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CUL-DAR73.21-22
Note:
1848.06.00
In wasps & Humble Bees in which (I believe) females at first work
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of the several species of Ants and Termites acquired their different structures instincts, as they never breed ( even when converted into Queens by peculiar food this takes place in earliest growth). This shows that experience in the neuters plays no part in the change — it is not hereditary habit, but hereditary instinctive sports. [additional text on page 2] Are we to suppose that by sports the offspring neuters vary in instincts that those hives or nests whose neuters have some better
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1859 Pagets Lectures on Pathology Ch 1-3 Last [James Paget 1853] F. Smith Cat. of Ants in B. Mus. [Smith 1858] Zoologist Vol. — 1-4 [Zoologist] Jan 29 Griffiths Indian Travels. [Griffith 1847] March 10 Ellis 3 Visits to Madagascar [Ellis 1858] 16 Zoologist, up Vol. 14. 1856 [Zoologist] May 9th Voyage au Pol. Sud. Consid. Gen. Zoolog. Hombron Jackenot (miserable Book) [Hombron and Jacquinot 1846-54] 10 Blumenbach. Manuel d'Hist Nat. 1803 French (nothing) [Blumenbach 1803] Blumenbach, Johann
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CUL-DAR185.109a
Figure:
[[1858--1882.04.19]]
`christstmas piece', watercolour drawings, some on reverse of drafts and old notes by Darwin Charles Robert
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[5] [Folio] 23 Chap. VII Instinct. Slave-making instinct.— We will now turn to the extraordinary slave-making instinct of certain Ants. The Formica (Polyerges) rufescens, as was first discovered by Pierre Huber, a better observer even than his celebrated father, is absolutely dependent on its slaves. Without their aid the species in a single year would certainly become extinct. The males and females do no work: and the workers or sterile females, though most energetic and courageous in
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always go straight ahead if they meet a precipice go round it afterwards continue their course in same direction p. 80 if meet Boat in water they will crawl up one side out of other: are drowned by thousands in Lakes - always remain stationary during winter. Lloyd does not believe they enter water without they see the opposite shores after winter no one seems to know what becomes of them. Strange perverted instinct - this going straight shows instinct. Like ants in Brazil [78
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [154] Think over all cases of Stings to show unity of type. Spiders Hundred legs. Scorpion? — ovipositor — Snakes — teeth. Are Have common Spiders perforated m jaws? nettle stings — medusæ stings ants stinging with mouth many insects eject acid from mouth.— What structure of Sting Ray. ‒ Oct 17th /54
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60) but all of these very small dismal, several with only 1, 2, or 3 good seeds; this fact is very good evidence of necessity of insects visits: for thrips or ants c might convey a few grains of pollen.— On the other exposed plant, I now find 50 additional fine Pods. Aug 4th I today uncovered about 4 feet long of Early Emperor Pea, the plant was covered with splendid pods. (61 May 24— In last 10 days I have seen many small Bees of many Kinds going to Broom; they crawl into unopened flowers for
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F1684
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1855. Nectar-secreting organs of plants. Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette no. 29 (21 July): 487.
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of the Vetch. On a hot day, on each gland a minute drop of nectar may be seen almost with the naked eye, and which is sometimes so large as to be just perceptibly sweet. I have seen the hive and another species of bee, a moth, ants, and two kinds of flies, sucking these drops. The hive bee never once even looked at the flowers, but attended solely to the stipulæ; whereas, at the very same time, two kinds of humble bee were sucking the flowers, and never visited the stipulæ. I noticed the hive
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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foreign plants near Rio de Janeiro, the native ants found them out, used them, as European ants do their Aphides. /89 v/Ants guard their Aphides like we do our cattle; they confine the root-feeding species within their formicaries; still more wonderful, they take great care of the eggs of the Aphides, in order that they may be hatched soon, carry them about as Kirby witnessed, so as to be in the warmest places. Hence we see that man is not the only animal which keeps domesticated animals. (See
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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spot, during their whole lives, for at least forty years, inhabited by I should think, some hundreds of thousands of ants; yet these as in the case of smaller nests, immediately recognised attacked a stranger of the same species. Some ants, which I kept for 19 hours in a bottle then put back on their own nest were not attacked though some were threatened: the bottle used in this case smelt of physic, the ants must have been thus scented, as they were not withstanding this recognised by their
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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which have branched off from a common progenitor at an immensely remote period therefore can hardly owe this similar anomalous organ to community of descent will be hereafter considered. Neuter Insects. We now come to our last by far most difficult case of transition, namely the existence amongst wasps, bees, ants termites of neuters, or sterile females, which often differ in structure instincts from their parents, which cannot themselves propagate their kind. We here encounter an accumulation
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Origin First edition Natural Selection CHAPTER VII Instinct Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin 207 466-7 208 469, 477-8 Instincts graduated . 209 477, 480 Aphids and ants 210 480, 382 Instincts variable 211 * Domestic instincts, their origin 212 491, 495-7, 505, 517-19 213 482-3 214 484-5, 489-90 215 489, 487 Natural instincts, of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees 216 487 217 506-7 218 508-10 Slave-making ants 219 511 220 512 221 * 222 * 223 511-12 Hive-bee
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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smaller, a nurse builder.1 How can we make this fact accord with our theory of natural selection? But first let us take the case of neuter-ants, in which analogous facts are more strongly displayed. / 64/In Ants the case is reversed as compared with Hive-Bees, for their neuters, in differing from the fertile females, differ in an extraordinary manner from the typical structure of their sub-order, namely in being always wingless, in the very peculiar shape of their thorax, in the frequent
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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British Ants alone we have some with all the neuters in the same nest quite uniform in size structure; others with neuters of two classes differing slightly in size not apparently in habits3 as in Formica flava; others in size colour somewhat in habits as in F. sanguinea, and ac-companied by slight differences in shape of thorax as in F. nigra. In many ants the neuters are quite destitute of the ocelli, which are present in the perfect sexes; in the smaller neuters of F. flava the ocelli are only
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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case, moreover, is of great interest, for it clearly shows that the Lamarckian doctrine of all modifications of structure being acquired through habits, being then propagated, is false; for whatever may have been the habits of life/58/of our neuters, they never leave, (at least in ants) offspring to inherit the effects of habit or practice. For my own part, though I do not doubt that use disuse may affect structures be inherited, yet long before thinking of this case of neuter-insects I had
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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of an extraordinary size. This principle of selection, namely not of the individual which cannot breed, but of the family which produced such individual, has I believe been followed by nature in regard to the neuters amongst social insects; the selected characters being attached exclusively not only to one sex, which is a circumstance of the commonest occurrences, but to a peculiar sterile state of one sex. Now to take the case of neuter ants, which neuters differ more from their parents than
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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extinct species being of course excluded) and to those alone inhabiting Europe. I will, therefore, make very few remarks under the present head, but will choose the two cases, which seem to have struck all observers with the utmost astonishment; namely the slave-making expeditions of certain ants, the comb-making powers of the Hive-bee./ 88/Slave-making ants have been found in Europe, S. America India. But the habits of only two species, in Europe, have been carefully observed. The workers of
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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of nature, which consequently cannot have derived the peculiarity from community of descent. The Molothrus (a bird something like a starling) of/103/N. S. America has precisely the same habits with the Cuckoo; but parasitism is so common throughout nature that this coincidence is not very surprising. The parallelism in instinct between White-ants, belonging to the Neuroptera ants, belonging to the Hymenoptera is a far more wonderful fact; but the parallelism seems to be very far from close
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Wesmael, M. Working and sugar-storing neuters of Myrmeco cystus, 369 n 1 Westwood, John Obadiah Ants, neuter: Gradation in size in Driver ants, 372; Ponera lack ocelli and compound eyes, 368 n 2; Resemble females of non-social Mutillidae, 368; Slaves replace worker class in Polyergus rufescens, 373 n 6 Bees: Parasitic with perfect, unused, jaws, 348 n 2; Two neuter classes in a Bombus (Newport), 273 Cicada, sound-producing apparatus, 361 Difficulty of identifying species of large genera, 147
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A2919
Periodical contribution:
Wollaston, T. V. 1856. Capture of a coleopterous genus new to the British fauna [during a visit to Darwin]. Zoologist 14: 5178.
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hue (the result perhaps of immaturity) than that species as indicated in the diagnosis. Like so many of the Aleocharini, it seems to be an attendant upon ants; and it was from beneath a stone, overtopping a colony of the Formica fusca, that my example was taken. The chalky slopes in that immediate vicinity would appear to be rich in Coleoptera; for, although nominally not collecting at the time, I noticed several species which I do not often observe elsewhere: I may mention, inter alia
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F1583
Book:
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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so brilliantly coloured, without, as far as we can see, any direct relation to its habits. A great physiologist supposes that glow-worms shine that birds may find devour them! The aphis excretes a sweet fluid, highly useful to ants, necessary, I presume, to those species which keep the root-feeding aphides in their subterranean nests; but must we infer from this, that aphides were created for the sake of the Ants? An acute observer supposes that the nectar of flowers was created specially for
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