A19    Review:     [Wilberforce, Samuel]. 1860. [Review of] On the Origin of Species, by means of Natural Selection; or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. By Charles Darwin, M. A., F.R.S. London, 1860. Quarterly Review 108: 225-264.   Text   Image

we follow pigeons on down to the days of 'that most skilful breeder Sir John Sebright,' who 'used to say, with respect to pigeons, that he would produce any given feather in three years, but it would take him six years to produce beak and head. (p. 31.) Now all this is very pleasant writing, especially for pigeon-fanciers; but what step do we really gain in it at all towards establishing the alleged fact that variations are but species in the act of formation, or in establishing Mr. Darwin's

F380    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented.   Text   Image   PDF

, grafts of, 231. Rodents, blind, 125. Rudimentary organs, 391. Rudiments important for classification, 362. Sageret on grafts, 231. Salmons, males fighting, and hooked jaws of, 84. Salt water, how far injurious to seeds, 312. Saurophagus sulphuratus, 164. Schi dte on blind insects, 126. Schlegel on snakes, 131. Sea-water, how far injurious to seeds, 312. Sebright, Sir J., on crossed animals, 25. on selection of pigeons, 34. Sedgwick, Prof., on groups of species suddenly appearing, 264. Seedlings

F381    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1861. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 3d ed. Seventh thousand.   Text   Image   PDF

, bloodhound, bull-dog, c., in the wild state. Moreover, the possibility of making distinct races by crossing has been greatly exaggerated. Many cases are on record, showing that a race may be modified by occasional crosses, if aided by the careful selection of those individual mongrels which present any desired character; but that a race could be obtained nearly intermediate between two extremely different races or species, I can hardly believe. Sir J. Sebright expressly experimented for this object, and

F381    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1861. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 3d ed. Seventh thousand.   Text   Image   PDF

selection of sheep, 32. Saurophagus sulphuratus, 201. Schiödte on blind insects, 155. Sorbus, grafts of, 284. Schlegel on snakes, 162. Spaniel, King Charles's breed, 36. Sea-water, how far injurious to seeds, 388. Specialisation of organs, 134. Species, polymorphic, 48. Sebright, Sir J., on crossed animals, 20. ——, dominant, 56. ——, on selection of pigeons, 32. ——, common, variable, 55. Sedgwick, Prof., on groups of species suddenly appearing, 327. —— in large genera variable, 57. ——, groups of

F655    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1862. De l'origine des espèces ou des lois du progrès chez les êtres organisés. Translated and with preface and notes by Mlle Clémence-Auguste Royer. Paris: Guillaumin et Cie.   Text   Image   PDF

dants crois s qui pr sentent le caract re d sir ; mais qu'on puisse obtenir une race presque interm diaire entre deux autres tr s-diff rentes, j'ai quelque peine le croire. Sir J. Sebright a fait des exp riences express ment dirig es dans ce but, et n'a pu r ussir. Les produits du premier croisement entre deux races pures sont en g n ral assez uniformes et quelquefois parfaitement identiques ainsi que je l'ai vu pour les pigeons. Les choses semblent donc assez simples jusque-l ; mais quand ces

F385    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.   Text   Image   PDF

races by crossing has been greatly exaggerated. Many cases are on record, showing that a race may be modified by occasional crosses, if aided by the careful selection of the individuals which present the desired character; but to obtain a race nearly intermediate between two extremely different races or species, would be very difficult. Sir J. Sebright expressly experimented for this object, and failed. The offspring from the first cross between two pure breeds is tolerably and sometimes (as I

F385    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.   Text   Image   PDF

to seeds, 429. not destructive to land-shells, 472. Sebright, Sir J., on crossed animals, 21. , on selection of pigeons, 33. Sedgwick, Prof., on groups of species suddenly appearing, 364. Seedlings destroyed by insects, 77. Seeds, nutriment in, 88. , winged, 174. , means of dissemination, 228, 240, 432. , power of resisting salt-water, 429. , in crops and intestines of birds, 431. eaten by fish, 431, 461. in mud, 460. , hooked, on islands, 466. Selection of domestic products, 31. , principle

F656    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1866. L'origine des espèces par sélection naturelle ou des lois de transformation des êtres organisés. Traduit en Français avec l'autorisation de l'auteur par Clémence Royer avec une préface et des notes du traducteur. Deuxième édition augmentée d'après des notes de l'auteur. Paris: Victor Masson et fils; Guillaumin et Cie.   Text   Image   PDF

éleveurs ont fait à l'égard des Moutons : « Il semblerait qu'ils aient esquissé une forme parfaite, et qu'ils lui aient ensuite donné l'existence. » L'habile éleveur, sir John Sebright, avait coutume de dire des Pigeons « qu'il répondait de produire quelque plumage que ce fut en trois ans ; mais qu'il lui en fallait six pour obtenir la tête et le bec. » En Saxe, l'importance du principe de sélection à l'égard des Moutons mérinos est si pleinement reconnue, que certains individus s'en sont fait

F674    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1867. Die Entstehung der Arten im Thier- und Pflanzen-Reich durch natürliche Zuchtwahl, oder Erhaltung der vervollkommneten Rassen im Kampfe um's Daseyn. Translated by H. G. Bronn and J. V. Carus. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. 3d ed.   Text   Image   PDF

bilden, sehr übertrieben worden. Mau kennt viele Fälle, welchebeweisen, dass eine Rasse durch gelegentliehe Kreuzung mittelstsorgfältiger Auswahl der Individuen, welche irgend einen be-zweckten Character darbieten, sich tnodiüciren lässt; es wird abersehr schwer sein, eine nahezu das Mittel zwischen zwei weit ver-schiedenen Rassen oder Arten haltende neue Rasse zu züchten.Sir J. Sebright hat ausdrückliche Versuche in dieser Beziehungangestellt und keinen Erfolg erlangt. Die Nachkommenschaft

F877.2    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

. I will here add a somewhat different case, as it connects in a striking manner latent characters of two classes. Mr. Hewitt61 possessed an excellent Sebright gold-laced hen bantam, which, as she became old, grew diseased in her ovaria, and assumed male characters. In this breed the males resemble the females in all respects except in their combs, wattles, spurs, and instincts; hence it might have been expected that the diseased hen would have assumed only those masculine characters which are

F914.2    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. Das Variiren der Thiere und Pflanzen im Zustande der Domestication. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

, Sattelfedern an den Lenden und Schuppenfedern am Halse an, Ornamente, welche, wie Mr. Hewitt.bemerkt, ,.bei dieser Rasse filr abominabel gelten wiirden. Man weiss 62, dass die Sebright-Bantamrasse um das Jahr.1800 ihren Ursprung genommen hat aus einer Kreuzung zwischen einem ge­ wohnlichen Bantam und einer polnischenHenne, welcher eine Riick­ kreuzung mi.t einem hahnenschwanzigen Bantam und sorgfaltige Zuchtwahl folgte.    Es !asst sich daher kaum bezweifeln , dass die Sichelfedern und

F878.2    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

never be answered by direct evidence, as he propagates his kind so slowly and cannot be subjected to experiment; but the almost universal practice of all races at all times of avoiding closely-related marriages is an argument of considerable weight; and whatever conclusion we arrive at in regard to the higher animals may be safely extended to man. Turning now to Birds: in the case of the Fowl a whole array of authorities could be given against too close interbreeding. Sir J. Sebright positively

F877.2    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

their birds is surprising. Sir John Sebright, whose fame is perpetuated by the Sebright Bantam, used to spend two and three days in examining, consulting, and disputing with a friend which were the best of five or six birds. 17 Mr. Bult, whose pouter-pigeons won so many prizes and were exported to North America under the charge of a man sent on purpose, told me that he always deliberated for several days before he matched each pair. Hence we can understand the advice of an eminent fancier, who

F878.2    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

their birds is surprising. Sir John Sebright, whose fame is perpetuated by the Sebright Bantam, used to spend two and three days in examining, consulting, and disputing with a friend which were the best of five or six birds. 17 Mr. Bult, whose pouter-pigeons won so many prizes and were exported to North America under the charge of a man sent on purpose, told me that he always deliberated for several days before he matched each pair. Hence we can understand the advice of an eminent fancier, who

F877.1    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 1.   Text   Image   PDF

. 3 Owen, 'British Fossil Mammals,' p. 212. 4 'Pigeons and Rabbits,' by E. S. Delamer, 1854, p. 133. Sir J. Sebright ('Observations on Instinct,' 1836, p. 10) speaks most strongly on the difficulty. But this difficulty is not invariable, as I have received two accounts of perfect success in taming and breeding from the wild rabbit. See also Dr. P. Broca, in 'Journal de la Physiologie,' tom. ii. p. 368. 5 Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' 1801, b. i. p. 1133. I have received similar accounts

F877.1    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 1.   Text   Image   PDF

instance of a breed, lately formed by a cross, which can be truly propagated. The well-known Sebright Bantams offer another and similar instance. Hence it may be concluded that not only the Game-breed but that all our breeds are probably the descendants of the [page] 24

F877.1    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 1.   Text   Image   PDF

female sex, but has now been transferred to the males, and has thus become common to both sexes. External Differences, not connected with the sexes, between the breeds and between individual birds. The size of the body differs greatly. Mr. Tegetmeier has known a Brahma to weigh 17 pounds; a fine Malay cock 10 pounds; whilst a first-rate Sebright Bantam weighs hardly more than 1 pound. During the last 20 years the size of some of our breeds has been largely increased by methodical selection

F877.2    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

. To give one instance: the King of Wurtemberg, after twenty-five years' careful breeding, that is after six or seven generations, made a new breed of cattle from a cross between a Dutch and Swiss breed, combined with other breeds.24 The Sebright bantam, which breeds as true as any other kind of fowl, was formed about sixty years ago by a complicated cross.25 Dark Brahmas, which are believed by some fanciers to constitute a distinct species, were undoubtedly formed26 in the United States, within a

F877.2    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

men who have bred many kinds of animals and have written on the subject, such as Sir J. Sebright, Andrew Knight, c.,2 have expressed the strongest conviction on the impossibility of long-continued close interbreeding. Those who have compiled works on agriculture, and have associated much with breeders, such as the sagacious Youatt, Low, c., have strongly declared their opinion to the same effect. Prosper Lucas, trusting largely to French authorities, has come to a similar conclusion. The

F878.1    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 1.   Text   Image   PDF

. 250. 3 Owen, 'British Fossil Mammals,' p. 212. 4 Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' 1801, b. i. p. 1133. I have received similar accounts with respect to England and Scotland. 5 'Pigeons and Rabbits,' by E. S. Delamer, 1854, p. 133. Sir J. Sebright ('Observations on Instinct,' 1836, p. 10) speaks most strongly on the difficulty. But this difficulty is not invariable, as I have received two accounts of perfect success in taming and breeding from the wild rabbit. See also Dr. P. Broca, in

F878.1    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 1.   Text   Image   PDF

instance of a breed, lately formed by a cross, which can be truly propagated. The well-known Sebright Bantams offer another and similar instance. Hence it may be concluded that not only the Game-breed but that all our breeds are probably the descendants of the [page] 24

F878.1    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 1.   Text   Image   PDF

female sex, but has now been transferred to the males, and has thus become common to both sexes. External Differences, not connected with the sexes, between the breeds and between individual birds. The size of the body differs greatly. Mr. Tegetmeier has known a Brahma to weigh 17 pounds; a fine Malay cock 10 pounds; whilst a first-rate Sebright Bantam weighs hardly more than 1 pound. During the last 20 years the size of some of our breeds has been largely increased by methodical selection

F878.2    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

. To give one instance: the King of Wurtemberg, after twenty-five years' careful breeding, that is after six or seven generations, made a new breed of cattle from a cross between a Dutch and Swiss breed, combined with other breeds.24 The Sebright bantam, which breeds as true as any other kind of fowl, was formed about sixty years ago by a complicated cross.25 Dark Brahmas, which are believed by some fanciers to constitute a distinct species, were undoubtedly formed26 in the United States, within

F878.2    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.   Text   Image   PDF

men who have bred many kinds of animals and have written on the subject, such as Sir J. Sebright, Andrew Knight, c.,2 have expressed the strongest conviction on the impossibility of long-continued close interbreeding. Those who have compiled works on agriculture, and have associated much with breeders, such as the sagacious Youatt, Low, c., have strongly declared their opinion to the same effect. Prosper Lucas, trusting largely to French authorities, has come to a similar conclusion. The

F879.1    Book:     Darwin, C. R. [1868]. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. With a preface by Asa Gray. New York: Orange Judd and Co. vol. 1.   Text   Image   PDF

breeds are the descendants of the common wild species. But from what we hear of the late marvellous success in rearing hybrids between the hare and rabbit,7 it is 3 Owen, British Fossil Mammals, P. 212. 4 Bechstein, Naturgesch. Deutschlands, 1801. b. i. p. 1183. I have received similar accounts with respect to England and Scotland. 5 Pigeons and Rabbits, by E. S. Delamer, 1854, p. 133. Sir J. Sebright (Observations on Instinct, 1836, p. 10) speaks most strongly on the difficulty. But this