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of some complexity. Many of the original group arrived at the islands as members of the entourage of early settlers - Captain Clunies Ross and a somewhat despotic individual called Alexander Hare. There seems to have been some African blood, at least one person from Papua and indeed some intermingling of European blood, for Hare is reported to have fathered children with a Malay woman. Darwin and FitzRoy describe a number of aspects of daily life in the Malay kampong: the making and use of water
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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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) The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Part 3: birds, issue 1. Smith, Elder, London, pp 1–16 Gould J, Darwin C (1839a) The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Part 3: birds, issue 2. Smith, Elder, London, pp 17–32 Gould J, Darwin C (1839b) The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N., during the years
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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Part 3: birds, issue 1. Smith, Elder, London, pp 1 16 Gould J, Darwin C (1839a) The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Part 3: birds, issue 2. Smith, Elder, London, pp 17 32 Gould J, Darwin C (1839b) The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N., during the years 1832 to 1836
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islands, from an early stage in the voyage, and to arrange the information he collected around a limited number of conceptual frameworks, that transformed a routine survey expedition into one of the most significant voyages of all time. Notes 1. Robert FitzRoy, Part 2 of Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their Examination of the Southern Shores of South America, and the Beagle's Circumnavigation of the
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., 7 January 1832, p. 22. 15. Ibid., p. 20. 16. Time, 20 March 2000. 17. There is little evidence that Darwin read much of Charles Lyell (1797-1875) before the voyage; indeed his copy of Lyell's Principles of Geology, Vol. 1 (1830), was given to him by FitzRoy shortly before departure, the two other volumes reaching him in South America. However, this work profoundly influenced Darwin's thinking during the voyage. Lyell challenged the French geologist George Cuvier's (1769-1832) notion that the
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did not promise peace in the establishment.2 There was a nasty quarrel between one of the camp's sentries and an old Fuegian man. When told to keep his distance the elderly man spat at the seaman and made gestures that implied he would kill, cut up and eat the intruders. It did not bode well. Things settled down, however, and Captain FitzRoy sent two of the four boats back to the Beagle. The others, with FitzRoy and Darwin in them, set out to explore the western reaches of the Channel
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and the Beagle exchanged some equipment. Most of the next few days were spent in taking on stores, both food (bread, raisins, sugar, chocolate, tea, flour, beef, vegetables) and naval supplies (rope, canvas, tar, paint, turpentine, tallow, linseed oil, timber), as well as coal for cooking and some small items of equipment. The crew were 'employed variously about ship's duties', and Captain FitzRoy and Lieutenant Sulivan took navigational and astronomical measurements at a point not far from the
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leather-covered notebooks. These are at Downe House; microfilm copies are held in DAR, Cambridge University Library. R. FitzRoy, Part 2 of Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure andBeagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describingtheir Examination of the Southern Shores of South [page
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CharlesDarwin (London and Ithaca, NY: British Museum [Natural History] and Cornell University Press, 1980). See Geology of the Voyage, Vol. 2. C. R. Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle; originally published as Journal of Researches into the Geologyand Natural History of the various countries visited by H.M.S. 'Beagle', in FitzRoy, Narrative. Darwin's zoological notes from the Beagle voyage, DAR 30-31 The Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, 'edited and supervised by Charles Darwin' (London: Smith
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better had not the sharks broken so many of their hooks and lines: they contrived to land three of these latter fish, during our absence 2 large ones were caught from the ship.2 FitzRoy described the scene even more vividly: While our party were scrambling over the rock, a determined struggle was going on in the water, between the boats' crews and sharks. 47 [page
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tumbled down to the harbour. Possibly Darwin and one or two of the officers of the ship called on the British Consul (FitzRoy often made a point of paying courtesy calls on local dignitaries at ports of call). The young naturalist recorded in his diary: 'The next day [20 September3] the Consul kindly lent me his horse furnished me with guides to proceed to the spot in the centre of the island, which was described as an active crater.' The weather was unsettled: overcast and showery, with a
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, 2 (1838): 552-4. 2. DAR 37.2/770. 3. P. N. Pearson, 'Charles Darwin on the Origin and Diversity of Igneous Rocks', Earth Science History, 15.1 (1996): 49-67. 4. Volume 1 he had had with him from the start of the voyage (presented to him by FitzRoy), whereas the other volumes were forwarded to him in South America. 5. Presented at the meeting of31 May 1837. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 2 (1838): 552-4. 6. Origin of Species, Chapters 11 and 12. 7. Ibid., Chapter 12. 8. Diary
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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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: Zapornia spilonota Gould. Syntype Zapornia spilonota Gould, 1841. Loc.: Ecuador: Gal pagos Archipelago [James Isl. fide Rothschild/Hartert Nov.Zool.VI, 1899: 185]. October 1835. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing [unless the specimen of FitzRoy is the bird listed in CD: BMNH 1837.2.21.404. Cat. XXIII: 113: b. Vell. Cat. 40: 180 a, cf. Warren 1966]. *Laterallus spilonotus (Gould, 1841). [CD 3352]. Z. pp. 132-133: Zapornia spilonota Gould. Syntype Zapornia spilonota Gould, 1841 Syntype Porzana
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the greater wonders all the more from having a guess what to look for.' Notes 1. FitzRoy, Narrative, Vol. 2, p. 56. 2. Diary, 16 February 1832, p. 36. 3. FitzRoy, Narrative, loc. cit. 4. The gannets were probably brown boobies Sula leucogaster, shown on modern distribution maps to breed on St Paul's Rocks. Two rather similar species of noddy tern seem to breed on St Paul's, the common or brown noddy (Anous stolidus) and the white-capped noddy (A. minutus): A. Edwards and R. Lubbock, 'The
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The End of the Earth: Tierra del Fuego carried away, and perhaps partly in commemoration of the event, FitzRoy named a nearby mountain 'Mt Darwin'. The party pressed on, however, threading their way through the scattering of islets that mark the western approaches to the Channel. '[T]his part was entirely unknown', said Darwin, 'it rained continually the weather well became its bad character . . . The country was desolate, barren unfrequented.' The most westerly point of the expedition was a
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Darwin's Other Islands FitzRoy, after the discreet interval of a few days, returned to Woollya, where Fuegia Basket, York and Jemmy had been deposited, and found things 'peacible'; some of the vegetables in the gardens were sprouting. Darwin hoped that the little settlement might eventually be a 'means of producing great good' and effecting a change in the 'habits of the truly savage inhabitants'. FitzRoy himself was also mildly optimistic, but their hopes were ultimately misplaced. Eleven
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remarks on the Tahitian people are from the standpoint of their relationship with the European missionaries. Darwin met missionaries at a number of places in his journeyings - there had been the fiasco of Tierra del Fuego, in Tahiti and later New Zealand - and on the whole had a good opinion of them. Indeed, in a letter written jointly with Captain FitzRoy to a South African publication in June 1836, containing extracts from Darwin's diary, they strongly defend the work of missionaries in Tahiti
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several days of light winds, passing through what are now known as the Cook Islands at daylight on 3 December. Darwin recorded that the ship 'passed near to the island of Whytootacke'. FitzRoy, in his account, refers to 'Whylootacke (or Waiutaki)' while the island today is known as Aitutaki. FitzRoy continues, probably supplementing his observations with information gained on Tahiti and elsewhere: 'a small group of islets encircled by a coral reef, from four to eight miles in diameter. The
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shows that the crew was busy preparing for the next stage of the voyage; substantial quantities of pork, vegetables and water were taken on board, and running repairs undertaken. No extensive hydrographic survey was done, but instruments were set up on one of the small islands, and the usual magnetic and other observations made - another link in Captain FitzRoy's 'chain of meridians' around the world. FitzRoy also attempted to sort out a number of petty quarrels between the residents, and amongst
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of days, Darwin, sometimes accompanied by FitzRoy, explored Home Island and West Island; they wandered round the Malay kampong (there were about 130 Malays employed by Clunies Ross, the self-styled ruler of the islands). One evening they dined with Mr Liesk, and perhaps Mrs Ross. On 6 April Darwin accompanied FitzRoy and a small group of seamen in one of the ship's boats to the extreme south of the lagoon. He wrote: 'The channel was exceedingly intricate, winding through fields of delicately
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morning and collected later in the day. Sometimes Covington accompanied him. Both Darwin and FitzRoy seem to have had quite a lot to do with Mr Liesk (Clunies Ross's second-in-command), obtaining a good deal of information about the islands. On one occasion Captain FitzRoy baptized several of the Ross and Liesk children.7 Darwin liked the Cocos Islands, their beauty and variety contrasting with the grey-green monotony of the Australian bush. In fact he was quite lyrical about them. He describes
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7. Brief Interlude in the Abrolhos Before we consider Darwin's adventures on islands very different from the tropical Atlantic volcanic islands and the strange islet of St Paul's, we must briefly consider his short visit to the Abrolhos, an archipelago of low, small, coral islets, about 20 miles (32 km) off the Brazilian coast (about 18°S, 38°W). They are set in a large area of shallow sea, and constituted (and still constitute) a hazard to navigation, and so Captain FitzRoy was diligent in
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concern to FitzRoy in mid-December 1832, while the Beagle was working her way south. Conditions were not good and progress was slow. Extracts from Darwin's diary give an idea of the frustrations the crew endured: Sunday 9th... high irregular swell, there must have been bad weather to the South . . . 11th ... my stomach plainly declared it was of terrestrial origin did not like the sea . . . 12th ... the heaviest squall I have ever seen ... the air has the bracing feel of an English winter day
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also by the possibility that Darwin stood here on this lonely tropical beach pondering his coral atoll theory, which was by this time well formed in his mind. Even when FitzRoy, Darwin and their crew returned to the boat and cast off again into the lagoon, they did not hurry back to the Beagle: We did not return on board till late in the evening, for we staid a long time in the lagoon, examining fields of coral and the gigantic shells of Chama, into which, if a man were to put his hand, he would
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Darwin's Other Islands Even at this early stage, Darwin is using the comparative approach - the corals of the Cape Verde Islands are compared with their diminutive relatives along the Scottish coast. Perhaps too in his mind he was comparing the young volcanic rocks beneath his feet with the much older equivalents of Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh. Darwin had before him a copy of the first volume of Lyell's Principles of Geology, given to him by FitzRoy, and Sedgwick's geological instruction in North
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. First, increasing numbers of seabirds were seen, especially of two species of terns;1 later the first island of Polynesia was sighted - Dog or Doubtful island2 - Darwin described it as 'an outlier on the East side of the low Isds'. He had been doing his homework, however, and described it as not quite typical of the low islands, described by Captain Beechey, a copy of whose book FitzRoy had aboard.3 It was slightly higher than was usual with the 'low islands', but bright green in appearance, had a
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subsidences have taken place; of which no one exceeded in depth the number of ft at which . . . polypi [sic] will flourish: tk. [where] the successive steps were sufficiently long to allow their growth.'28 He concluded, once again by speculating that the rise in the level of South America was compensated for by depression in the Pacific. Darwin and FitzRoy did not land on the island of Aitutaki, but the Beagle seems to have sailed quite close to it, and the Captain, having taken a sounding or two
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Darwin's Other Islands 1833, but there was a thriving garden with oranges, asparagus, gooseberries and raspberries. They discussed the Beagle's hydrographic survey, and FitzRoy agreed to let Sir Richard have details of the navigational and astronomical observations they made at the Sound.21 Many of Darwin's impressions of King George's Sound echo his experiences in New South Wales, but he seemed to have an even lower opinion of the place. The passage below is from The Voyage of the Beagle
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the Captain to proceed direct to the Azores. For which most untoward event I heartily pray.1 It seems that he hoped that FitzRoy would sail directly to the Azores, rather than deflect to the east to the Cape Verde Islands (in the event he did not). Darwin eagerly anticipated the visit to the Azores as they would be the last port of call before England. He had by then lived for over four and a half years on the Beagle, and elsewhere in the same letter he exclaimed: T loathe, I abhor the sea, c
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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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. *Buteo polyosoma polyosoma (Quoy Gaimard, 1824). [CD 1916]. Z. p. 26: Buteo erythronotus [King]. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1834. Ex.coll old collection . Remark: This specimen can only derive from three collections, FitzRoy, King or Darwin. Material: ex mount, male, ad. Status: perhaps BMNH unregistered specimen. Cat. I: 163: a. *Buteo ventralis Gould, 1837. [CD 2030]. Z. pp. 27-28: Buteo ventralis Gould. Holotype Buteo ventralis Gould, 1837. Loc
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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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. Remark: bird mentioned in Z. was bought by FitzRoy on a local market at Valpara so. Material Status: not collected by Darwin. *Chloephaga picta leucoptera (Gmelin, 1789). [CD 576 specimens in spirit]. Z. p. 134: Chloephaga magellanica Eyton. Loc.: Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas: East Falkland Island. March 1833. Ex.coll. Eyton. Material: trachea in spirit. Status: missing. *Chloephaga hybrida malvinarum Phillips, 1916. [CD 577 specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 134-135: Bernicla antarctica Steph. Loc
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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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. pp. 49-50: Serpophaga albo-coronata Gould. Holotype Serpophaga albo-coronata Gould, 1839. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. June 1833. Remark: Warren Harrison 1971 listed the wrong (FitzRoy) specimen as type. Material: skin/mount. Status: not yet looked for by the author. *Serpophaga subcristata straminea (Temminck, 1822). [CD 650, specimens in spirit]. Z. pp. 49-50 147: Serpophaga albo-coronata Gould. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado. May-June 1833. Material: specimen in alcohol. Status: missing. *Anairetes
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Introduction: The Origins of the Darwin Voyage, and an Overview One further incident should be recounted. In January 1830 Captain FitzRoy was surveying around the islets west of the main mass of Tierra del Fuego, attempting to explain the anomalies in his compass bearings. He formed the view that there might be magnetic rocks in some of the mountains of Tierra del Fuego, and regretted the fact that there was no one aboard the Beagle who knew much about geology or mineralogy. He resolved 'that
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. Australia, with its brashness, the convicts and the dry, stark landscape, was not a great deal to be preferred, although some of the observations he made there were important (New South Wales, January 1836; King George's Sound, March): he preferred green, mild Tasmania (February 1836). From Australia, perhaps because of some change of plans at a late stage, FitzRoy decided to go to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean; he had been instructed to 'fix their position' if possible (April 1836
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used in the field, or for single ideas or references. The most famous of these is the Red Note Book 'RN', in which the first evolutionary thoughts were put to paper (after the return to England, although the notebook was opened during the voyage).13 Captain FitzRoy kept a diary, one that formed the basis of Volume 2 of the Narrative of the Surveying Voyages. The young man who became Darwin's servant part-way through the voyage, Syms Covington, also kept a diary, now held by the Mitchell Library
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island had flowed from these craters. On the morning of the 28 September HMS Beagle sailed from Charles Island to the southern tip of Albemarle (Isabela) Island, Captain FitzRoy surveying its southern approaches. As the ship came to anchor in Iguana Cove, Darwin recorded that this island was 'the highest boldest' they had seen. The volcanic landscape continued to fascinate him; he noticed onshore a landscape 'studded with little truncated cones'; the craters were 'very perfect' and generally had
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Darwin's Other Islands Alas, Darwin was not to set foot on what he called 'this long wished for object of my ambition'. He was within sight of Tenerife, but 0 misery, misery, we were just preparing to drop anchor within half a mile of Santa Cruz, when a boat came alongside, bringing our death-warrant. The consul declared we must perform a rigorous quarantine of twelve days. Those who have never experienced it can scarcely conceive what a gloom it cast on every one.13 Captain FitzRoy was not
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shore, treading on Volcanic rocks, hearing the notes of unknown birds, seeing new insects fluttering about still newer flowers. It has been for me a glorious day, like giving to a blind man eyes, he is overwhelmed with what he sees c cannot justly comprehend it. Such are my feelings, such may they remain.3 Darwin spent most of the next couple of days on Quail Island, where Captain FitzRoy had established a sort of tented base from which to make navigational, magnetic and astronomical observations
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, although, as we shall see later, he went some way towards doing so. Later in the evening of 16 February 1832, the officer of the watch reported a boat ahead; the ship hove to, and Captain FitzRoy purported to have a conversation with 'Mr Neptune' over the side of the ship, with the aid of a speaking trumpet, 'the result of which was that he would in the morning pay us a visit'. At nine o'clock, on the morning of 17th, four of Mr Neptune's constables conducted the hapless Charles Darwin into the sea
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skinning him for supper'. At daybreak on the 20th, Darwin was a little disappointed that the hills were not more 'lofty'. The whole island was forested, and he spent a most delightful day 'wandering about the woods'. Fernando Noronha is larger than St Paul's, although it is pretty small, with a surface area of 10 sq. miles (about 26 sq. km), and like the Rocks, is under Brazilian sovereignty. It had been a penal colony since the eighteenth century, and FitzRoy notes euphemistically that the
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the same nature .. . Near the base of this, I observed beds of white tuff, interspersed with numerous dikes, some of amygdaloidal basalt and others of trachyte.18 Denudation, he thought, must have been on an enormous scale, to reveal the pinnacle, which had originally been injected as a fluid. The Beagle sailed in the evening of the same day that she had arrived: landing in the surf was difficult, and FitzRoy, though he had managed to land with instruments to take a few observations, did not
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, he still spoke good English and behaved well when dining with the Captain, remembering his old friends with affection. He gave FitzRoy a couple of otterskins and Darwin some spearheads. He was loaded down with gifts of clothing and other items. Darwin wrote: Every soul on board was sorry to shake hands with poor Jemmy for the last time, as we were glad to have seen him. I hope have little doubt he will be as happy as if he had never left his country; which is much more than I formerly thought. He
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Chiloe: A Fine Island goods bought by ships such as the Beagle represented a substantial input of cash into the community. Over the course of the next twelve days, the Beagle purchased over 1,250 lb (approx. 570 kg) of meat (beef and pork), vegetables, and substantial quantities of wood, to the substantial benefit to the local economy. Daylight on 1 July revealed the Adventure (the ship that FitzRoy had acquired to assist with the survey work), at anchor off the small fort (Fuerte S. Antonio
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inquisitiveness.9 On 8 December a party led by FitzRoy attempted to climb to the summit of the Island of San Pedro, which the Captain thought was the highest point in the Chiloe group. (It was not: the peak is 536 m in altitude; there are a couple of points in the centre of the main island that are 777 m high.) But the climb was doomed, as Darwin recalled: In vain we tried to gain the summit: the wood is so intricate that a person who has never seen it will not be able to imagine such a confused
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experience; he was able to delegate some of the routine collecting work to Covington; he was observing well and his note-taking was excellent. He seems to have had a sufficiently good relationship with FitzRoy and his other shipmates to be able to get them to set him down and pick him up where he wanted. He spent in total several weeks on and near to Chiloe, more than on almost any other island groups. He was able, while at Chiloe, to pursue almost every one of the intellectual themes on which he had
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pineapples. The winding paths leading to the scattered houses were a source of delight. FitzRoy, too, was also impressed by much of what he saw, especially by the bright sunshine, which he felt 'heightened the vivid and ever-varying tints of a rich verdure'. 139 [page
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Darwin's Other Islands upon, the activities of the missionaries and the state of the people of Tahiti. Darwin accompanied him to some of the negotiations with Queen Pomare and her chiefs and on some but not all of his other peregrinations and duties. On 17 November, while FitzRoy and some of his officers were making their navigational measurements, Darwin 'ascended the slope of the nearest part of the mountains to an elevation of between two three thousand feet'. Assuming his estimate of
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, was 'standing up K[ing] George's Sound'. After tacking slowly for a few hours she 'came into the narrows and furled sails' at 5.30 p.m. At dawn the following morning she went through the narrows and anchored in three fathoms in Princess Royal Harbour. One of the ship's boats was put out. As was usually done when the Beagle arrived at a new port, Captain FitzRoy, accompanied by the 'ship's philosopher', paid a courtesy call on the local dignitary. In this case it was Sir Richard Spencer, a
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world. He noticed that the depressions between the granite hills were for the most part lined with sandy sedimentary deposits. Sometimes the sediments lapped up the sides of the hills, occasionally as in the steep cliffs of Bald Head, giving marked land-forms. Darwin visited the headland with FitzRoy, and described the calcareous sands, with their fossil shells and plants, in great detail in his notes, believing them - probably correctly - to have accumulated as sand-dunes. He also, as in many
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little less than a metre in length - being dressed in garments: today (or least until recently, according to informants in the Malay community), the messan is wrapped in a white cloth. Singing, particularly by the older women, was said to be repeated during the several days of the mourning period. The rising full moon in Darwin's description may also be significant) as there is said to be a strong lunar element in the Cocos Malays' pattern of activities. FitzRoy noted that the Malay people were
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