. Z. p. 128: Hiaticula semipalmata G. R. Gray. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. September - October 1835. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Charadrius alexandrinus occidentalis (Cabanis, 1872). CD 2188. Z. p. 127: Hiaticula azarae G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so [not on label]. August-September 1834. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1891.10.20.337. Cat. XXIV: 292: w'.
*Charadrius falklandicus Latham, 1790. [CD 1449; versus Keynes 2000]. Z. p. 127: Hiaticula trifasciatus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Charadrius falklandicus Latham, 1790. [CD 1433]. Z. p. 127: Hiaticula trifasciatus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818. [CD 1208]. Z. p. 127: Hiaticula azarae G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: banks of the Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818. [? CD 1435]. Z. p. 127: Hiaticula azarae G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: banks of the Plata near Buenos Aires. October 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818. [CD 712]. Z. p. 127: Hiaticula azarae G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. September 1832. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Oreopholus ruficollis (Wagler, 1829). [CD 1263]. Z. pp. 125-126: Oreophilus totanirostris Jard. & Selby. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Oreopholus ruficollis (Wagler, 1829). [CD 2166]. Z. pp. 125-126: Oreophilus totanirostris Jard. & Selby. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August-September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Zonibyx modestus (Lichtenstein, 1823). CD 901. Z. p. 126: Squatarola cincta Jard. & Selby. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: summits of highest mountains of Good Success Bay. 20 December 1832. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1857.10.16.69. Cat. XXIV: 239: i.
*Zonibyx modestus (Lichtenstein, 1823). CD 1817 [original field label]. Z. p. 126: Squatarola cincta Jard. & Selby. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. Early February 1834. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1857.10.16.68. Cat. XXIV: 239: k.
*Zonibyx modestus (Lichtenstein, 1823). [CD 1145]. Z. p. 126: Squatarola cincta Jard. & Selby. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, ad. Status: probably BMNH 1859.3.25.84.
*Zonibyx modestus (Lichtenstein, 1823). [? CD 1403]. Z. p. 126: Squatarola cincta Jard. & Selby. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Zonibyx modestus (Lichtenstein, 1823). [CD 2123]. Z. p. 126: Squatarola cincta Jard. & Selby. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Zonibyx modestus (Lichtenstein, 1823). [CD 1236]. Z. pp. 126-127: Squatarola fusca Gould. Holotype Squatarola fusca Gould, 1841. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
SCOLOPACIDAE:
*Numenius borealis (J. R. Forster, 1772). [? CD 684]. Z. p. 129: Numenius brevirostris Licht. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires or Brazil: Rio de Janeiro. Summer 1832 or September 1833. Remark: Darwin in CD reported to have collected a 'Numenius' at Rio, and it is assumed that it is indeed this species. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Numenius phaeopus hudsonicus Latham, 1790. [CD 2501]. Z. p. 129: Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Loc.: Chile: mud-banks of Isla de Chiloé or Chonos Archipel. January 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus, 1758). [CD 2434]. Z. p. 129: Limosa hudsonica Swains. Loc.: Chile: mud-banks of East coast of Isla de Chiloé. December 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus, 1758). CD 1147 [original field label]. Z. p. 129: Limosa hudsonica Swains. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island: Port Louis. March 1833. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin. Status: USNM No. 8074.
*Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus, 1758). [CD 1148]. Z. p. 129: Limosa hudsonica Swains. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island: Port Louis. March 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus, 1758). [? CD 1880]. Z. p. 129: Limosa hudsonica Swains. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Tringa flavipes (Gmelin, 1789). [? CD 1603/1607/1608, see below]. Z. p. 129: Totanus flavipes Vieill. Loc.: Uruguay: Rio Plata near Montevideo. November 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin, 1789). [?? CD 1430/1431]. Z. p. 130: Totanus melanoleucos Licht. et Vieill. Loc.: Uruguay: Rio Plata near Maldonado. October 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Tringa solitaria cinnamomea (Brewster, 1890). [? CD 1603/1607/1608, see above and below]. Z. p. 129: Totanus macropterus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Rio Plata near Montevideo. November 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Heteroscelus incanus (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 3355]. Z. p. 130: Totanus fuliginosus Gould. Holotype Totanus fuliginosus Gould, 1841. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Remark: The BMNH holds a specimen from FitzRoy's collection (BMNH 1837.2.21.263), considered by Warren 1966 to be the type. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Arenaria interpres interpres (Linnaeus, 1758). [CD 3191]. Z. p. 132: Strepsilas interpres Ill. Loc.: Peru: coast near Iquique. August 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Arenaria interpres interpres (Linnaeus, 1758). [CD 3354]. Z. p. 132: Strepsilas interpres Ill. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae (Vieillot, 1816). CD 1203 [original field label]. Z. p. 131: Scolopax (Telmatias) paraguaiae Vieill. Loc.: Uruguay: Rio Plata near Maldonado. May – June 1833. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1860.1.16.74. Cat. XXIV: 651: h.
*Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae (Vieillot, 1816). [CD 1243]. Z. p. 131: Scolopax (Telmatias) magellanicus King. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. May – June 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. XXIV: 652: n'.
*Capella paraguaiae magellanica (King, 1828). CD 1048. Z. p. 131: Scolopax (Telmatias) magellanicus King. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1891.10.20.563. Cat. XXIV: 652: i.
*Capella paraguaiae magellanica (King, 1828). [CD 2168]. Z. p. 131: Scolopax (Telmatias) paraguaiae Vieill. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August – September 1834. Material: skin/mount, female Status: missing.
*Erolia minutilla (Vieillot, 1819). [CD 3358]. Z. p. 131: Pelidna minutilla Gould. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Erolia minutilla (Vieillot, 1819). [CD 3359]. Z. p. 131: Pelidna minutilla Gould. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Erolia fuscicollis (Vieillot, 1819). [CD 970]. Z. p. 131: Pelidna schinzii Bonap. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Goree Sound. January 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot, 1819). [? CD 1603/1607/1608, see above]. Z. p. 130: Tringa rufescens Vieill. Loc.: Uruguay: Rio Plata near Montevideo. November 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
RECURVIROSTRIDAE:
*Himantopus himantopus melanurus Vieillot, 1817. [CD 1221]. Z. p. 130: Himantopus nigricollis Vieill. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Himantopus himantopus melanurus Vieillot, 1817. [?? CD 1422 / 1423]. Z. p. 130: Himantopus nigricollis Vieill. Loc.: Argentina: provinces bordering the Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
THINOCORIDAE:
*Attagis gayi gayi (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Lesson, 1830). [CD 2823]. Z. p. 117: Attagis gayii Less. Loc.: Chile: Cordillera of Coquimbo or Copiapò. 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Attagis malouinus malouinus (Boddaert, 1783). [CD 1402]. Z. p. 117: Attagis falklandica G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: extreme Southern part of Tierra del Fuego: summit of Katers peak (1700 feet high) on Hermit Island. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829. [CD 710]. Z. pp. 117-118: Tinochorus [sic] rumicivorus Eschsch. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca: sterile plains. February-March 1832. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829. [CD 711]. Z. pp. 117-118: Tinochorus [sic] rumicivorus Eschsch. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca: sterile plains. February-March 1832. Material: tail, added to No. CD 710. Status: missing.
*Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829. [CD 1224]. Z. pp. 117-118: Tinochorus [sic] rumicivorus Eschsch. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. May-June 1833. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829. [CD 1273]. Z. pp. 117-118: Tinochorus [sic] rumiciv Eschsch. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. May-June 1833. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829. [CD 707, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 117-118 & 155-156: Tinochorus [sic] rumicivorus Eschsch. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829. [CD 388, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 117-118 & 155-156: Tinochorus [sic] rumicivorus Eschsch. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. September 1832. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
CHIONIDIDAE:
*Chionis alba (Gmelin, 1789). [CD n/a]. Z. pp. 118-119: Chionis alba Forst. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833 or 1834. Material & Status: shot, but not preserved.
LARIDAE:
*Gabianus scoresbii (Traill, 1822). [CD 1757]. Z. p. 142: Larus haematorhynchus King. Loc.: Argentina: Port St. Julian. January 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Larus fuliginosus Gould, 1841. [CD 3304]. Z. pp. 141-142: Larus fuliginosus Gould. Holotype Larus fuliginosus Gould, 1841. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago: James Island. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.218. Cat. XXV: 223: b.
*Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823. [CD 1455]. Z. p 142: Larus dominicanus Licht. Loc.: Argentina: Pampas near Rio Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein, 1823. [CD 1268]. Z. pp. 142-143: Xema (chroicocephalus) cirrocephalum G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein, 1823. [CD 1783]. Z. pp. 142-143: Xema (chroicocephalus) cirrocephalum G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Straits of Magellan. January – February 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.140. Cat. XXV: 206: d'.
*Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein, 1823. [CD 1390]. Z. pp. 142-143: Xema (chroicocephalus) cirrocephalum G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Straits of Magellan. July 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: skin/mount, imm. Status: former BMNH specimen, missing. Cat. XXV: 206: e'.
*Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein, 1823. [CD 748]. Z. pp. 142-143: Xema (chroicocephalus) cirrocephalum G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. September 1832. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. XXV: 203: h'.
*Gelochelidon nilotica aranea (Wilson, 1814). [CD 745]. Z. p. 145: Viralva aranea G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. September 1832. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.134. Cat. XXV: 31: n.
*Anous stolidus galapagensis Sharpe, 1879. [CD 3302]. Z. p. 145: Megalopterus stolidus Boie. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Anous stolidus galapagensis Sharpe, 1879. [CD 3375]. Z. p. 145: Megalopterus stolidus Boie. Loc.: Pacific Ocean: many 100 miles east from the Galápagos Archipelago. Night of 3 November 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Anous minutus atlanticus (Mathews, 1912). [CD 413, shared with eggs of Sula]. Z. p. 145: Megalopterus stolidus Boie. Loc.: Brazil: St. Paul Rocks [=Sao Paulo Island, Atlantic Ocean]. April 1832. Material: single egg. Status: missing.
*indet. Laridae "Gull". [CD 185]. Loc.: Portugal: Cape Verde Islands: So Tiago: Porto Praia (1455'N 23?31W'). 9 January – 7 February 1832. Remark: This specimen is mentioned as "Gull" from Porto Praya, and would be the first record of any gull sighting on the Cape Verde Islands [cf. Hazevoet 1995: 124]. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*indet. Laridae "Sterna". [CD 1384]. Loc.: Argentina: Guritti Island in Rio de la Plata. May-June 1833. Remark: Might be an additional record of Rynchops nigra (see below). Locality not traced in Paynter 1994, 1995. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
RYNCHOPIDAE:
*Rynchops nigra intercedens Saunders, 1895. [CD 1264]. Z. pp. 143-144: Rhynchops [sic] nigra Linn. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. May 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL [fide Barlow 1963: 221]. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
COLUMBIDAE:
*Columba picazuro picazuro Temminck, 1813. [CD 1340]. Z. p. 115: Columba loricata Licht. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: skin/mount, ad. Status: former BMNH specimen, missing. Cat. XXI: 272: c.
*Columba araucana Lesson, 1827. [CD 2481]. Z. p. 114: Columba fitzroyii King. Loc.: Chile: Peninsula Tres Montes. January 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Columba araucana Lesson, 1827. [CD 2160]. Z. p. 114: Columba fitzroyii King. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Zenaidura auriculata auriculata (Des Murs, 1847). [CD 2220]. Z. p. 115: Zenaida aurita G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Zenaidura auriculata virgata (Bertoni, 1823). [CD 1385]. Z. p. 115: Zenaida aurita G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: La Plata near Maldonado. July 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Nesopelia galapagoensis galapagoensis (Gould, 1841). [CD 3305]. Z. pp. 115-116: Zenaida galapagoensis Gould. Syntype Zenaida galapagoensis Gould, 1841. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. September - October 1835. Ex. coll. Eyton, ex. ZSL. Remark: Darwin collected a single dove on the Galápagos Islands. RMNH and BMNH (coll. Eyton/ZSL) claim to possess this specimen, cf. Sulloway 1982; however, it is now believed that the two specimens at Leiden (Cat. No. 1, 2) probably derive from coll. Fuller/Covington and that the BMNH specimen, formerly from the ZSL, is Darwin's; nevertheless, the RMNH specimens have probably type status of Gould's name. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1881.2.18.84. Cat. XXI: 391: c.
*Metriopelia melanoptera melanoptera (Molina, 1782). [CD 2163]. Z. p. 116: Zenaida boliviana G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so. Late August 1834. Remark: BMNH possess an old data-less bird Cat. XXI: 499: p/q. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: probably missing.
*Columbina picui picui (Temminck, 1813). CD 1272 [original field label]. Z. p. 116: Columbina strepitans Spix. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: on the banks of the Plata. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. XXI: 472: u.
*Columbina picui picui (Temminck, 1813). [CD 1463]. Z. p. 116: Columbina strepitans Spix. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Negro. August 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Columbigallina talpacoti talpacoti (Temminck, 1811). [? CD No. between 412-446, number not in Barlow 1963 nor in Keynes 2000]. Z. p. 116: Columbina talpacoti G. R. Gray.Loc.: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro. April - May 1832. Remark: Z. cites at least two specimens. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Columbigallina talpacoti talpacoti (Temminck, 1811). [? CD No. between 412-446, number not in Barlow 1963 nor in Keynes 2000]. Z. p. 116: Columbina talpacoti G. R. Gray. Loc.: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro. April - May 1832. Remark: Z. cites at least two specimens. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
PSITTACIDAE:
*Cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus (Vieillot, 1817). [CD 747]. Z. p. 113: Conurus patachonicus [Lear]. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. September 1832. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Myiopsitta monachus monachus (Boddaert, 1783). [CD 1219]. Z. p. 112: Conurus murinus Kuhl. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: grassy plains. May - June 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. XX: 233: i.
CUCULIDAE:
*Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758. [CD 455]. Z. p. 114: Crotophaga ani Linn. Loc.: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro. May 1832. Material: skin/mount. Status: Not yet looked for by author.
*Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788). [CD 1427]. Z. p. 114: Diplopterus guira G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires. October 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: skin. Status: perhaps BMNH 1858.4.3.143 [though "?Chile" on label].
*Tapera naevia chochi (Vieillot, 1817). [? CD No. between 412-446, number not in Barlow 1963 and Keynes 2000]. Z. p. 114: Diplopterus naevius Boie. Loc.: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro. April 1832. Material: skin/mount. Status: Not yet looked for by author.
TYTONIDAE:
*Tyto alba tuidara (J. E. Gray, 1829). CD 1446. Z. p. 34: Strix flammea Linn. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1841.1.18.16. Cat. II: 302: l".
*Tyto alba punctatissima (G. R. Gray, 1838). [CD n/a]. Z. p. 34-35: Strix punctatissima G. R. Gray. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Islands: James Island. October 1835. Remark: Holotype Strix punctatissima Gray, 1838 [pl. IV] = BMNH 1837.2.21.244 is from FitzRoy's collection. The main text of this present paper erroneously cites the year of original description from the textual account (1839), not from the plate (1838). The authorship is attributed to Gray on the basis that his name appears after the new name; however, plate IV was probably sketched by John Gould, and executed on stone by Elizabeth Gould. This matter would need further investigations. Material/Status: not collected by Darwin.
STRIGIDAE:
*Speotyto cunicularia cunicularia (Molina, 1782). CD 1293. Z. pp. 31-32: Athene cunicularia Bonap. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1841.1.18.17 [probably this registration number, though not on label]. [Cat. II: 144: t = 1855.12.19.144 nec Darwin].
*Speotyto cunicularia cunicularia (Molina, 1782). [CD 2162]. Z. pp. 31-32: Athene cunicularia Bonap. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August - September 1834. Ex.coll. Norwich Castle Museum/Gurney Collection, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount. Status: perhaps BMNH 1955.6.N20.4499.
*Strix rufipes rufipes King, 1828. [CD 1875]. Z. p. 34: Ulula rufipes [King]. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: extreme southern Islands: Ponsonby Sound. February 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: probably BMNH 1855.12.19.65. Cat. II: 261: b.
*Asio flammeus suinda (Vieillot, 1817). CD 1270. Z. p. 33: Otus palustris Gould. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: skin/mount. Status: former BMNH 1841.1.18.15, missing since 1875.
*Asio flammeus suinda (Vieillot, 1817). [CD 2031]. Z. p. 33: Otus palustris Gould. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Asio flammeus sanfordi Bangs, 1919. CD 1901 [original field label]. Z. p. 33: Otus palustris Gould. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Ex.coll. Norwich Castle Museum/Gurney Collection, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount. Status: BMNH 1955.6.N20.3684.
*Asio flammeus galapagoensis (Gould, 1837). [CD 3303]. Z. pp. 32-33: Otus galapagoensis Gould. Holotype Otus galapagoensis Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago: James Island. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.153. Cat. II: 238: x.
CAPRIMULGIDAE:
*Caprimulgus longirostris bifasciatus Gould, 1837. [CD 2171]. Z. pp. 36-37: Caprimulgus bifasciatus Gould. Holotype Caprimulgus bifasciatus Gould, 1837. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.241. Cat. XVI: 586: u.
*Caprimulgus parvulus parvulus Gould, 1837. CD 1623. Z. pp. 37-38: Caprimulgus parvulus Gould. Holotype Caprimulgus parvulus Gould, 1837. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Fé de Bajada. 27-30 September 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.158. Cat. XVI: 575: m.
APODIDAE:
*Apus unicolor alexandri Hartert, 1901. [CD 3907]. Z. p. 41: Cypselus unicolor Jard. Loc.: Portugal: Cape Verde Islands: So Tiago. September 1836. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
TROCHILIDAE:
*Chlorostilbon aureoventris berlepschi Pinto, 1938. [CD 1610]. Z. p. 110: Trochilus flavifrons [n.n.]. [Nomen nudum Trochilus flavifrons Gould, 1841]. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo. November 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. XVI: 50: x.
*Patagona gigas gigas (Vieillot, 1824). [? CD 2179/2180, see below]. Z. pp. 111-112: Trochilus gigas Vieill. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. September 1834. Ex.coll. Balston, ex. Eyton, ? ex. ZSL. Material: skin, female, ad. Status: perhaps BMNH 1913.3.20.292.
*Patagona gigas gigas (Vieillot, 1824). [? CD 2179/2180, see above]. Z. pp. 111-112: Trochilus gigas Vieill. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so. September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Patagona gigas gigas (Vieillot, 1824). [CD 2319]. Z. pp. 111-112: Trochilus gigas Vieill. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. September-October 1834. Material: nest. Status: missing.
*Patagona gigas gigas (Vieillot, 1824). [CD 1050, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 111-112 & 154: Trochilus gigas Vieill. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so. August 1834. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Sephanoides sephanoides (Lesson, 1826). [CD 2134]. Z. pp. 110-111: Trochilus forficatus Lath. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. ZSL. Remark: on younger label as leg. Leybold, but on older ZSL. Material: skin, male, ad. Status: perhaps BMNH 1887.3.22.924. Cat. XVI: 157: b/c.
*Sephanoides sephanoides (Lesson, 1826). [CD 2135]. Z. pp. 110-111: Trochilus forficatus Lath. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Sephanoides sephanoides (Lesson, 1826). [CD 2503]. Z. pp. 110-111: Trochilus forficatus Lath. Loc.: Chile: Chonos Archipel. January 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Sephanoides sephanoides (Lesson, 1826). [CD 2425]. Z. pp. 110-111: Trochilus forficatus Lath. Loc.: Chile: near South end of Isla de Chiloé: Island S. Pedro. December 1834. Material: egg clutch & nest. Status: missing.
ALCEDINIDAE:
*Ceryle torquata stellata (Meyen, 1834). [CD 2122]. Z. p. 42: Ceryle torquata Bonap. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Ceryle torquata stellata (Meyen, 1834). [CD 1210]. Z. p. 42: Ceryle torquata Bonap. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Chloroceryle americana mathewsii Laubmann, 1927. [? CD not traced]. Z. p. 42: Ceryle americana Boie. Loc.: Argentina: banks of the Parana, Buenos Aires. October 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: shot by Darwin, perhaps not preserved or missing.
*Halcyon leucocephala acteon (Lesson, 1830). CD 192. Z. pp. 41-42: Halcyon erythrohyncha Gould. Holotype Halcyon erythrorhynchus [sic] Gould, 1837. Loc.: Portugal:
Cape Verde Islands: So Tiago: Porto Praia. January 1832. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1881.5.1.3018. Cat. XVII: 235: a.
PICIDAE:
*Colaptes pitius pitius (Molina, 1782). [CD 2161]. Z. p. 114: Colaptes chilensis Vigors. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso: stony hills. August 1834. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Colaptes campestris campestroides (Malherbe, 1849). [CD 1238]. Z. pp. 113-114: Chrysoptilus campestris Swains. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Remark: tongue of the specimen has been preserved in alcohol, cf. CD 620. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Colaptes campestris campestroides (Malherbe, 1849). [CD 620, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 113-114: Chrysoptilus campestris Swains. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: tongue of CD 1238 in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Colaptes campestris campestroides (Malherbe, 1849). [CD 1428]. Z. pp. 113-114: Chrysoptilus campestris Swains. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires. October 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Dendrocopos lignarius (Molina, 1782). CD 2480 [original field label]. Z. p. 113: Picus kingii G. R. Gray. Syntype Picus kingii Gray, 1841. Loc.: Chile: Peninsular Tres Montes: high mountains. January 1835. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1881.5.1.3597. Cat. XVIII: 258: b/c [see below].
*Dendrocopos lignarius (Molina, 1782). CD 2185 [original field label]. Z. p. 113: Picus kingii G. R. Gray. Syntype Picus kingii Gray, 1841. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so. August – September 1834. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1881.5.1.3600. Cat. XVIII: 258: b/c [see above].
*Dendrocopos lignarius (Molina, 1782). [CD 2479]. Z. p. 113: Picus kingii G. R. Gray. Syntype Picus kingii Gray, 1841. Loc.: Chile: Peninsular Tres Montes: High mountains. January 1835. Ex.coll. ZMD, ex. BMNH, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, male, ad. Status: NMSE 1958.71. [batch number], ex. BMNH 1855.12.19.101. Cat. XVIII: 258: n.
FURNARIIDAE:
*Geositta cunicularia fissirostris (Kittlitz, 1835). [CD 2297]. Z. pp. 65-66: Furnarius cunicularius G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Geositta cunicularia fissirostris (Kittlitz, 1835). [CD 721, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 65-66 & 148: Furnarius cunicularius G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Geositta cunicularia cunicularia (Vieillot, 1816). CD 1222. Z. pp. 65-66: Furnarius cunicularius G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. May 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.57. Cat. XV: 6: a.
*Upucerthia dumetaria hallinani Chapman, 1919. [CD 2827]. Z. p. 66: Uppucerthia [sic] dumetoria J. [sic] Geoffr. & d'Orb. Loc.: Chile: Coquimbo. 1835. Ex.coll. ZMD, ex. BMNH, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: NMSE 1931.76.10, ex. BMNH 1855.12.19.75. Cat. XV: 17: a.
*Upucerthia dumetaria dumetaria Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832. [CD 1467]. Z. p. 66: Uppucerthia [sic] dumetoria J. [sic] Geoffr. & d'Orb. Loc.: Argentina: Patagonia: Port Desire. August 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1839.8.4.1. Cat. XV: 17: p.
*Upucerthia dumetaria dumetaria Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832. [728, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 66 & 148-149: Uppucerthia [sic] dumetoria J. [sic] Geoffr. & d'Orb. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Negro. 1833. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Eremobius phoenicurus Gould, 1839. CD 1702. Z. pp. 69-70: Eremobius phoenicurus Gould. Syntype Eremobius phoenicurus Gould, 1839 [pl. XXI]. Loc.: Argentina: Port Desire. January 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.117. Cat. XV: 27: b.
*Eremobius phoenicurus Gould, 1839. CD 2025 [on label 2052]. Z. pp. 69-70: Eremobius phoenicurus Gould. Syntype Eremobius phoenicurus Gould, 1839 [pl. XXI]. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.73. Cat. XV: 27: a.
*Eremobius phoenicurus Gould, 1839. CD 1754 [original field label]. Z. pp. 69-70: Eremobius phoenicurus Gould. Syntype Eremobius phoenicurus Gould, 1839 [pl. XXI]. Loc.: Argentina: Port St. Julian. January 1834. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1889.5.14.65 [on label, this no. is a Cinclodes fuscus in register]. Cat. XV: 27: c.
*Cinclodes antarcticus antarcticus (Garnot, 1826). [CD 1931]. Z. pp. 67-68: Opetiorhynchus antarcticus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Cinclodes antarcticus antarcticus (Garnot, 1826). [CD not traced, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 67-68 & 149-150: Opetiorhynchus antarcticus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833/1834. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Cinclodes patagonicus chilensis (Lesson, 1828). [CD 2126]. Z. p. 67: Opetiorhynchus patagonicus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Material: skin/mount,? male [CD]. Status: missing.
*Cinclodes patagonicus patagonicus (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 1823]. Z. p. 67: Opetiorhynchus patagonicus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. February 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Cinclodes patagonicus patagonicus (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 972]. Z. p. 67: Opetiorhynchus patagonicus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Wolsey Island. January 1833. Ex.coll. Tristram, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, female. Status: LIVCM 4280.
*Cinclodes patagonicus ssp. (Gmelin, 1789). [CD not traced, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 67 & 150: Opetiorhynchus patagonicus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Cinclodes fuscus fuscus (Vieillot, 1818). [CD 1822]. Z. pp. 66-67: Opetiorhynchus vulgaris G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Port Famine. Feburary 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.89. Cat. XV: 23: b.
*Cinclodes fuscus fuscus (Vieillot, 1818). [CD 1260]. Z. pp. 66-67: Opetiorhynchus vulgaris G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. April-July 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Cinclodes fuscus fuscus (Vieillot, 1818). [CD 722, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 66-67 & 149: Opetiorhynchus vulgaris G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Cinclodes nigrofumosus (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838). CD 2826. Z. p. 68-69: Opetiorhynchus nigrofumosus G. R. Gray. Holotype Opetioryhnchus lanceolatus Gould, 1839 [pl. XX]. Loc.: Chile: Coquimbo. 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.244. Cat. XV: 22: c.
*Cinclodes nigrofumosus (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838). [CD 2426]. Z. pp. 68-69: Opetiorhynchus nigrofumosus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Chonos Archipelago (Lat. 45 degree): Midship Bay. December 1834. Material: single egg. Status: missing.
*Furnarius rufus rufus (Gmelin, 1788). [CD 1619]. Z. p. 64: Furnarius rufus Vieill. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo. November 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Furnarius rufus rufus (Gmelin, 1788). [CD 1200]. Z. p. 64: Furnarius rufus Vieill. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Limnornis curvirostris Gould, 1839. CD 1248. Z. p. 81: Limnornis curvirostris Gould. Syntype Limnornis curvirostris Gould, 1839 [pl. XXVI]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number XXV (1839). Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.74. Cat. XV: 77: a/b [see below].
*Limnornis curvirostris Gould, 1839. [CD 1255]. Z. p. 81: Limnornis curvirostris Gould. Syntype Limnornis curvirostris Gould, 1839 [pl. XXVI]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number XXV (1839). Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.56. Cat. XV: 77: a/b [see above].
*Aphrastura spinicauda spinicauda (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 2084]. Z. p. 81: Oxyurus tupinieri Gould. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. June 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Aphrastura spinicauda fulva Angelini, 1905. [CD 2130]. Z. p. 81: Oxyurus tupinieri Gould. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Phleocryptes melanops melanops (Vieillot, 1817). [? CD 1227]. Z. p. 82: Oxyurus ? dorsomaculatus Gould. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: skin/mount. Status: former BMNH 1855.12.19.177, missing since 1880s.
*Leptasthenura aegithaloides pallida Dabbene, 1920. CD 2022. Z. p. 79: Synallaxis aegithaloides Kittl. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1856.3.15.11. Cat. XV: 35: k.
*Leptasthenura aegithaloides pallida Dabbene, 1920. [CD 2023]. Z. p. 79: Synallaxis aegithaloides Kittl. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Leptasthenura aegithaloides aegithaloides (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 2298]. Z. p. 79: Synallaxis aegithaloides Kittl. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August - September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Spartonoica maluroides (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837). [CD 1250]. Z. pp. 77-78: Synallaxis maluroides [D'Orb. & Lafr.]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Spartonoica maluroides (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837). [CD 1228]. Z. pp. 77-78: Synallaxis maluroides [D'Orb. & Lafr.]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Spartonoica maluroides (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837). [CD 630, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 77-78 & 152-153: Synallaxis maluroides [D'Orb. & Lafr.]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. May 1833. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Synallaxis frontalis / ruficapilla Pelzeln, 1859 / Vieillot, 1819. [CD 1256]. Z. p. 79: Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieill. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Synallaxis frontalis / ruficapilla Pelzeln, 1859 / Vieillot, 1819. [? CD 1432]. Z. p. 79: Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieill. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires. October 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Limnoctites rectirostris (Gould, 1839). [? CD 1226/1252, see below]. Z. p. 80: Limnornis rectirostris Gould. Syntype Limnornis rectirostris Gould, 1839 [pl. XXV]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number XXVI (1839). Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.77. Cat. XV: 77: a.
*Limnoctites rectirostris (Gould, 1839). [? CD 1226/1252, see above]. Z. p. 80: Limnornis rectirostris Gould. Syntype Limnornis rectirostris Gould, 1839 [pl. XXV]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number XXVI (1839). Status: probably BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. XV: 77: b.
*Asthenes pyrrholeuca flavogularis (Gould, 1839). [CD 1705]. Z. pp. 78-79: Synallaxis brunnea Gould. Holotype Synallaxis brunnea Gould, 1839. Loc.: Argentina: Port Desire. January 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.99. Cat. XV: 68: m.
*Asthenes pyrrholeuca flavogularis (Gould, 1839). CD 2024. Z. p. 78: Synallaxis flavogularis Gould. Syntype Synallaxis flavogularis Gould, 1839 [pl. XXIV]. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.406. Cat. XV: 68: q.
*Asthenes pyrrholeuca flavogularis (Gould, 1839). [? CD 751/828]. Z. p. 78: Synallaxis flavogularis Gould. Syntype Synallaxis flavogularis Gould, 1839 [pl. XXIV]. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. September October 1832. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Asthenes humicola humicola (Kittlitz, 1830). [? CD 2191]. Z. p. 75: Synallaxis humicola Kittl. Loc.: Chile: neighbourhood of Valparaso. August-September 1834. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Asthenes humicola humicola (Kittlitz, 1830). [? CD 2192]. Z. p. 75: Synallaxis humicola Kittl. Loc.: Chile: neighbourhood of Valpara so. August-September 1834. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Asthenes anthoides (King, 1831). CD 2021. Z. p. 77: Synallaxis rufogularis Gould. Syntype Synallaxis rufogularis Gould, 1839 [pl. XXIII]. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ? male [CD], ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.170. Cat. XV: 70: h.
*Asthenes anthoides (King, 1831). [CD 2190]. Z. p. 77: Synallaxis rufogularis Gould. Syntype Synallaxis rufogularis Gould, 1839 [pl. XXIII]. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. September 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ? male [CD], ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.171. Cat. XV: 70: ?e.
*Asthenes anthoides (King, 1831). [CD 2020]. Z. p. 77: Synallaxis rufogularis Gould. Syntype Synallaxis rufogularis Gould, 1839 [pl. XXIII]. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ? male [CD], ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.104. Cat. XV: 70: g.
*Phacellodomus striaticollis striaticollis (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838). [CD 1249]. Z. p. 80: Anumbius ruber D'Orb. & Lafr. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: reeds on the borders of lakes near Maldonado. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.52. Cat. XV: 82: a.
*Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot, 1817). [CD 1251]. Z. p. 76: Synallaxis major Gould. Holotype Synallaxis major Gould, 1839 [pl. XXII]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: north bank of La Plata. June 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.166. Cat. XV: 76: a.
*Pygarrhichas albogularis (King, 1831). [CD 2129]. Z. pp. 82-83: Dendrodramus leucosternus Gould. Holotype Dendrodramus leucosternus Gould, 1839 [pl. XXVII]. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
FORMICARIIDAE:
*Thamnophilus doliatus ssp. (Linnaeus, 1764). [CD 1239]. Z. p. 58: Thamnophilus doliatus Vieill. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Remark: this species does not normally occur in Uruguay. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
RHINOCRYPTIDAE:
*Pteroptochos tarnii (King, 1831). CD 2531. Z. pp. 70-71: Pteroptochos tarnii G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. January 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, male. Status: BMNH 1841.1.18.18. Cat. XV: 349: a.
*Pteroptochos tarnii (King, 1831). [CD 1157, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 70-71 & 150-151: Pteroptochos tarnii G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. January 1835. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Pteroptochos megapodius megapodius Kittlitz, 1830. [CD 2172]. Z. pp. 71-72: Pteroptochos megapodius Kittl. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso: dry country. August September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Pteroptochos megapodius megapodius Kittlitz, 1830. [CD 2296]. Z. pp. 71-72: Pteroptochos megapodius Kittl. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so: dry country. August September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Pteroptochos megapodius megapodius Kittlitz, 1830. [CD 2824]. Z. pp. 71-72: Pteroptochos megapodius Kittl. Loc.: Chile: Coquimbo: dry country. 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Scelorchilus albicollis albicollis (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 2173]. Z. p. 72: Pteroptochos albicollis Kittl. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August - September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Scelorchilus albicollis albicollis (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 2174]. Z. p. 72: Pteroptochos albicollis Kittl. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so. August - September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Scelorchilus albicollis albicollis (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 2825]. Z. p. 72: Pteroptochos albicollis Kittl. Loc.: Chile: Illapel. 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Scelorchilus albicollis albicollis (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 1037, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 72 & 151-152: Pteroptochos albicollis Kittl. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August 1834. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Scelorchilus rubecula rubecula (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 2127]. Z. p. 73: Pteroptochos rubecula Kittl. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1841.1.18.19. Cat. XV: 346: g.
*Rhinocrypta lanceolata lanceolata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832). [CD 1459]. Z. p. 70: Rhinomya lanceolata Is. Geoffr. & d'Orb. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Negro. August 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.169. Cat. XV: 347: c.
*Scytalopus magellanicus magellanicus (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 1828]. Z. p. 74: Scytalopus megallanicus [sic] G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. February 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.195. Cat. XV: 339: l.
*Scytalopus magellanicus magellanicus (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 1144]. Z. p. 74: Scytalopus megallanicus [sic] G. R. Gray. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.180. Cat. XV: 339: m.
*Scytalopus magellanicus magellanicus (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 2502]. Z. p. 74: Scytalopus megallanicus [sic] G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé or Chonos Archipel. January 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Eugralla paradoxa (Kittlitz, 1830). [? CD 2555/2556, see below]. Z. pp. 73-74: Pteroptochos paradoxus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valdivia. January 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. via Darwin. Material: ex mount, imm. Status: BMNH 1841.1.18.21 [wrong on label]. Cat. XV: 352: c.
*Eugralla paradoxa (Kittlitz, 1830). [? CD 2555/2556, see above]. Z. pp. 73-74: Pteroptochos paradoxus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valdivia. January 1835. Material: ex mount, imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.159. Cat. XV: 352: a.
*Eugralla paradoxa (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 2436]. Z. pp. 73-74: Pteroptochos paradoxus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé: East Coast. December 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
TYRANNIDAE:
*Suiriri suiriri suiriri (Vieillot, 1818). CD 1452. Z. p. 50: Pachyramphus albescens Gould. Holotype Pachyramphus albescens Gould, 1838 [pl. IX]. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number XIV (1839). Status: BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. XIV: 155: c.
*Elaenia albiceps chilensis Hellmayr, 1927. [CD 2829]. Z. p. 47: Myiobus [sic] albiceps G.R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Coquimbo. 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.118. Cat. XIV: 143: g'.
*Elaenia albiceps chilensis Hellmayr, 1927. [? CD 1825]. Z. p. 47: Myiobus [sic] albiceps G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. February 1834. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. Eyton, ex. ZSL, Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1888.1.1.728. Cat. XIV: 143: h'.
*Elaenia albiceps chilensis Hellmayr, 1927. [CD not traced]. Z. p. 47: Myiobus [sic] albiceps G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Chonos Archipelago. December 1834 January 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: not collected or missing.
*Elaenia albiceps chilensis Hellmayr, 1927. [?? CD 1258]. Z. p. 47: Myiobus [sic] albiceps G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: banks of the Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Serpophaga nigricans (Vieillot, 1817). [CD 1296]. Z. p. 50: Serpophaga nigricans Gould. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: on the banks of the Plata. June 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: not yet looked for by the author.
*Serpophaga subcristata straminea (Temminck, 1822). [CD 1257]. Z. pp. 49-50: Serpophaga albo-coronata Gould. Holotype Serpophaga albo-coronata Gould, 1839. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Remark: Warren & Harrison 1971 listed the wrong (FitzRoy) specimen as type. Material: skin/mount. Status: not yet looked for by the author.
*Serpophaga subcristata straminea (Temminck, 1822). [CD 650, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 49-50 & 147: Serpophaga albo-coronata Gould. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. May-June 1833. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Anairetes parulus patagonicus (Hellmayr, 1920). [CD 2027, nec Keynes 2000]. Z. p. 49: Serpophaga parulus Gould. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.161. Cat. XIV: 107: c.
*Anairetes parulus patagonicus (Hellmayr, 1920). [CD 1469]. Z. p. 49: Serpophaga parulus Gould. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Negro. August 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Anairetes parulus parulus (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 2193]. Z. p. 49: Serpophaga parulus Gould. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August-September 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.98. Cat. XIV: 107: j.
*Tachuris rubrigastra rubrigastra (Vieillot, 1817). [CD 1259]. Z. p. 86: Cyanotis omnicolor Swains. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Tachuris rubrigastra rubrigastra (Vieillot, 1817). [CD 1277]. Z. p. 86: Cyanotis omnicolor Swains. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Polystictus pectoralis pectoralis (Vieillot, 1817). [? CD 1604/1613]. Z. p. 51: Pachyramphus minimus [Gould]. Holotype Pachyramphus minimus Gould, 1838 [pl. X].
Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo. November 1832. Material: skin/mount. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number XV (1839). Status: missing.
*Platyrinchus mystaceus mystaceus Vieillot, 1818. [CD not traced]. Z. p. [not traced]. Loc.: South America. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1856.3.15.18. Cat. XIV: 68: t.
*Myiophobus fasciatus auriceps (Gould, 1839). [?? CD 847]. Z. p. 47: Myiobius auriceps [Gould]. Holotype Tyrannula auriceps Gould, 1839. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires. August 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.172. Cat. XIV: 210: a'.
*Pyrocephalus rubinus nanus Gould, 1838. CD 3309. Z. pp. 45-46: Pyrocephalus nanus Gould. Syntype Pyrocephalus nanus Gould, 1838 [pl. VII]. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Islands: Chatham Island. October [sic] 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. XIV: 215: a'.
*Pyrocephalus rubinus nanus Gould, 1838. [CD 3342]. Z. pp. 45-46: Pyrocephalus nanus Gould. Syntype Pyrocephalus nanus Gould, 1838 [pl. VII]. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Islands. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female [male, imm. in CD], ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.198. Cat. XIV: 215: c'.
*Pyrocephalus rubinus nanus Gould, 1838. CD 3344. Z. pp. 45-46: Pyrocephalus nanus Gould. Syntype Pyrocephalus nanus Gould, 1838 [pl. VII]. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Islands. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. XIV: 215: b'.
*Pyrocephalus rubinus nanus Gould, 1838. [CD 3343]. Z. pp. 45-46: Pyrocephalus nanus Gould. Syntype Pyrocephalus nanus Gould, 1838 [pl. VII]. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Islands. October 1835. Remark: Gould and Darwin 1839b: 46 probably studied also FitzRoy's specimen BMNH 1837.5.13.210 / Cat. XIV: 215: e'. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Pyrocephalus rubinus dubius Gould, 1839. [CD 3345]. Z. p. 46: Pyrocephalus dubius Gould. Holotype Pyrocephalus dubius Gould, 1839. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Islands: Chatham Island. September 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female [male in CD], ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.184. Cat. XIV: 215: d'.
*Pyrocephalus rubinus obscurus Gould, 1839. [CD 3204]. Z. p. 45: Pyrocephalus obscurus Gould. Holotype Pyrocephalus obscurus Gould, 1839. Loc.: Peru: Callao. August 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female/imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.389. Cat. XIV: 215: a.
*Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus (Boddaert, 1783). [CD 1439]. Z. pp. 44-45: Pyrocephalus parvirostris Gould. Syntype Pyrocephalus parvirostris Gould, 1838 [pl. VI]. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires: near La Plata. October 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1856.3.16.17. Cat. XIV: 213: n'.
*Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus (Boddaert, 1783). CD 1437. Z. pp. 44-45: Pyrocephalus parvirostris Gould. Syntype Pyrocephalus parvirostris Gould, 1838 [pl. VI]. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires: La Plata. October 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1856.3.15.17a. Cat. XIV: 213: o'.
*Ochthoeca parvirostris (Gould, 1839). [? CD 2197]. Z. p. 48: Myiobius parvirostris [Gould]. Syntype Tyrannula parvirostris Gould, 1839. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August September 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. XIV: 105: d.
*Ochthoeca parvirostris (Gould, 1839). CD 2083. Z. p. 48: Myiobius parvirostris [Gould]. Syntype Tyrannula parvirostris Gould, 1839. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. June 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1856.3.15.16. Cat. XIV: 105: f.
*Ochthoeca parvirostris (Gould, 1839). CD 1824. Z. p. 48: Myiobius parvirostris [Gould]. Syntype Tyrannula parvirostris Gould, 1839. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. February 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: skin/mount. Status: former BMNH 1841.1.18.25, missing since 1880s.
*Xolmis pyrope pyrope (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 1819]. Z. p. 55: Xolmis pyrope G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. Early February 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Xolmis pyrope pyrope (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 1820]. Z. p. 55: Xolmis pyrope G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. Early February 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Xolmis pyrope pyrope (Kittlitz, 1830). [CD 2081]. Z. p. 55: Xolmis pyrope G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. June 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Xolmis pyrope fortis Philippi & Johnson, 1946. [CD 2198]. Z. p. 55: Xolmis pyrope G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Copiapó or Valparaso. August September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Xolmis pyrope fortis Philippi & Johnson, 1946. [CD 2124]. Z. p. 55: Xolmis pyrope G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Xolmis pyrope fortis Philippi & Johnson, 1946. [CD 2375]. Z. p. 55: Xolmis pyrope G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. November - December 1834. Material: single egg. Status: missing.
*Xolmis cinerea cinerea (Vieillot, 1816). [CD 1204]. Z. p. 54: Xolmis nengeta G. R. Gray.Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: banks of La Plata. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Remark: This taxon is not Fluvicola nengeta Linnaeus, 1766. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.307. Cat. XIV: 11: e.
*Xolmis coronata (Vieillot, 1823). [? CD 1414/1415/1416, see below]. Z. p. 54: Xolmis coronata G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: banks of Rio Parana near Santa Fé. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Xolmis dominicana (Vieillot, 1823). [CD 1205]. Z. pp. 53-54: Fluvicola azarae Gould. Holotype Fluvicola Azarae Gould, 1839 [pl. XII]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: banks of La Plata. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number X (1838). Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.245. Cat. XIV: 13: k.
*Xolmis irupero irupero (Vieillot, 1823). [CD 1600]. Z. p. 53: Fluvicola irupero G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Fé. November 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Neoxolmis rufiventris (Vieillot, 1823). [CD 1220]. Z. p. 55: Xolmis variegata G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.276. Cat. XIV: 9: i.
*Neoxolmis rufiventris (Vieillot, 1823). [CD 1240]. Z. p. 55: Xolmis variegata G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Agriornis montana leucura Gould, 1839. [? CD 2012 / 2013, see below]. Z. p. 57: Agriornis maritimus G. R. Gray. Syntype Agriornis leucurus Gould, 1839 [pl. XV]. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number XIII (1839). Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.252. Cat. XIV: 6: j/k [see below].
*Agriornis montana leucura Gould, 1839. [? CD 2012 / 2013, see above]. Z. p. 57: Agriornis maritimus G. R. Gray. Syntype Agriornis leucurus Gould, 1839 [pl. XV]. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number XIII (1839). Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.251. Cat. XIV: 6: j/k [see above].
*Agriornis livida livida (Kittlitz, 1835). [CD 2167]. Z. p. 56: Agriornis gutturalis Gould. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August - September 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.344. Cat. XIV: 5: g.
*Agriornis livida livida (Kittlitz, 1835). [? CD 2199]. Z. p. 56: Agriornis gutturalis Gould. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so. August - September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Agriornis microptera microptera Gould, 1839. [CD 1752]. Z. p. 57: Agriornis micropterus Gould. Syntype Agriornis micropterus Gould, 1839 [pl. XIV]. Loc.: Argentina: Port St. Julian. January 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number XII (1839). Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.298. Cat. XIV: 5: e.
*Agriornis microptera microptera Gould, 1839. [CD 1699]. Z. p. 57: Agriornis micropterus Gould. Syntype Agriornis micropterus Gould, 1839 [pl. XIV]. Loc.: Argentina: Port Desire. January 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number XII (1839). Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.253. Cat. XIV: 5: f.
*Agriornis microptera microptera Gould, 1839. [CD 1700]. Z. p. 57: Agriornis micropterus Gould. Syntype Agriornis micropterus Gould, 1839 [pl. XIV]. Loc.: Argentina: Port Desire. January 1834. Material: skin/mount, imm. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number XII (1839). Status: missing.
*Agriornis microptera microptera Gould, 1839. [CD 2013]. Z. pp. 56-57: Agriornis striatus Gould. Holotype Agriornis striatus Gould, 1839. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. Eyton, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1881.2.18.128. Cat. XIV: 5: d.
*Muscisaxicola macloviana mentalis d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837. [? CD 2828]. Z. p. 83: Muscisaxicola mentalis D'Orb. & Lafr. Loc.: Chile: Coquimbo. 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.186. Cat. XIV: 57: x.
*Muscisaxicola macloviana mentalis d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837. [?? CD 1448]. Z. p. 83: Muscisaxicola mentalis D'Orb. & Lafr. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. 1833. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ? ZSL, Material: skin, ad. Status: perhaps BMNH 1860.1.16.56. Cat. XIV: 57: v.
*Muscisaxicola macloviana mentalis d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837. [?? CD 971]. Z. p. 83: Muscisaxicola mentalis D'Orb. & Lafr. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego. ? January 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Muscisaxicola macloviana mentalis d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837. [CD 2128]. Z. p. 83: Muscisaxicola mentalis D'Orb. & Lafr. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Muscisaxicola macloviana mentalis d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837. [?? CD 2208]. Z. p. 83: Muscisaxicola mentalis D'Orb. & Lafr. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August-September 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: skin, ad. Status: perhaps BMNH 1858.4.3.45. Cat. XIV: 57: i.
*Muscisaxicola macloviana macloviana (Garnot, 1829). [CD 1899]. Z. pp. 83-84: Muscisaxicola macloviana G. R. Gray. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Muscisaxicola sp. [?? CD 1753]. Z. p. 84: Muscisaxicola brunnea Gould. Holotype Muscisaxicola brunnea Gould, 1839. Loc.: Argentina: Port St. Julian. January 1834. Remark: Cat. XIV: 53 already stated that the identity of this species remains uncertain. Material: skin/mount, imm. Status: missing.
*Lessonia rufa (Gmelin, 1789). [? CD 749 / 780, see below]. Z. p. 84: Muscisaxicola nigra G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca: M. Hermoso. September 1832. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Lessonia rufa (Gmelin, 1789). [? CD 749 / 780, see above]. Z. p. 84: Muscisaxicola nigra G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. September 1832. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Lessonia rufa (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 903]. Z. p. 84: Muscisaxicola nigra G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Good Success Bay. December 1832. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: skin, male, ad. Status: perhaps BMNH 1858.4.3.65. Cat. XIV: 62: g.
*Hymenops perspicillata perspicillata (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 1231]. Z. pp. 52-53: Lichenops erythropterus Gould. Holotype Lichenops erythropterus Gould, 1839 [pl. XI]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: banks of the Plata. 1833. Ex.coll. Eyton, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Remark: In two original copies of the 'Zoology' seen the plate to this species was issued as number IX (1838). Status: BMNH 1881.2.18.157. Cat. XIV: 49: f.
*Hymenops perspicillata perspicillata (Gmelin, 1789). CD 1206. Z. pp. 51-52: Lichenops perspicillatus G. R. Gray. [no type; only the female has type status]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: neighbourhood of the Plata. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.123. Cat. XIV: 49: a.
*Alectrurus risora (Vieillot, 1824). [CD 1275]. Z. p. 51: Alect[r]urus guirayetupa Vieill. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: on the banks of the Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing [very unlikely BMNH 1888.1.13.125, Cat. XIV: 40: a].
*Alectrurus risora (Vieillot, 1824). [CD 1276]. Z. p. 51: Alect[r]urus guirayetupa Vieill. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: on the banks of the Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Satrapa icterophrys (Vieillot, 1818). [?? CD 1601]. Z. p. 53: Fluvicola icterophrys D'Orb. & Lafr. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.392. Cat. XIV: 42: 1.
*Satrapa icterophrys (Vieillot, 1818). [?? CD 1271]. Z. p. 53: Fluvicola icterophrys D'Orb. & Lafr. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: on the banks of the Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Myiarchus magnirostris (Gould, 1838). CD 3308. Z. p. 48: Myiobius magnirostris [Gould]. Holotype Tyrannula magnirostris Gould, 1838 [pl. VIII]. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Islands: Chatham Island. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1856.3.15.10. Cat. XIV: 263: b.
*Pitangus sulphuratus argentinus Todd, 1952. [CD 1216]. Z. p. 43: Saurophagus sulphuratus Swains. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: northern banks of the Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Tyrannus savana savana Vieillot, 1808. [CD 1622]. Z. pp. 43-44: Muscivora tyrannus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires. November 1833. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Tyrannus savana savana Vieillot, 1808. [CD 1621]. Z. pp. 43-44: Muscivora tyrannus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Buenos Aires. November 1833. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
PHYTOTOMIDAE:
*Phytotoma rara Molina, 1782. [CD 2175]. Z. p. 106: Phytotoma rara Mol. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August - September 1834. Ex.coll. Frank, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Remark: On label as 'Darwin's reis 1837 Chiloe' [in errore]. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: RMNH unregistered specimen.
*Phytotoma rara Molina, 1782. [CD 2176]. Z. p. 106: Phytotoma rara Mol. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so. August - September 1834. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Phytotoma rara Molina, 1782. [CD 1043, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 106 & 153-154: Phytotoma rara Mol. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August 1834. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
ALAUDIDAE:
*Eremopterix nigriceps nigriceps (Gould, 1839). [CD 3906]. Z. pp. 87-88: Pyrrhalauda nigriceps Gould. Syntype Pyrrhalauda nigriceps Gould, 1839. Loc.: Portugal: Cape Verde Islands: So Tiago: Porto Praia. September 1836. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Eremopterix nigriceps nigriceps (Gould, 1839). [CD 188]. Z. pp. 87-88: Pyrrhalauda nigriceps Gould. Syntype Pyrrhalauda nigriceps Gould, 1839. Loc.: Portugal: Cape Verde Islands: S o Tiago: Porto Praia. January 1832. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Ammomanes cincturus cincturus (Gould, 1839). CD 3905. Z. p. 87: Melanocorypha cinctura Gould. Holotype Melanocorypha cinctura Gould, 1839. Loc.: Portugal: Cape Verde Islands: So Tiago: Porto Praia. September 1836. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.379. Cat. XIII: 645: a.
HIRUNDINIDAE:
*Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieillot, 1817). [? CD 1609/1618, see below]. Z. p. 40: Hirundo frontalis Gould. Holotype Hirundo frontalis Gould, 1839. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo. November 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Tachycineta leucopyga (Meyen, 1834). [? CD 2200/2201, see below]. Z. p. 40: Hirundo leucopygia [sic] Licht. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August - September 1834. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Tachycineta leucopyga (Meyen, 1834). [CD 1827]. Z. p. 40: Hirundo leucopygia [sic] Licht. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. February 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Progne tapera fusca (Vieillot, 1817). [CD 746]. Z. pp. 38-39: Progne purpurea Boie. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. September 1832. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Progne tapera fusca (Vieillot, 1817). [? CD 1609/1618, see above]. Z. pp. 38-39: Progne purpurea Boie. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo. November 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Progne modesta modesta Gould, 1838. [CD 3356]. Z. pp. 39-40: Progne modesta Gould. Holotype Hirundo concolor Gould, 1837 & Holotype Progne modesta Gould, 1838 [pl. V]. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Islands: James Island. October 1835. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Remark: The species name differs on the plate of a facsimile copy compared to two original copies of the 'Zoology'; alternative spelling is modestus. Status: BMNH 1860.1.16.54. Cat. X: 176: a.
*Notiochelidon cyanoleuca patagonica (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837). CD 1445. Z. p. 41: Hirundo cyanoleuca Vieill. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1841.1.18.20. Cat. X: 188: x.
*Notiochelidon cyanoleuca patagonica (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837). [? CD 2200/2201, see above]. Z. p. 41: Hirundo cyanoleuca Vieill. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so. September 1834. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
MOTACILLIDAE:
*Anthus furcatus furcatus Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, 1837. [CD 1202]. Z. p. 85: Anthus furcatus D'Orb. & Lafr. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: northern bank of the Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Anthus furcatus furcatus Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, 1837. [?? CD 1230]. Z. p. 85: Anthus furcatus D'Orb. & Lafr. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: northern bank of the Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Anthus furcatus furcatus Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, 1837. [CD 1592, shared with eggs of Zonotrichia capensis & Molothrus bonariensis]. Z. p. 85: Anthus furcatus D'Orb. & Lafr.
Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo: northern bank of the Plata. 1833. Material: two eggs. Status: missing.
*Anthus lutescens lutescens Pucheran, 1855. [CD 685]. Z. p. 85: Anthus chii Licht. Loc.: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro. 5 April – 5 July 1832. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.185. Cat. X: 608: h.
*Anthus correndera chilensis (Lesson, 1839). [CD 2181]. Z. p. 85: Anthus correndera Vieill. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August - September 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: skin, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1841.1.18.22. Cat. X: 610: m.
*Anthus correndera chilensis (Lesson, 1839). [CD 2182]. Z. p. 85: Anthus correndera Vieill. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so. August - September 1834. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Anthus correndera grayi Bonaparte, 1850. [CD 1898]. Z. p. 85: Anthus correndera Vieill. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Anthus correndera correndera Vieillot, 1818. [CD 1246]. Z. p. 85: Anthus correndera Vieill. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.131. Cat. X: 610: q.
TROGLODYTIDAE:
*Cistothorus platensis platensis (Latham, 1790). CD 1444 [as 1443 on label]. Z. p. 75: Troglodytes platensis Gmel. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. October 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1856.3.15.20. Cat. VI: 247: b.
*Cistothorus platensis falklandicus Chapman, 1934. [CD 1053]. Z. p. 75: Troglodytes platensis Gmel. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman or Gould, ex. ? ZSL. Remark: not quite sure if one of these two specimens is the missing Darwin bird. Material: skin, ad. Status: perhaps BMNH 1885.3.6.480 or BMNH 1859.3.25.83 [Keynes 2000 accidentally listed the wrong specimen].
*Troglodytes aedon chilensis Lesson, 1830. CD 2194. Z. p. 74: Troglodytes magellanicus Gould. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August September 1834. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Remark: Darwin's specimens are not the types of Troglodytes magellanicus Gould, 1837, which was probably based on specimens collected by Captain King (nec. Warren & Harrison 1971). Material: skin, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1885.3.6.408. Cat. VI: 257: l [annotation by Sharpe in BMNH copy].
*Troglodytes aedon musculus Naumann, 1823. [CD not traced]. Z. p. 74: Troglodytes magellanicus Gould. Loc.: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro. April ? July 1832. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Remark: Darwin's specimens are not the types of Troglodytes magellanicus Gould, 1837, which was probably based on specimens collected by Captain King (nec. Warren & Harrison 1971). Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1885.3.6.409. Cat. VI: 257: i [annotation by Sharpe in BMNH copy].
*Troglodytes aedon bonariae Hellmayr, 1919. [?? CD 1425/1434/1450]. Z. p. 74: Troglodytes magellanicus Gould. Loc.: Argentina: banks of the Plata. 1833. Remark: Darwin's specimens are not the types of Troglodytes magellanicus Gould, 1837, which was probably based on specimens collected by Captain King (nec. Warren & Harrison 1971). Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Troglodytes aedon chilensis Lesson, 1830. [CD 2026]. Z. p. 74: Troglodytes magellanicus Gould. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Remark: Darwin's specimens are not the types of Troglodytes magellanicus Gould, 1837, which was probably based on specimens collected by Captain King (nec. Warren & Harrison 1971). Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Troglodytes aedon chilensis Lesson, 1830. [CD 1831]. Z. p. 74: Troglodytes magellanicus Gould. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. February 1834. Remark: Darwin's specimens are not the types of Troglodytes magellanicus Gould, 1837, which was probably based on specimens collected by Captain King (nec. Warren & Harrison 1971). Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
MIMIDAE:
*Mimus thenca (Molina, 1782). CD 2169. Z. p. 61: Mimus thenca G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August - September 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male [on label], female [CD], ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.230. Cat. VI: 345: e/f [see below].
*Mimus thenca (Molina, 1782). [CD 2170]. Z. p. 61: Mimus thenca G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valpara so. August - September 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ? male [CD], ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.226. Cat. VI: 345: e/f [see above].
*Mimus saturninus modulator (Gould, 1836). [CD 1620]. Z. p. 60: Mimus orpheus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo: banks of the Plata. November 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Remark: The types of Orpheus modulator Gould, 1836, had probably been collected by King, not by Darwin, nec Warren & Harrison 1971. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.229. Cat. VI: 348: a.
*Mimus saturninus modulator (Gould, 1836). [CD 1213]. Z. p. 60: Mimus orpheus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: banks of the Rio Plata. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. The types of Orpheus modulator Gould, 1836, were probably collected by King, not by Darwin, contra Warren & Harrison 1971. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.227. Cat. VI: 348: d.
*Mimus patagonicus (Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, 1837). [? CD 2011, see below]. Z. pp. 60-61: Mimus patagonicus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Remark: Cat. erroneously listed this specimen as syntype of Mimus patagonicus G. R. Gray. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.221. Cat. VI: 352: a/b [see below].
*Mimus patagonicus (Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, 1837). [? CD 2011, see above]. Z. pp. 60-61: Mimus patagonicus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Remark: Cat. erroneously listed this specimen as syntype of Mimus patagonicus G. R. Gray. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.311. Cat. VI: 352: a/b [see above].
*Mimus patagonicus (Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, 1837). [CD 1461]. Z. pp. 60-61: Mimus patagonicus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Negro. August 1833. Remark: Cat. erroneously listed this specimen as syntype of Mimus patagonicus G. R. Gray. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Nesomimus trifasciatus trifasciatus (Gould, 1837). [CD 3306]. Z. p. 62: Mimus trifasciatus G. R. Gray. Holotype Orpheus trifasciatus Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago: Charles Island. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.225. Cat. VI: 346: a.
*Nesomimus trifasciatus melanotis (Gould, 1837). [CD 3307]. Z. p. 62: Mimus melanotis G. R. Gray. Syntype Orpheus melanotis Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago: Chatham Island. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Remark: BMNH 1881.2.18.80 originates from Covington's collection (cf. Sulloway 1982). Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.228. Cat. VI: 350: a.
*Nesomimus trifasciatus parvulus (Gould, 1837). [CD 3349]. Z. p. 63: Mimus parvulus G. R. Gray. Holotype Orpheus parvulus Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago: Albemarle Island. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.92. Cat. VI: 350: a.
*Nesomimus trifasciatus personatus Ridgway, 1890. [CD 3350]. Z. p. 62: Mimus melanotis G. R. Gray. ?Syntype Orpheus melanotis Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos
Archipelago: [James Island]. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.223. Cat. VI: 350: ?b.
TURDIDAE:
*Turdus rufiventris rufiventris Vieillot, 1818. [? CD 1460/1470, see below]. Z. p. 59: Turdus rufiventer Licht. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Negro. August 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Turdus rufiventris rufiventris Vieillot, 1818. [? CD 1274/1233, see below]. Z. p. 59: Turdus rufiventer Licht. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Turdus rufiventris rufiventris Vieillot, 1818. [? CD 1233/1274, see above]. Z. p. 59: Turdus rufiventer Licht. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Turdus falcklandii falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824. [CD 1900]. Z. p. 59: Turdus falklandicus [sic] Quoy & Guim. [sic]. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Turdus falcklandii magellanicus King, 1831. [CD not traced]. Z. p. 59: Turdus falklandicus [sic] Quoy & Guim. [sic]. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego. Dezember 1832 – February 1833 or January March 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Turdus falcklandii magellanicus King, 1831. [CD 2125]. Z. p. 59: Turdus falklandicus [sic] Quoy & [sic]. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Turdus falcklandii pembertoni Wetmore, 1923. [? CD 1470/1460, see above]. Z. p. 59: Turdus falklandicus [sic] Quoy & Guim. [sic]. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Negro. August 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
EMBERIZIDAE:
*Zonotrichia capensis subtorquata Swainson, 1837. [CD 1592, is shared with eggs of Anthus furcatus & Molothrus bonariensis]. Z. p. 91: Zonotrichia matutina G. R. Gray [later referred to as Zonotrichia ruficollis, p. 108]. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo. 1833. Material: three eggs. Status: missing.
*Zonotrichia capensis subtorquata Swainson, 1837. [CD 1615]. Z. p. 91: Zonotrichia matutina G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo: banks of the Plata. November 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Zonotrichia capensis subtorquata Swainson, 1837. [CD 683]. Z. p. 91: Zonotrichia matutina G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo: banks of the Plata. August 1832. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Zonotrichia capensis australis (Latham, 1790). [CD 750]. Z. p. 91: Zonotrichia matutina G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Bahia Blanca. September 1832. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ? ZSL. Material: skin, ad. Status: probably BMNH 1857.10.16.51. Cat. XII: 610: a.
*Zonotrichia capensis australis (Latham, 1790). CD 1826. Z. pp. 91-92: Zonotrichia canicapilla Gould. Syntype Zonotrichia canicapilla Gould, 1839. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. February 1834. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, juv. Status: BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. XII: 610: c.
*Zonotrichia capensis australis (Latham, 1790). [CD 1704]. Z. pp. 91-92: Zonotrichia canicapilla Gould. Syntype Zonotrichia canicapilla Gould, 1839. Loc.: Argentina: Port Desire. January 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Zonotrichia capensis australis (Latham, 1790). [? CD 902/904/1001, see below]. Z. pp. 91-92: Zonotrichia canicapilla Gould. Syntype Zonotrichia canicapilla Gould, 1839. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego. December 1832 February 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.388. Cat. XII: 610: b.
*Zonotrichia capensis australis (Latham, 1790). [CD 1771]. Z. pp. 91-92: Zonotrichia canicapilla Gould. Syntype Zonotrichia canicapilla Gould, 1839. Loc.: Argentina: Port St. Julian. January 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Zonotrichia capensis australis (Latham, 1790). [CD 1710, number shared with eggs of Falco femoralis, see above]. Z. pp. 91-92: Zonotrichia canicapilla Gould. Paratype Zonotrichia canicapilla Gould, 1839. Loc.: Argentina: Port St. Julian. January 1834. Material: egg(s). Status: missing.
*Zonotrichia capensis chilensis (Meyen, 1834). [CD 2299]. Z. p. 91: Zonotrichia matutina G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Ammodramus humeralis xanthornus Gould, 1839. [CD 1262]. Z. p. 90: Ammodramus manimbe G. R. Gray. Holotype Ammodramus xanthornus Gould, 1839 [pl. XXX]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Remark: FitzRoy's specimens BMNH 1837.2.21.328 = Cat. XII: 693: z & BMNH 1837.2.21.291 = Cat. XII: 693: a' are not the types. Material: skin. Status: VMM B19633.
*Aimophila strigiceps strigiceps (Gould, 1839). [? CD 1414/1415/1416, see above & below]. Z. p. 92: Zonotrichia strigiceps Gould. Holo/Syntype Zonotrichia strigiceps Gould, 1839. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Fé. October 1833. Ex.coll. Sclater, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1885.2.10.447. Cat. XII: 608: a.
*Phrygilus gayi caniceps Burmeister, 1860. [CD 2017]. Z. p. 93: Fringilla gayi Eyd. & Gerv. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Phrygilus gayi caniceps Burmeister, 1860. [CD 2018]. Z. p. 93: Fringilla gayi Eyd. & Gerv. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: 1855.12.19.42. Cat. XII: 784: h.
*Phrygilus patagonicus Lowe, 1923. [? CD 1818]. Z. pp. 93-94: Fringilla formosa Gould. Syntype Fringilla formosa Gould, 1839 & Syntype Phrygilus gayi patagonicus Lowe, 1923. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine. Early February 1834. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1856.3.15.12. Cat. XII: 782: i.
*Phrygilus patagonicus Lowe, 1923. [? CD 902/904/1001, see above & below]. Z. pp. 93-94: Fringilla formosa Gould. Syntype Fringilla formosa Gould, 1839 & Syntype Phrygilus gayi patagonicus Lowe, 1923. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego. December 1832 ? February 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.162. Cat. XII: 782: g.
*Phrygilus patagonicus Lowe, 1923. [? CD 902/904/1001, see above]. Z. pp. 93-94: Fringilla formosa Gould. Syntype Fringilla formosa Gould, 1839 & Syntype Phrygilus gayi patagonicus Lowe, 1923. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego. December 1832 February 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.24. Cat. XII: 782: f.
*Phrygilus fruticeti fruticeti (Kittlitz, 1833). [CD 2829]. Z. p. 94: Fringilla fruticeti Kittl. Loc.: Chile: Coquimbo. 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.16. Cat. XII: 791: g.
*Phrygilus fruticeti fruticeti (Kittlitz, 1833). [CD 2016]. Z. p. 94: Fringilla fruticeti Kittl. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Phrygilus fruticeti fruticeti (Kittlitz, 1833). [CD 2015]. Z. p. 94: Fringilla fruticeti Kittl. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female/imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.45. Cat. XII: 791: l.
*Phrygilus carbonarius (Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, 1837). [CD 1466]. Z. p. 94: Fringilla carbonaria G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: between Rio Negro and Colorado. August 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Phrygilus alaudinus alaudinus (Kittlitz, 1833). [CD 2177]. Z. p. 94: Fringilla alaudina Kittl. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August - September 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, [male in CD], ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.390. Cat. XII: 795: t.
*Phrygilus alaudinus alaudinus (Kittlitz, 1833). [CD 2178]. Z. p. 94: Fringilla alaudina Kittl. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August - September 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.41. Cat. XII: 795: s.
*Melanodera melanodera melanodera (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). [? CD 1879/1046, see below]. Z. pp. 95-96: Chlorospiza ? melanodera G. R. Gray. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833/1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.50. Cat. XII: 788: o.
*Melanodera melanodera melanodera (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). [?? CD 1701]. Z. pp. 95-96: Chlorospiza ? melanodera G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz or Port Desire. January or April 1834. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. ZSL. Remark: error of locality in CD or Z. or not entered in CD or specimen not a Darwin bird. Material: skin, female, ad. Status: probably BMNH 1885.12.14.807. Cat. XII: 788: x.
*Melanodera melanodera melanodera (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). [?? CD 1468]. Z. pp. 95-96: Chlorospiza ? melanodera G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz [? Rio Negro]. April 1834. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. ZSL. Remark: not under this loc. in CD or specimen not a Darwin bird. Material: skin, male, ad. Status: probably BMNH 1885.12.14.806. Cat. XII: 788: w.
*Melanodera xanthogramma xanthogramma (Gray, 1839). [?? CD 1003, see below]. Z. pp. 96-97: Chlorospiza ? xanthogramma G. R. Gray. Syntype Chlorospiza xanthogramma G. R. Gray, 1839. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego. February 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Remark: One of these two specimens cannot be traced in CD (see below). The authorship is attributed to Gray on the basis that his name appears after the new name; however, plate XXXIII, which has been published together with the text in the November 1839 issue, was probably sketched by John Gould, and executed on stone by Elizabeth Gould. This matter would need further investigations. Material: skin, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1841.11.18.24. Cat. XII: 790: e [see below].
*Melanodera xanthogramma xanthogramma (Gray, 1839). [?? CD 1003, see above]. Z. pp. 96-97: Chlorospiza ? xanthogramma G. R. Gray. Syntype Chlorospiza xanthogramma G. R. Gray, 1839. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego. February 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Remark: One of these two specimens cannot be traced in CD (see above). The authorship is attributed to Gray on the basis that his name appears after the new name; however, plate XXXIII, which has been published together with the text in the November 1839 issue, was probably sketched by John Gould, and executed on stone by Elizabeth Gould. This matter would need further investigations. Material: ex mount, imm. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.181. Cat. XII: 790: e [see above].
*Melanodera xanthogramma xanthogramma (Gray, 1839). [? CD 1046/1879, see above]. Z. pp. 96-97: Chlorospiza ? xanthogramma G. R. Gray. Syntype Chlorospiza xanthogramma G. R. Gray, 1839. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833/1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Melanodera melanodera / xanthogramma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) / (Gray, 1839). [?? CD 1919/1920/1923/1047, see below & above]. Z. pp. 95-97: Chlorospiza? melanodera or xanthogramma G. R. Gray. ? Syntype Chlorospiza xanthogramma G. R. Gray, 1839. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833/34. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Melanodera melanodera / xanthogramma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) / (Gray, 1839). [?? CD 1919/1920/1923/1047, see below & above]. Z. pp. 95-97: Chlorospiza ? melanodera or xanthogramma G. R. Gray. ? Syntype Chlorospiza xanthogramma G. R. Gray, 1839. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833/34. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Melanodera melanodera / xanthogramma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) / (Gray, 1839). [?? CD 1919/1920/1923/1047, see below & above]. Z. pp. 95-97: Chlorospiza ? melanodera or
xanthogramma G. R. Gray. ? Syntype Chlorospiza xanthogramma G. R. Gray, 1839. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833/34. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Melanodera melanodera / xanthogramma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) / (Gray, 1839). [?? CD 1919/1920/1923/1047, see above]. Z. pp. 95-97: Chlorospiza ? melanodera or xanthogramma G. R. Gray. ? Syntype Chlorospiza xanthogramma G. R. Gray, 1839. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833/34. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Melanodera melanodera / xanthogramma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) / (Gray, 1839). [CD 1922]. p. 95-97: Chlorospiza ? melanodera or xanthogramma G. R. Gray. ? Syntype Chlorospiza xanthogramma G. R. Gray, 1839. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Donacospiza albifrons (Vieillot, 1817). [? CD 1605/1611/1612/1614/1616/1617, see below]. Z. p. 90: Ammodramus longicaudatus Gould. Syntype Ammodramus longicaudatus Gould, 1839 [pl. XXIX]. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo. November 1832. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1856.3.15.13. Cat. XII: 767: i.
*Donacospiza albifrons (Vieillot, 1817). [?? CD 1297]. Z. p. 90: Ammodramus longicaudatus Gould. Syntype Ammodramus longicaudatus Gould, 1839 [pl. XXIX]. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1856.3.15.9. Cat. XII: 767: h.
*Diuca diuca chiloensis Philippi & Pena, 1964. [CD 2132]. Z. p. 93: Fringilla diuca Mol. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Diuca diuca chiloensis Philippi & Pena, 1964. [CD 2131]. Z. p. 93: Fringilla diuca Mol. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Diuca diuca chiloensis Philippi & Pena, 1964. [CD 2133]. Z. p. 93: Fringilla diuca Mol. Loc.: Chile: Isla de Chiloé. July 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.187. Cat. XII: 801: e.
*Diuca diuca diuca (Molina, 1782). [CD 2320]. Z. p. 93: Fringilla diuca Mol. Chile: Valparaso. September - October 1834. Material: egg clutch & nest. Status: missing.
*Poospiza nigrorufa nigrorufa (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837). [? CD 1241]. Z. p. 98: Pipillo [sic] personata Swains. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: skin, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1858.4.3.120. Cat. XII: 641: a.
*Poospiza nigrorufa nigrorufa (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837). CD 1234. Z. p. 98: Pipillo [sic] personata Swains. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Ex.coll. Tristram, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, male. Status: LIVCM 14875.
*Sicalis flaveola pelzelni Sclater, 1872. [? CD 1247]. Z. p. 88: Crithagra ? brasiliensis [Spix]. Uruguay: northern bank of the Plata near Maldonado. June 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Sicalis flaveola pelzelni Sclater, 1872. [? CD 1605/1611/1612/1614/1616/1617, see below & above]. Z. p. 88: Crithagra ? brasiliensis [Spix]. Loc.: Uruguay: northern bank of the Plata near Montevideo. November 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Sicalis [?] luteola luteiventris (Meyen, 1834). [? CD 1232]. Z. pp. 88-89: Crithagra ? brevirostris Gould. Syntype Crithagra brevirostris Gould, 1839. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. May 1833. Remark: The original description would fit to Sicalis luteola luteiventris (Meyen, 1834), but as the type is lacking, some doubts remain. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Sicalis [?] luteola luteiventris (Meyen, 1834). [? CD 2196]. Z. pp. 88-89: Crithagra ? brevirostris Gould. Syntype Crithagra brevirostris Gould, 1839. Chile: Valpara so. September 1834. Remark: The original description would fit to Sicalis luteola luteiventris (Meyen, 1834), but as the type is lacking, some doubts remain. Material: skin/mount, [?] male. Status: missing.
*Sicalis luteola luteiventris (Meyen, 1834). [CD 2019]. Z. p. 89: Emberiza luteoventris [sic] G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Cruz. April 1834. Material: skin/mount, male. Status: missing.
*Embernagra platensis platensis (Gmelin, 1789). CD 683. Z. p. 98: Emberizoides poliocephalus G. R. Gray. Syntype Emberizoides poliocephalus G. R. Gray, 1841. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo: northern shore of the Plata. July - August 1832. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Remark: The only type for which Gray's authorship seems to be without any doubts. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1885.12.14.1325. Cat. XII: 759: d.
*Embernagra platensis platensis (Gmelin, 1789). CD 1207 [original field label]. Z. p. 98: Emberizoides poliocephalus G. R. Gray. Syntype Emberizoides poliocephalus G. R. Gray, 1841. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: northern shore of the Plata. 1833. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Remark: The only type for which Gray's authorship seems to be without any doubts. Material: ex mount. Status: VMM No. B19600.
*Volatinia jacarina jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766). [? CD No. between 412-446, number not in Barlow 1963 & Keynes 2000]. Z. p. 92: Passerina jacarina Vieill. Loc.: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro. April-July 1832. Ex.coll. BMNH, ex. Gould, ? ex. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: MANCH B.7528, ex.1857.11.28.251. Cat. XII: 155: h.
*Sporophila caerulescens caerulescens (Vieillot, 1823). [? CD 1605/1611/1612/1614/1616/1617, see below & above]. Z. p. 88: Spermophila nigrogularis Gould. Syntype Spermophila nigrogularis Gould, 1839. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo. November 1832/1833. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: skin, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1841.1.18.26. Cat. XII: 127: o.
*Sporophila caerulescens caerulescens (Vieillot, 1823). [? CD 1605/1611/1612/1614/1616/1617, see below & above]. Z. p. 88: Spermophila nigrogularis Gould. Syntype Spermophila nigrogularis Gould, 1839. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo. November 1832/1833. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.200. Cat. XII: 127: n.
*Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see below]. Z. p. 100: Geospiza magnirostris Gould. Syntype Geospiza magnirostris Gould, 1837. Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.113. Cat. XII: 8: b.
*Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. p. 100: Geospiza magnirostris Gould. Syntype Geospiza magnirostris Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.80. Cat. XII: 8: a.
*Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris Gould, 1837. [?? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see below & above]. Z. p. 100: Geospiza magnirostris Gould. [?] Syntype Geospiza magnirostris Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. Eyton, ex. ?Gould, ex. ?ZSL. Remark: probably from Covington's private collection, cf. Sulloway 1982. Material: skin, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1885.12.14.280. Cat. XII: 8: c/d [see below].
*Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see below & above]. Z. p. 100: Geospiza magnirostris Gould. [?] Syntype Geospiza magnirostris Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. Eyton, ex. ?Gould, ex. ?ZSL. Remark: Sulloway (1982) believed that this specimen is from Covington's collection; numbers in CD reveal that it is Darwin's. Material: skin, [?] female, ad. Status: BMNH 1885.12.14.281. Cat. XII: 8: c/d [see above].
*Geospiza magnirostris strenua Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see below & above]. Z. pp. 100-101: Geospiza strenua Gould. Syntype Geospiza strenua Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.114. Cat. XII: 9: b/c [see below].
*Geospiza magnirostris strenua Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. pp. 100-101: Geospiza strenua Gould. Syntype Geospiza strenua Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.81. Cat. XII: 9: a.
*Geospiza fortis [cf. Sulloway 1982] Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. pp. 100-101: Geospiza strenua Gould. Syntype Geospiza strenua Gould, 1837. Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount/skin, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.83. Cat. XII: 9: b/c [see above].
*Geospiza fortis Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. p. 101: Geospiza fortis Gould. Syntype Geospiza fortis Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Remark: Sulloway (1982) discussed that this specimen might derive from the private collection of Covington, which is here not followed. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.82. Cat. XII: 11: a.
*Geospiza fortis Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. p. 102: Geospiza dentirostris Gould. Holotype Geospiza dentirostris Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male [fide Sulloway 1982], juv. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.176. Cat. XII: 12: a.
*Geospiza fortis [fide Swarth 1931] Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. p. 103: Geospiza dubia Gould. Holotype Geospiza dubia Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: skin/mount, female. Status: missing.
*Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. pp. 101-102: Geospiza fuliginosa Gould. Syntype Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ? female [fide Sulloway 1982], ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.44. Cat. XII: 13: a.
*Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. pp. 101-102: Geospiza fuliginosa Gould. Syntype Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, ? female [fide Sulloway 1982], ad. Status: BMNH 1857.11.28.247. Cat. XII: 13: b.
*Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. pp. 101-102: Geospiza fuliginosa Gould. Syntype Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. Eyton, ex. ? Gould, ex. ? ZSL. Remark: Sulloway (1982) believed that this specimen is from Covington's collection; numbers in CD reveal that it is Darwin's. Material: skin, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1885.12.14.320. Cat. XII: 13: c.
*Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. pp. 101-102: Geospiza fuliginosa Gould. Syntype Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. Frank, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, male. Status: RMNH Cat. 2 [purchase of 1863].
*Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. pp. 101-102: Geospiza fuliginosa Gould. Syntype Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. Frank, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, female. Status: RMNH Cat. 3 [purchase of 1863].
*Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. pp. 101-102: Geospiza fuliginosa Gould. Syntype Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. Frank, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, male. Status: RMNH Cat. 4 [purchase of 1863].
*Geospiza nebulosa debilirostris Ridgway, 1894. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. pp. 100-101: Geospiza strenua Gould. Syntype Geospiza strenua Gould,
1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, female [fide Sulloway 1982]. Status: BMNH 1856.3.15.4. Cat. XII: 12: a.
*Geospiza nebulosa nebulosa [fide Sulloway 1982] (Gould, 1837). [CD 3323]. Z. pp. 104-105: Cactornis scandens Gould. Syntype Cactornis scandens Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.20. Cat. XII: 20: b.
*Geospiza ? nebulosa nebulosa Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. p. 101: Geospiza nebulosa Gould. Syntype Geospiza nebulosa Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Remark: Grant et al. 1985 accidentally cited original Darwin finches at Stockholm Museum, which is an error for Leiden Museum. These are not the missing birds listed here. Material: skin/mount. Status: former BMNH 1855.12.19.43, missing.
*Geospiza scandens scandens (Gould, 1837). [CD 3320]. Z. pp. 104-105: Cactornis scandens Gould. Syntype Cactornis scandens Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.125. Cat. XII: 20: a.
*Geospiza scandens scandens (Gould, 1837). [? CD 3321/3322, see below]. Z. pp. 104-105: Cactornis scandens Gould. Syntype Cactornis scandens Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. Frank, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, male [fide Sulloway 1982], juv. Status: RMNH Cat. 1 [purchase of 1863].
*Geospiza scandens ? rothschildi [fide Sulloway 1982] Heller & Snodgrass, 1901. [? CD 3321/3322, see above]. Z. p. 105: Cactornis assimilis Gould. Syntype Cactornis assimilis Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male [fide Sulloway 1982], juv. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.15. Cat. XII: 18: a.
*Camarhynchus crassirostris Gould, 1837. [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. pp. 103-104: Camarhynchus crassirostris Gould. Syntype Camarhynchus crassirostris Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. Frank, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, male [fide Sulloway 1982], juv. Status: RMNH Cat. 2 [purchase of 1863].
*Camarhynchus psittacula psittacula Gould, 1837. [CD 3331]. Z. p. 103: Camarhynchus psittaculus [sic] Gould. Syntype Camarhynchus psittacula Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.22. Cat. XII: 17: a/b [see below].
*Camarhynchus psittacula psittacula Gould, 1837. [CD 3330]. Z. p. 103: Camarhynchus psittaculus [sic] Gould. Syntype Camarhynchus psittacula Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Remark: specimen has last been seen by Swarth 1931: 215. Material: skin/mount, [?] male [Sulloway 1982 female] ad. Status: former BMNH 1855.12.19.12, now missing. Cat. XII: 17: a/b [see above].
*Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus (Gould, 1837). [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. p. 102: Geospiza parvula Gould. Syntype Geospiza parvula Gould, 1837. Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.167. Cat. XII: 14: b.
*Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus (Gould, 1837). [? CD 3312-19/24-29/32-36/38/39/41, see above & below]. Z. p. 102: Geospiza parvula Gould. Syntype Geospiza parvula Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.194. Cat. XII: 14: a.
*Geospiza sp. [CD 3337]. Syntype [of one of the species]. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ?ZSL. Remark: Grant et al. 1985 cited original Darwin finches at Stockholm Museum, which is an error for Leiden Museum. These are not the missing birds listed here. Material: skin/mount, upper mandible broken. Status: missing.
*Geospiza sp. [CD 3361]. Part of Syntype [of one of the species] Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ?ZSL. Material: Upper mandible of CD 3337. Status: missing.
*Certhidea olivacea olivacea Gould, 1837. [? CD 3310/3346/3348, see below]. Z. p. 106: Certhidea olivacea Gould. Syntype Certhidea olivacea Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. BMNH, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin. Status: MANCH B. 3089, ex. BMNH 1857.11.28.248.
*Certhidea olivacea olivacea Gould, 1837. CD 3340. Z. p. 106: Certhidea olivacea Gould. Syntype Certhidea olivacea Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.126. Cat. XI: 28: a-c [see below].
*Certhidea olivacea olivacea Gould, 1837. [? CD 3310/3346/3348, see below & above]. Z. p. 106: Certhidea olivacea Gould. Syntype Certhidea olivacea Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.164. Cat. XI: 28: a-c [see below/above].
*Certhidea olivacea olivacea Gould, 1837. [? CD 3310/3346/3348, see above]. Z. p. 106: Certhidea olivacea Gould. Syntype Certhidea olivacea Gould, 1837. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. October 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL. Material: ex mount, ad. Status: BMNH 1855.12.19.127. Cat. XI: 28: a-c [see above].
*Gubernatrix cristata (Vieillot, 1817). [? CD 1417]. Z. p. 89: Emberiza gubernatrix Temm. Loc.: Argentina: banks of the Parana near Santa Fé. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Saltator coerulescens coerulescens Vieillot, 1817. [? CD 1414/1415/1416, see above]. Z. p. 97: Pitylus superciliaris [Spix]. Loc.: Argentina: Santa Fé. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Thraupis bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 1229]. Z. pp. 97-98: Aglaia striata D'Orb. & Lafr. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Remark: BMNH holds a specimen of Covington's collection, which might be in fact this missing Darwin bird (BMNH 1839.6.8.2. Cat. XI: 164: e), nec MNHN Paris No. 3068. This is not a type of Tanagra Darwinii. Material: skin/mount. Status: probably missing.
*Pipraeidea melanonota melanonota (Vieillot, 1819). [?? CD 1245]. Z. p 98: Aglaia vittata [Temm.] Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
PARULIDAE:
*Dendroica petechia aureola (Gould, 1839). CD 3347. Z. p. 86: Sylvicola aureola Gould. Holotype Sylvicola aureola Gould, 1839 [pl. XXVIII]. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Archipelago. September 1835. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1856.3.15.14. Cat. X: 283: i.
*Geothlypis aequinoctialis velata (Vieillot, 1808). [CD 1215]. Z. p. 87: Trichas velata G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: shot in a garden. June 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
VIREONIDAE:
*Cyclarhis gujanensis ochrocephala Tschudi, 1845. [CD 1261]. Z. p. 58: Cyclarhis guianensis Swains. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
ICTERIDAE:
*Xanthopsar flavus (Gmelin, 1788). CD 1217. Z. p. 107: Xanthornus flavus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1885.11.2.301. Cat. XI: 346: c.
*Xanthopsar flavus (Gmelin, 1788). [CD 1218]. Z. p. 107: Xanthornus flavus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Ex.coll. Salvin & Godman, ex. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1885.11.2.300. Cat. XI: 346: b.
*Agelaius thilius thilius (Molina, 1782). CD 2187 [original field label]. Z. p. 106: Xanthornus chrysopterus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Chili: Valparaso. August - September 1834. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, female, ad. Status: BMNH 1858.6.25.27. Cat. XI: 344: j.
*Agelaius thilius petersii Laubmann, 1934. [? CD 1242/1418/1426, see below]. Z. p. 106: Xanthornus chrysopterus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Argentina or Uruguay: La Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Pezites militaris militaris (Linnaeus, 1771). [CD 1784]. Z. p. 110: Sturnella militaris Vieill. Loc.: Chile: Straits of Magellan. 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Pezites militaris falklandicus (Leverk hn, 1889). [CD 1146]. Z. p. 110: Sturnella militaris Vieill. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Pseudoleistes virescens (Vieillot, 1819). [CD 1201]. Z. p. 107: Leistes anticus G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado: La Plata. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Amblyramphus holosericeus (Scopoli, 1786). [CD 1244]. Z. pp. 109-110: Amblyramphus ruber G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Curaeus curaeus curaeus (Molina, 1782). [CD 2186]. Z. p. 107: Agelaius chopi Vieill. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso. August September 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: very unlikely the unregistered BMNH specimen of coll. Eyton.
*Molothrus badius badius (Vieillot, 1819). [? CD 1242/1418, see above & below]. Z. p. 107: Agelaius fringillarius G. R. Gray. Loc.: Uruguay/Argentina: Maldonado or banks of the Parana. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 1211]. Z. pp. 107-109: Molothrus niger Gould. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 1212]. Z. pp. 107-109: Molothrus niger Gould. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 1592, shared with eggs of Anthus furcatus & Zonotrichia capensis]. Z. pp. 107-109: Molothrus niger Gould. Loc.: Uruguay: Montevideo. 1833. Material: single egg. Status: missing.
*Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus, 1758). CD 3374 [original field label]. Z. p. 106: Dolichonyx oryzivorus Swains. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Islands: James Island. October 1835. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Material: skin, imm. Status: BMNH 1881.5.1.2394. Cat. XI: 332: c'.
*Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus, 1758). [CD 1309, specimens in spirit]. Z. p. 106: Dolichonyx oryzivorus Swains. Loc.: Ecuador: Galápagos Islands: James Island. October 1835. Remark: Body of BMNH 1881.5.1.2394. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing.
*Icteridae indet. [one of the above mentioned species] [?? CD 1242/1418/1426, see above]. Loc.: Uruguay/Argentina: Maldonado, Buenos Aires or Bajada. 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
FRINGILLIDAE:
*Carduelis magellanica magellanica (Vieillot, 1805). [CD 1465]. Z. p. 97: Chrysomitris magellanica Bonap. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Negro. May 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Carduelis magellanica magellanica (Vieillot, 1805). [CD 1209]. Z. p. 97: Chrysomitris magellanica Bonap. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. May 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
*Carduelis barbata (Molina, 1782). CD 2195. Z. p. 89: Chrysometris [sic] campestris Gould. Loc.: Chile: Valparaso [Maldonado on label]. September 1834. Ex.coll. ZSL via Darwin. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1856.3.15.5. Cat. XXII: 217: f.
*Carduelis barbata (Molina, 1782). [CD 1830]. Z. p. 89: Chrysometris [sic] campestris Gould. Loc.: Chile: Tierra del Fuego: Port Famine: forests. February 1834. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing.
PLOCEIDAE:
*Passer hispaniolensis hispaniolensis (Temminck, 1820). CD 189 [original field label]. Z. p. 95: Passer hispaniolensis G. R. Gray. Loc.: Portugal: Cape Verde Islands: So Tiago: Porto Praia. January 1832. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Remark: In Darwin's hand "X [/] loc [/]] S Jago" [in pencil] on label. Material: skin, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1881.5.1.2117. Cat. XII: 319: i.
*Passer iagoensis iagoensis (Gould, 1838). [CD 190]. Z. p. 95: Passer jagoensis [sic] Gould. Holotype Pyrgita Iagoensis Gould, 1838 [the issue containing pp. 77-79 of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for the year 1837 was published in 1838]. Loc.: Portugal: Cape Verde Islands: S o Tiago: Porto Praia. January 1832. Ex.coll. Gould, ex. ZSL. Remark: BMNH 1881.5.1.2124 [2133] has no type status. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: BMNH 1867.3.16.79. Cat. XII: 324: a.
Following CD numbers not linked: 779, 1026, 1027, 1404, 1451, 1462, 1468, 1829, 2189, 2300, one of 751 & 828, 1430 & 1431 and 1604 & 1613, three of 1423, 1425, 1434, 1450, and two of 1605, 1611, 1612, 1614, 1616 and 1617.
References cited in appendix:
Barlow N (ed 1963) Darwins ornithological notes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical series 2 (7): 201-278
Chancellor G, DiMauro A, Ingle R, King G (1988) Charles Darwin's Beagle Collections in the Oxford University Museum. Archives of Natural History 15(2): 197-231
Gould J (1837a) Remarks on a group of Ground Finches from Mr. Darwin's Collection, with characters of the New Species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 5: 4-7
Gould J (1837b) Observations on the Raptorial Birds in Mr. Darwin's Collection, with characters of the New Species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 5: 911
Gould J (1837c) Exhibition of the Fissirostral Birds from Mr. Darwin's Collection, and characters of the New Species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 5: 22-24
Gould J (1837d): Three Species of the Genus Orpheus, from the Galapagos, in the Collection of Mr. Darwin. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 5: 27
Gould J (1837e) On a New Rhea (Rhea Darwinii) from Mr. Darwin's Collection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 5: 35
Gould J (1838) Exhibition of Mr. Darwin's Birds, and description of a New Species of Wagtail
(Motacilla leucopsis) from India. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 5: 77-79 [this issue of the 1837 Proceedings appeared delayed in 1838]
Gould J, Darwin C (1838) The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R. N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Part 3: Birds, issue 1 [pp 1-16, pls. 1-10]. Smith, Elder and Co., London [The works of Charles Darwin. Barrett PH, Freeman RB (eds 1987), vol. 5, New York University Press, New York]
Gould J, Darwin C (1839a) The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R. N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Part 3: Birds, issue 2 [pp 17-32, pls. 11-20]. Smith, Elder and Co., London [The works of Charles Darwin. Barrett PH, Freeman RB (eds 1987), vol. 5, New York University Press, New York]
Gould J, Darwin C (1839b) The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R. N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Part 3: Birds, issue 3 [pp 33-56, pls. 21-30]. Smith, Elder and Co., London [The works of Charles Darwin. Barrett PH, Freeman RB (eds 1987), vol. 5, New York University Press, New York]
Gould J, Darwin C (1839c) The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R. N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Part 3: Birds, issue 4 [pp 57-96, pls. 31-40]. Smith, Elder and Co., London [The works of Charles Darwin. Barrett PH, Freeman RB (1987), vol. 5, New York University Press, New York]
Gould J, Darwin C, Eyton TC (1841) The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R. N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Part 3: Birds, issue 5 [pp 97-164, pls. 41-50]. Smith, Elder and Co., London [The works of Charles Darwin. Barrett PH, Freeman RB (1987), vol. 5, New York University Press, New York]
Keynes RD (ed 2000) Charles Darwins zoology notebooks & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Paynter RA (1994) Ornithological Gazetteer of Uruguay. Second edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass
Paynter RA (1995) Ornithological Gazetteer of Argentina. Second edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass
Sharpe RB et al (1874-1895) Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Vols. 1-27. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London
Sherborn CD (1897) Notes on the dates of 'The Zoology of the Beagle'. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7th series, 20: 483.
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