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CUL-DAR73.21-22
Note:
1848.06.00
In wasps & Humble Bees in which (I believe) females at first work
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made to vary a very little by traditionary knowledge (where the society is perpetual) by force of circumstances. — But in case of to several species?? domestic Bees Melipomes of America still more of Ants Termites (the neuters of which are only soldiers) are we to suppose that the parent of each species had a female which was a worker. Surely all the species of ants were probably derived from a form in which the Queen Ant was not a worker so in Termites. How then have the neuters [continued on page
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CUL-DAR73.21-22
Note:
1848.06.00
In wasps & Humble Bees in which (I believe) females at first work
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of the several species of Ants and Termites acquired their different structures instincts, as they never breed ( even when converted into Queens by peculiar food this takes place in earliest growth). This shows that experience in the neuters plays no part in the change — it is not hereditary habit, but hereditary instinctive sports. [additional text on page 2] Are we to suppose that by sports the offspring neuters vary in instincts that those hives or nests whose neuters have some better
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CUL-DAR252.5
Draft:
[1850s--1890s?]
Catalogue of Charles Robert Darwin's pamphlet collection: Quarto
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generation, bearing on Pangenesis 649 Lowne on secretion for Swallow's nest from stomach 1659 w Lubbock leaves 709 Lubbock Sir J. Development of relationships 1114 LUBBOCK PLANTS INSECTS WEISMANN KERNER 507 Lubbock Sir J. Address. Entomol Soc. 1868 117. LUBBOCK HABITS OF ANTS 162. Lubbock - Nervous Systems of Coccus 1188 Lubbock Anatomy of Ants 425 Lubbock address Entomol. Soc. 1468 Lubbock Fruits Seeds 591 Lubbock Address on lower races of man 1513 Lubbock Address BA 1881 [62
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CUL-DAR252.5
Draft:
[1850s--1890s?]
Catalogue of Charles Robert Darwin's pamphlet collection: Quarto
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21 546 Hagens on mixed colonies of ants 278 Haliburton on Sucessing 28 Hamilton Address to Royal Geographical Society. 851 Hartmann Zeugung Vererbung 616 Hartmann Die Haussangethiere der Nillander 683 Hartmann Naturgent Milländer (Domestic animals 111 Hardback Deriviation of Man 1007 --- HARTUNG, G. ---- PHILOSIPHIE NAT-WISSENSCAFT 103 Harvey – On Algae of N. America 108 Harvey Remarkable Effect of Cross Breeding 807 Hasse C Morphologie des Gehörorganes 535 Hayden Yellowstone Missouri Rivers
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CUL-DAR252.5
Draft:
[1850s--1890s?]
Catalogue of Charles Robert Darwin's pamphlet collection: Quarto
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32 602 Maassen Number and variability of Butterflies 231 (bis) M'Andrew on comparative size of Shells 86 M'Andrew – Geographical Distribution of Testaceous Mollusca 1494 Mc Cook Ants 1494 258 Mac Donnell on Electrical organs 293 M' Donnell on Lepidorizen 1718 w Mac Donnel Vivisection 391 Macknight Madden True principles of Breeding 29 Maclaren – On Grooved Striated Rocks in middle Scotland = Maclay (Von Maklucho=) N. Papuans 584 M'Lenn [illeg] Worship of Animals Plants 928 Magnus Potato graft
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CUL-DAR252.5
Draft:
[1850s--1890s?]
Catalogue of Charles Robert Darwin's pamphlet collection: Quarto
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researches. 79 Forbes – On Investigation of British Marine Zoology by the Dredge 884 Forel (Aug) Polyergus rufescens 628 Forel Faux Abruisine Cyques 965. --- FOREL, A. ----- STUDIES ON ANTS 1875. [33
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1859 Pagets Lectures on Pathology Ch 1-3 Last [James Paget 1853] F. Smith Cat. of Ants in B. Mus. [Smith 1858] Zoologist Vol. — 1-4 [Zoologist] Jan 29 Griffiths Indian Travels. [Griffith 1847] March 10 Ellis 3 Visits to Madagascar [Ellis 1858] 16 Zoologist, up Vol. 14. 1856 [Zoologist] May 9th Voyage au Pol. Sud. Consid. Gen. Zoolog. Hombron Jackenot (miserable Book) [Hombron and Jacquinot 1846-54] 10 Blumenbach. Manuel d'Hist Nat. 1803 French (nothing) [Blumenbach 1803] Blumenbach, Johann
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CUL-DAR185.109a
Figure:
[[1858--1882.04.19]]
`christstmas piece', watercolour drawings, some on reverse of drafts and old notes by Darwin Charles Robert
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[5] [Folio] 23 Chap. VII Instinct. Slave-making instinct.— We will now turn to the extraordinary slave-making instinct of certain Ants. The Formica (Polyerges) rufescens, as was first discovered by Pierre Huber, a better observer even than his celebrated father, is absolutely dependent on its slaves. Without their aid the species in a single year would certainly become extinct. The males and females do no work: and the workers or sterile females, though most energetic and courageous in
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always go straight ahead if they meet a precipice go round it afterwards continue their course in same direction p. 80 if meet Boat in water they will crawl up one side out of other: are drowned by thousands in Lakes - always remain stationary during winter. Lloyd does not believe they enter water without they see the opposite shores after winter no one seems to know what becomes of them. Strange perverted instinct - this going straight shows instinct. Like ants in Brazil [78
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [154] Think over all cases of Stings to show unity of type. Spiders Hundred legs. Scorpion? — ovipositor — Snakes — teeth. Are Have common Spiders perforated m jaws? nettle stings — medusæ stings ants stinging with mouth many insects eject acid from mouth.— What structure of Sting Ray. ‒ Oct 17th /54
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60) but all of these very small dismal, several with only 1, 2, or 3 good seeds; this fact is very good evidence of necessity of insects visits: for thrips or ants c might convey a few grains of pollen.— On the other exposed plant, I now find 50 additional fine Pods. Aug 4th I today uncovered about 4 feet long of Early Emperor Pea, the plant was covered with splendid pods. (61 May 24— In last 10 days I have seen many small Bees of many Kinds going to Broom; they crawl into unopened flowers for
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F1684
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1855. Nectar-secreting organs of plants. Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette no. 29 (21 July): 487.
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of the Vetch. On a hot day, on each gland a minute drop of nectar may be seen almost with the naked eye, and which is sometimes so large as to be just perceptibly sweet. I have seen the hive and another species of bee, a moth, ants, and two kinds of flies, sucking these drops. The hive bee never once even looked at the flowers, but attended solely to the stipulæ; whereas, at the very same time, two kinds of humble bee were sucking the flowers, and never visited the stipulæ. I noticed the hive
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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foreign plants near Rio de Janeiro, the native ants found them out, used them, as European ants do their Aphides. /89 v/Ants guard their Aphides like we do our cattle; they confine the root-feeding species within their formicaries; still more wonderful, they take great care of the eggs of the Aphides, in order that they may be hatched soon, carry them about as Kirby witnessed, so as to be in the warmest places. Hence we see that man is not the only animal which keeps domesticated animals. (See
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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spot, during their whole lives, for at least forty years, inhabited by I should think, some hundreds of thousands of ants; yet these as in the case of smaller nests, immediately recognised attacked a stranger of the same species. Some ants, which I kept for 19 hours in a bottle then put back on their own nest were not attacked though some were threatened: the bottle used in this case smelt of physic, the ants must have been thus scented, as they were not withstanding this recognised by their
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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which have branched off from a common progenitor at an immensely remote period therefore can hardly owe this similar anomalous organ to community of descent will be hereafter considered. Neuter Insects. We now come to our last by far most difficult case of transition, namely the existence amongst wasps, bees, ants termites of neuters, or sterile females, which often differ in structure instincts from their parents, which cannot themselves propagate their kind. We here encounter an accumulation
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Origin First edition Natural Selection CHAPTER VII Instinct Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin 207 466-7 208 469, 477-8 Instincts graduated . 209 477, 480 Aphids and ants 210 480, 382 Instincts variable 211 * Domestic instincts, their origin 212 491, 495-7, 505, 517-19 213 482-3 214 484-5, 489-90 215 489, 487 Natural instincts, of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees 216 487 217 506-7 218 508-10 Slave-making ants 219 511 220 512 221 * 222 * 223 511-12 Hive-bee
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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smaller, a nurse builder.1 How can we make this fact accord with our theory of natural selection? But first let us take the case of neuter-ants, in which analogous facts are more strongly displayed. / 64/In Ants the case is reversed as compared with Hive-Bees, for their neuters, in differing from the fertile females, differ in an extraordinary manner from the typical structure of their sub-order, namely in being always wingless, in the very peculiar shape of their thorax, in the frequent
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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British Ants alone we have some with all the neuters in the same nest quite uniform in size structure; others with neuters of two classes differing slightly in size not apparently in habits3 as in Formica flava; others in size colour somewhat in habits as in F. sanguinea, and ac-companied by slight differences in shape of thorax as in F. nigra. In many ants the neuters are quite destitute of the ocelli, which are present in the perfect sexes; in the smaller neuters of F. flava the ocelli are only
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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case, moreover, is of great interest, for it clearly shows that the Lamarckian doctrine of all modifications of structure being acquired through habits, being then propagated, is false; for whatever may have been the habits of life/58/of our neuters, they never leave, (at least in ants) offspring to inherit the effects of habit or practice. For my own part, though I do not doubt that use disuse may affect structures be inherited, yet long before thinking of this case of neuter-insects I had
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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of an extraordinary size. This principle of selection, namely not of the individual which cannot breed, but of the family which produced such individual, has I believe been followed by nature in regard to the neuters amongst social insects; the selected characters being attached exclusively not only to one sex, which is a circumstance of the commonest occurrences, but to a peculiar sterile state of one sex. Now to take the case of neuter ants, which neuters differ more from their parents than
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