F376    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 2d ed., second issue.   Text   Image   PDF

their parents, has originated. We can see how useful their production may have been to a social community of insects, on the same principle that the division of labour is useful to civilised man. As ants work by inherited instincts and by inherited organs or tools, and not by acquired knowledge and manufactured instruments, a perfect division of labour could be effected with them only by the workers being sterile; for had they been fertile, they would have intercrossed, and their instincts and

F20    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.   Text   Image   PDF

the individual insects; for on this it is that the most striking character in the entomology of different countries depends. The orders Orthoptera and Hemiptera are particularly numerous; as likewise is the stinging division of the Hymenoptera; the bees, perhaps, being excepted. A person, on first entering a tropical forest, is astonished at the labours of the ants: well-beaten paths branch off in every direction, on which an army of never-failing foragers may be seen, some going forth, * I may

F376    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 2d ed., second issue.   Text   Image   PDF

cold climates, 133. ——, blind, in caves, 137. ——, extinct, of Australia, 339. Anomma, 240. Antarctic islands, ancient flora of, 399. Antirrhinum, 161. Ants attending aphides, 210. ——, slave-making instinct, 219. ——, neuter, structure of, 236. Aphides, attended by ants, 210. Aphis, development of, 442. Apteryx, 182. Arab horses, 35. Aralo-Caspian Sea, 339. Archiac, M. de, on the succession of species, 325. Artichoke, Jerusalem, 142. Ascension, plants of, 389. Asclepias, pollen of, 193. Asparagus

F380    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented.   Text   Image   PDF

perfect The law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence embraced by the theory of Natural Selection, 154 CHAPTER VII. INSTINCT. Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin Instincts graduated Aphides and ants Instincts variable Domestic instincts, their origin Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees Slave-making ants Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct Difficulties on the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts Neuter or sterile insects Summary

F380    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented.   Text   Image   PDF

not pretend to conjecture. But as ants, which are not slave-makers, will, as I have seen, carry off pup of other species, if scattered near their nests, it is possible that pup originally stored as food might become developed; and the ants thus unintentionally reared would then follow their proper instincts, and do what work they could. If their presence proved useful to the species which had seized them if it were more advantageous to this species to capture workers than to procreate them the

F380    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented.   Text   Image   PDF

had been continually selected, which produced more and more of the smaller workers, until all the workers had come to be in this condition; we should then have had a species of ant with neuters very nearly in the same condition with those of Myrmica. For the workers of Myrmica have not even rudiments of ocelli, though the male and female ants of this genus have well-developed ocelli. I may give one other case: so confidently did I expect to find gradations in important points of structure between

CUL-DAR60.1.5-12    Abstract:    [Undated]   Nitschke T `Botanische Zeitung' 1860: 229   Text   Image

p 247 (a) heat on more than absolute heat, so that same day, so more sensitive in midday than during morning or evening — Less sensitive during Autumn.— Too great warmth makes them leaves torpid — The Activity seems to depend on the processes of life gong on vigorously rather than on the power of direct temperature.— p 247 (b) Drosera does not sleep.— p. 248 (a) living ants caused move the nascent tentacles to bend in 5' — the marginal ones began bending in 10' it was 1° before, they reached

F380    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented.   Text   Image   PDF

distinct Kitty-wrens, a habit wholly unlike that of any other known bird. Finally, it may not be a logical deduction, but to my imagination it is far more satisfactory to look at such instincts as the young cuckoo ejecting its foster brothers, ants making slaves, the larv of ichneumonid feeding within the live bodies of caterpillars, not as especially endowed or created instincts, but as small consequences of one general law, leading to the advancement of all organic beings, namely, multiply, vary

F376    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 2d ed., second issue.   Text   Image   PDF

number of instincts have been acquired by habit in one generation, and then transmitted by inheritance to succeeding generations. It can be clearly shown that the most wonderful instincts with which we are acquainted, namely, those of the hive-bee and of many ants, could not possibly have been thus acquired. It will be universally admitted that instincts are as important as corporeal structure for the welfare of each species, under its present conditions of life. Under changed conditions of life, it

F376    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 2d ed., second issue.   Text   Image   PDF

case of F. rufescens) their slaves in their jaws. Another day my attention was struck by about a score of the slave-makers haunting the same spot, and evidently not in search of food; they approached and were vigorously repulsed by an independent community of the slave-species (F. fusca); sometimes as many as three of these ants clinging to the legs of the slave-making F. sanguinea. The latter ruthlessly killed their small opponents, and carried their dead bodies as food to their nest, twenty-nine