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A1015
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.
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as those which infest animals, and in one case, scabies, even the same species.1 These curious facts seem quite inconsistent with the idea that man's bodily structure and nature are altogether distinct from those of animals, and have had a different origin; while the facts are just what we should expect if he has been produced by descent with modification from some common ancestor. The Animals most nearly Allied to Man By universal consent we see in the monkey tribe a caricature of humanity
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A334
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1896. Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection. London: Cassell & Co.
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CHAPTER XV. THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES (1859). IT is very interesting to separate the two arguments which occur interwoven in the Origin the argument for evolution and the argument for natural selection. The paramount importance of Darwin's contributions to the evidences of organic evolution are often forgotten in the brilliant theory which he believed to supply the motive cause of descent with modification. Organic evolution had been held to be true by certain thinkers during many centuries; but
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A334
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1896. Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection. London: Cassell & Co.
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sterility of first crosses and of hybrids being considered as an objection to the doctrine of Descent with Modification. Chapter IX. treats of the Imperfection of the Geological Record as the explanation of the apparently insufficient evidence of evolution during past ages. Chapter X., on the Geological succession of Organic Beings, shows that, allowing for this Imperfection of Record, the facts brought to light by Geology support a belief in evolution and in some cases even in natural
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A334
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1896. Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection. London: Cassell & Co.
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offer any explanation of the motive cause by which that process took place. The theory of descent with modification had often been thought of before, but in the eyes of the naturalist of the 'Beagle' (and, probably, in those of most sober thinkers), the advocates of transmutation had done the doctrine they expounded more harm than good. Huxley speaks of the Origin as one of the hardest books to master, in this agreeing with Hooker (see p. 111). In this essay Huxley gives a clear and excellent
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A334
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1896. Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection. London: Cassell & Co.
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at the anniversary dinner, he concluded by telling us that his long and intimate friendship with Charles Darwin was the great event of his scientific career. In sending a copy to Asa Gray, he wrote (November 11th): I fully admit that there are very many difficulties not satisfactorily explained by my theory of descent with modification, but I cannot possibly believe that a false theory would explain so many classes of facts as I think it certainly does explain. On these grounds I drop my
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first indication that the families of the earth have a common parentage. As Darwin observes (Origin of Species, p. 305): On the theory of descent with modification, the main facts with respect to themutual affinities of the extinct forms of life to each other and to living forms are explained in a satisfactory manner. And they are wholly inexplicable on any other view. If we think of it, it surely is a great marvel that all living things, plants and animals, are chiefly made up of small cells of
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F1548.1
Book:
Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 1
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on the slowness of the changes naturally occurring in the physical conditions, etc.) 4. The passage in question is as follows: I have also attempted to show that the causes which have produced the separate species of one genus, of one family, or perhaps of one order, from a common ancestor, are not necessarily the same as those which have produced the separate orders, classes, and sub-kingdoms from more remote common ancestors. That all have been alike produced by 'descent with modification'
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F1548.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 2
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, to effect of climate on species, i. 357; reviewed by John Morley, i. 324-9; transmission of characters dealt with in, i. 351; Darwin's work on, i. 323; ii. 384; Sir W. Turner supplies facts for, ii. 37; Wallace on, ii. 92. Descent with modification, Wallace on, i. 384. Desert animals, and protective colouring, ii. 87. Design, Darwin on, i. 395; examples of, i. 282; Lord Kelvin on, i. 330. Deslongchamps, L., on fertilisation of closed flowers, i. 95. Desmodium gyrans, Darwin's experiments on, ii
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A281
Pamphlet:
1908. The Darwin-Wallace celebration held on Thursday, 1st July, 1908 by the Linnean society of London. London: Printed for the Linnean Society.
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less enthusiasm than there was in the pursuit of morphology. Perhaps this is due to the fact that much of the work which lay ready to hand and easy to accomplish has been done. But in the special branch of study which Wallace himself set going the inquiry into the local variations, races, and species of insects as evidence of descent with modification, and of the mechanisms by which that modification is brought about there is still great work in progress, still an abundant field to be reaped. In
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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a collision of opinions upon matters of fact or conjecture which seem to concern both science and religion. In the case of Darwinism the story of this collision is familiar, and falls under the heads of evolution and natural selection, the doctrine of descent with modification, and the doctrine of its guidance or determination by the struggle for existence between related varieties. These doctrines, though associated and interdependent, and in popular thought not only combined but confused
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A211
Book:
Geikie, A. 1909. Charles Darwin as geologist: The Rede Lecture given at the Darwin Centennial Commemoration on 24 June 1909. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Geological Record, but he revealed a new method of interpreting it by showing that, on the theory of descent with modification, fossils possess a high chronometric value as indicative of the relative importance of stratigraphical horizons and likewise a new suggestiveness in regard to geographical changes of which no other memorial may have survived. The light thrown by Darwin upon the fossiliferous formations of the earth's crust led to clearer conceptions of the principles that must be
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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theory. At the present day the whole subject of palaeobotany is a study in evolution, and derives its chief inspiration from the ideas of Darwin and Wallace. In return it contributes something to the verification of their teaching; the recent progress of the subject, in spite of the immense difficulties which still remain, has added fresh force to Darwin's statement that the great leading facts in palaeontology agree admirably with the theory of descent with modification through variation and
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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descent with modification of species, by no means implying change by large and sudden steps as in the usual modern acceptation of the term. Indeed, the words 'mutable', 'mutability', and their opposites, have never been employed with the special significance now attached to' mutation'. Every one believes in the mutability of species, but opinions differ as to whether they change by mutation. It is a mistake to suppose that Darwin did not long and carefully consider large variations, or
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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of descent with modification through variation and natural selection4. Darwin's theory gave an entirely new significance and importance to palaeontology. Cuvier's conception of the science had been a limited, though a lofty one. How glorious it would be if we could arrange the organised products of the universe in their chronological order!...The chronological succession of organised forms, the exact determination of those types which appeared first, the simultaneous origin of certain species
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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group, and they become disproportionately greater, when we extend our view over vast periods of time and undertake to determine the mutual relationships of classes and types. If the evidence were complete and available, we should hardly be able to unravel its infinite complexity, or to find a clue through the mazes of the labyrinth. Our ideas of the course of descent must of necessity be diagrammatic2. Some of the most complete and convincing examples of descent with modification are to be found
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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for the evolution of the whole organic kingdom and getting over numerous difficulties inherent in the theory of slow and gradual progress. It would, moreover, account for the genetic relation of the larger groups of both animals and plants. It would, in a word, undoubtedly afford an easy means of simplifying the problem of descent with modification. Darwin, however, considered such hypotheses as hardly belonging to the domain of science; they belong, he said, to the realm of miracles. That
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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course of the life-history, though it is difficult to see how this has occurred. It is much more likely, if we may judge from available evidence, that every stage has had its counterpart in the ancestral form from which it has been derived by descent with modification. Just as the adult phase of the living form differs, owing to evolutionary modification, from the adult phase of the ancestor from which it has proceeded, so each larval phase will differ for the same reason from the
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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South America, especially of Patagonia, and which opens a world so entirely different from that of the northern continents, yet exemplifying the same laws of descent with modification. Very beautiful phylogenetic series have already been established among these most interesting and marvellously preserved fossils, but lack of space forbids a consideration of them. 13-2 [page] 19
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A34
Book:
Judd, J. W. 1910. The coming of evolution: The story of a great revolution in science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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matter, or their descent with modification from pre-existing forms, we are dealing with a problem of much greater complexity than could possibly have been imagined by the early speculators on the subject. The two strongly contrasted hypotheses to which we have referred are often spoken of as 'creation' and 'evolution.' But this is an altogether illegitimate use of these terms. By whatever method species of plants or animals come into existence, they may be rightly said to be 'created.' We speak
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A34
Book:
Judd, J. W. 1910. The coming of evolution: The story of a great revolution in science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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The idea of 'descent with modification,' derived from the early speculations of hunters and herdsmen, is really a much nobler and more beautiful conception of 'creation' than that of the 'fashioning out of clay,' which commended itself to the primitive agriculturalists. Lyell writing to his friend John Herschel, who like himself believed in the derivation of new species from pre-existing ones by the action of secondary causes, wrote in 1836: 'When I first came to the notion, of a succession of
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F1592.1
Book:
Marchant, James ed. 1916. Alfred Russel Wallace letters and reminiscences. London: Cassell. Volume 1.
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prevision of the enormous and all-important influence which that doctrine was destined to exercise upon every line of human thought. . . . It is in its application to the problems of human society that there still remains an enormous field of work and discovery for the Darwin- Wallace doctrine. In the special branch of study which Wallace himself set going the inquiry into the local variations, races, and species of insects as evidence of descent with modification, [page] 12
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F1592.2
Book:
Marchant, James ed. 1916. Alfred Russel Wallace letters and reminiscences. London: Cassell. Volume 2.
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really do not go so far as he did. For he maintained that there was not any proof that the several great classes or kingdoms were descended from common ancestors. I maintain, on the contrary, that all without exception are now proved to have originated by descent with modification but that there is no proof, and no necessity, that the very same causes which have been sufficient to produce all the species of a genus or Older were those which initiated and developed the greater differences. At
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F1592.2
Book:
Marchant, James ed. 1916. Alfred Russel Wallace letters and reminiscences. London: Cassell. Volume 2.
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Forest superintendency, 302, 303; on Island Life, 305, 306; on Darwin's criticism of Island Life, 308; on Darwin's Movements of Plants, 311; on land migration of plants, 311; on Civil List pension, 314, 315; on Progress and Poverty, 317; on Darwin's Earthworms, 320 Wallace, Alfred Russel, letters to Sir Francis Darwin: on Darwin's Life and Letters, ii. 39; on descent with modification, 78; on mutation, 80 letter to Mr. W. J. Farmer, on final cause of varying colour of hairs, etc., ii. 101 2
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the polity of nature, and so to increase in numbers. To the end of his life he could recall the spot on the road near Down where there had flashed across his mind the essential need of its clear enunciation. Nevertheless, there are passages in both sketches which approach this point of view. And a set discussion on the point was the less indispensable because descent with modification implies divergence, and we become so habituated to a belief in descent, and therefore in divergence, that we do
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CHAPTER III DARWIN: THE DISCOVERER I THE word 'evolution' is so popularly accepted and so generally employed in connection with Darwin's theories that it will never be displaced; but it is not wholly satisfactory, because it always suggests progress from a lower to a higher and hence involves a difficult and invidious definition of terms. Some such phrase as 'descent with modification' would probably be more exact. But whatever the term used, to associate it as a scientific theory or discovery
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the principle of descent with modification and natural selection as the means whereby it was accomplished.'78 Professor Conklin affirms that: 'The only scientific explanation of such adjustment or fitness is Darwin's principle of natural selection of the fit and elimination of the unfit, and it is eloquent testimony to the greatness of Darwin that more and more this great principle is being recognized as the only mechanistic explanation of adaptation.'79 And Professor Osborn is equally emphatic
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A179
Book:
Ward, Henshaw. 1927. Charles Darwin: The man and his warfare. London: John Murray.
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of descent with modification. He was Charles Darwin, who lived at the village of Downe in Kent. When I think of him, all alone on the ocean of scientific skepticism and knowing that his single mind was steering a solitary course, I have to borrow Clough's words about Columbus: How in God's name did this Darwin get over! [page] 26
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F1497
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1958. The autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his grand-daughter Nora Barlow. London: Collins.
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being preached by Paley and others, who not only took into account the increasing knowledge of adaptation in biology, but made a pivot of this very knowledge. Dr. Darwin looked at the facts of adaptation in the human body without the bias so general in 18th century science, a bias which saw a purpose in all the Creator's works for the immediate benefit of mankind; he produced his original theory of Generation or Descent with modification in his Zoönomia in 1794-6, partially anticipating
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F1497
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1958. The autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his grand-daughter Nora Barlow. London: Collins.
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. In February, 1879, a German scientific journal called Kosmos published an article by Dr. Krause about the Life and Works of Dr. Erasmus Darwin. In May, 1879, Butler, who had not then heard of the article, published Evolution, Old and New, or The Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck as compared with that of Mr. Charles Darwin. One of the objects of this book was to show that the idea of descent with modification did not originate with Charles Darwin; and another was to restore mind
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F1598
Book:
Barlow, Nora ed. 1967. Darwin and Henslow. The growth of an idea. London: Bentham-Moxon Trust, John Murray.
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quarrels; an utter disbelief in the stability of my own genera and species...' In the Essay on the Tasmanian Flora, published 1859, and before the publication of O he expressed his views by using the Darwin-Wallace theory of descent with modification as a working hypothesis, thus approaching his whole-hearted support for Darwin's views so soon to follow. See Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Hooker, Vol. I, p. 374. 1 The Great Exhibition in Paris in 1855, rivalling the London exhibition of 1851
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F1598
Book:
Barlow, Nora ed. 1967. Darwin and Henslow. The growth of an idea. London: Bentham-Moxon Trust, John Murray.
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work of his first voyage with Sir J. C. Ross's Antarctic expedition, 1839-43, published 1844-60; and the Essay on the Flora of Tasmania, 1860, when he was one of the first to use Darwin's and Wallace's Natural Selection theory as a working hypothesis for descent with modification. Also Handbook of New Zealand Flora, and Flora of the British Isles, and many other publications. See also Letters 70, 71, 73 and 74. 2 The British Association met in Oxford in 1847, under the Presidency of Sir Robert
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F3275
Book:
Gregorio, Mario A. -Di, ed. 1990. Charles Darwin's marginalia, vol. 1. Edited by Mario A. Di Gregorio, with the assistance of N.W. Gill. New York; London: Garland.
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extinction ('ex'), especially again amongst closely-allied forms. Perhaps a decrease or unfavourable conditions might destroy the intermediate vars . . . (483c). Selection thus leads to divergence Cdv'); distinctions between populations, sharpened by extinction of intermediates ('ig') as against increase of those organisms in favourable stations Cgds'), permit us to speak of varieties, races, species, etc. This is the meaning of 'adaptation' ('ad') and 'descent with modification' ('ds', 'ts'
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F3275
Book:
Gregorio, Mario A. -Di, ed. 1990. Charles Darwin's marginalia, vol. 1. Edited by Mario A. Di Gregorio, with the assistance of N.W. Gill. New York; London: Garland.
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organs. (181g-h). Morphological resemblances and homologies ('horn') demonstrate the affinities of organisms within their 'types': Tissues of all Vertebrates homologous (623d). The concept of descent with modification therefore provides the ground-rules for that holy grail the 'Natural System' - although CD is too cautious to suppose that he could put much flesh on that particular skeleton: I will not specify any genealogies - much too little known at present (164a). Although in the Origin
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F3275
Book:
Gregorio, Mario A. -Di, ed. 1990. Charles Darwin's marginalia, vol. 1. Edited by Mario A. Di Gregorio, with the assistance of N.W. Gill. New York; London: Garland.
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stage to rehearse his case in defence against the theories of others. Even his comments on the higher principles relating to his own theories are in the main quite cursory and matter-of-fact. The Natural System, he comments during his reading of Herbert (probably during the 1840s), seeks to know relationship does not attempt date of separation (376e), implying that the notion of descent with modification was already to be taken for [page] xv
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which I showed how sexual selection could explain the changes in sex that occur in fishes and many other organisms. At present there is a vast literature on sexual selection, but even so it seems to me that Darwin's contribution has yet to be fully understood or appreciated. Systematic biology likewise has entered into a new era. Darwin's work on barnacles was the very first effort to base the classification of a group of organisms on descent with modification. Since this book was written
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F763b
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1991. The origin of species [in Russian]. Translation of the 6th ed. by K. A. Timiryazev, M. A. Menzbir, A. P. Pavlov and P. A. Petrovskii. Corrected and revised by A. D. Nekrasov, S. L. Sobol', A. L. Zelikman, Ya. M. Gall, A. L.Takhtadzhyan, Ya. I. Starobogatov and F. I. Krichevskaya. Edited by A. L. Takhtadzhyan. Prepared for publication by Ya. M. Gall. Saint Petersburg: Nauka.
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): , , , , , : - , , , (grades) , ; , ; - , , , , , , ", . - , , " (sudden leaps), , , . , . , , ; , , , , . , , , . , , , . 1846 . . '0 ' ( . J. d'Omalius d'Halloy) , (Bulletins de 1'Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, t. XIII, p. 581) , , (by descent with modification), : 1831 . . (Owen) 1849 (Nature of Limbs, p. 86) : , , . , . 1858 ( . LI) . ( . ), , : , Apteryx . , " ". , , , , , , , ; , , , , . , , , , 1858 , Apteryx , , , , . , - , , . , , , . , ; (Anat. of Vertebrates, vol. Ill, p. 796), . , , , : , (type-form
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classification. In The Origin of Species he argues that our ability to group organisms into a hierarchy is a consequence of their genealogical relationship or propinquity of descent. He therefore concludes that the natural system is founded on descent with modification; that the characters which naturalists consider as showing true affinity between any two or more species, are those which have been inherited from a common parent, and, in so far, all true classification is genealogical; that
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F2043
Book:
Wyhe, John van ed. 2009. Charles Darwin's shorter publications 1829-1883. With a foreword by Janet Browne and Jim Secord. Cambridge: University Press.
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, zoology, embryology, physiology, taxonomy, anthropology, botany, psychology and more. After Darwin's death countless obituaries and biographical accounts continued to laud him as the one figure who had solved the greatest puzzles of life on earth. Against this it seems hardly relevant that many of them did not, or did not fully, accept Darwin's stress on natural selection as the primary mechanism for evolution or ‘descent with modification'. What Darwin did achieve was to convince the
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A622
Periodical contribution:
Ghiselin, Michael T. 2009. Darwin: A reader's guide. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences (155 [12 February]), 185 pp, 3 figs.
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perspective has never been abandoned altogether by biogeographers and ecologists. But that approach was ahistorical, whereas descent with modification, with taxonomic groups conceived of as branches of a genealogical tree, provided the basis for an evolutionary approach to the subject. Animals and plants have moved about as they have diversified, and their ability to do so has been limited by barriers. Terrestrial animals and plants find it difficult to cross bodies of water, deserts and mountain ranges
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A622
Periodical contribution:
Ghiselin, Michael T. 2009. Darwin: A reader's guide. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences (155 [12 February]), 185 pp, 3 figs.
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., 1989. The true meaning of Darwinian evolution, ch. 1 in Grafen, A., ed., Evolution and its Influence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 1-18. Calabi, L., 2001. On Darwin's 'metaphysical notebooks'. I.: Teleology and the project of a theory. Rivista di Biologia, v. 94, p. 123-159. Call, Lewis, 1998. Anti-Darwin, anti-Spencer: Friedrich Nietzsche's critique of Darwin and Darwinism . History of Science, v. 36, p. 1-22. Callender, L. A., 1988. Gregor Mendel: an opponent of descent with modification. History
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A690
Periodical contribution:
Wyhe, John van. 2010. 'Almighty God! what a wonderful discovery!': Did Charles Darwin really believe life came from space? Endeavour 34, no. 3, (September): 95-103.
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for life to have slowly evolved to its present state of complexity according to the gradual process of descent with modification and natural selection as proposed by Darwin and Wallace and most thoroughly elaborated and widely known from Darwin's Origin of species.4 A solution to this apparent impasse was proposed but the German physician Hermann Eberhard Richter in 1865. Building on previous suggestions that life on Earth came from elsewhere Richter proposed a 'cosmozoa' concept. We regard the
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A690
Periodical contribution:
Wyhe, John van. 2010. 'Almighty God! what a wonderful discovery!': Did Charles Darwin really believe life came from space? Endeavour 34, no. 3, (September): 95-103.
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contemporaries of organic change over time via descent with modification, and primarily through natural selection. Insisting on a purely natural origin of life as well would make the theory of evolution appear too unorthodox for many of his readers. Even to the end of his life Darwin maintained that there was no evidence to support spontaneous generation. Though no evidence worth anything has as yet, in my opinion, been advanced in favour of a living being, being developed from inorganic matter
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F1881
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 2020. On the origin of species. The science classic. With an introduction by John van Wyhe. Capstone. 419pp.
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organic forms which is a consequence of the gradual change continuously and cumulatively operating over time. At first, On the Origin of Species was extremely controversial and some exceedingly negative reviews appeared. But Darwin's arguments and evidence were hard to resist. Remarkably, within 15-20 years he was able to convince most of the international scientific community that descent with modification, or evolution, is a fact. Despite what many modern readers might encounter
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F1881
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 2020. On the origin of species. The science classic. With an introduction by John van Wyhe. Capstone. 419pp.
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and change through generations. Thus the existing species in the world were related not along a 'chain of being' or separated into artificially separate species categories but were all related on a genealogical family tree through descent with modification . Darwin also identified another means by which some individuals would have descendants and others would not. He called this sexual selection. This theory explained why the male sex in many species is larger, produces colourful
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