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F376
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 2d ed., second issue.
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their fertile offspring a tendency to produce sterile members having the same modification. And I believe that this process has been repeated, until that prodigious amount of difference between the fertile and sterile females of the same species has been produced, which we see in many social insects. But we have not as yet touched on the climax of the difficulty; namely, the fact that the neuters of several ants differ, not only from the fertile females and males, but from each other, sometimes
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F376
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 2d ed., second issue.
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smaller workers had been the most useful to the community, and those males and females had been continually selected, which produced more and more of the smaller workers, until all the workers had come to be in this condition; we should then have had a species of ant with neuters very nearly in the same condition with those of Myrmica. For the workers of Myrmica have not even rudiments of ocelli, though the male and female ants of this genus have well-developed ocelli. I may give one other case
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F376
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 2d ed., second issue.
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workers, by my giving not the actual measurements, but a strictly accurate illustration: the difference was the same as if we were to see a set of workmen building a house of whom many were five feet four inches high, and many sixteen feet high; but we must suppose that the larger workmen had heads four instead of three times as big as those of the smaller men, and jaws nearly five times as big. The jaws, moreover, of the working ants of the several sizes differed wonderfully in shape, and in
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F376
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 2d ed., second issue.
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one of the most curious of these is the existence of two or three defined castes of workers or sterile females in the same community of ants; but I have attempted to show how this difficulty can be mastered. With respect to the almost universal sterility of species when first crossed, which forms so remarkable a contrast with the almost universal fertility of varieties when crossed, I must refer the reader to the recapitulation of the facts given at the end of the eighth chapter, which seem to me
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A14
Review:
Murray, Andrew. 1860. On Mr Darwin's theory of the origin of species. (Read 20 February) Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 4: 274-291.
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to give as showing the alteration of structure in a type consequent upon different physical conditions of life. The Colaptes, although allied to the woodpeckers, differ from them in mode of life, inasmuch as they feed upon ants; and, in structure, inasmuch as not requiring that most essential part of the organisation of a woodpecker (its peculiar hammering bill and strong tail) they do not possess them, while they retain the peculiar tongue and accessory muscles still necessary for securing
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A15
Review:
[Bowen, Francis]. 1860. [Review of] On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. North American Review. 90: 474-506.
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conscious cause, wholly out of line with such as succeeded in founding a permanent family. But the large drafts which this theory makes upon our credulity may be more clearly shown by looking at its application to a special case, that of instinct. Mr. Darwin maintains that the most complex and wonderful instincts, such as that of the hive-bee in constructing its cells, and that of certain ants in becoming slaveholders, and thus having all their wants supplied by borrowed labor, have originated
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A15
Review:
[Bowen, Francis]. 1860. [Review of] On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. North American Review. 90: 474-506.
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most complex instincts are found in very low structural forms. For the most marvellous cases we must descend to the Articulata, to bees, ants, spiders, and the like. No instinct even comparable to theirs can be found in the two higher classes of Mollusks and Vertebrates; and even in this last class, few will dispute that the instincts of birds are more intricate, far-reaching, and wonderful than those of mammals. Dr. Holland was led to notice this fact when speaking of the inverse perfection of
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A253
Review:
[Morris, John.] 1860. [Review of] On the origin of species. Dublin Review 48: 50-81.
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validity of his argument, and are not led away by the attractive candour with which he admits the weight of the difficulties he has to encounter. He carefully examines into the case of neuter or unfertile insects, which are of course unable to perpetuate their own peculiarities; and he comes to the conclusion that even in the striking instances in which the working ants differ from one another be much as to be divided into two or even three castes, the principles of variation that he has laid
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A253
Review:
[Morris, John.] 1860. [Review of] On the origin of species. Dublin Review 48: 50-81.
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different sizes, yet they graduate insensibly into each other. In fact no one who is convinced by Mr. Darwin's previous proofs and reasoning, will be long delayed by the curious case of sterile insects. For our part we must say that we see no improbability in all the various species of ants on the face of the earth having descended from a common stock, or in all the species of bees and wasps being in the same relationship to one another, we can readily join our author in the retrospect which
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A30
Review:
[Owen, Richard]. 1860. [Review of Origin & other works]. Edinburgh Review, 111: 487-532.
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membranes. Mr. Darwin has by no means limited himself to dissections of dead animals, but has devoted much time to observation of the living. Desirous of testing the truth of the assertions respecting the slave-making ants (Formica sanguinea), he opened fourteen nests of that species and found a few slaves in all. Males and fertile females of the slave species (Formica fusca) are found only in their proper communities, and have never been observed in the nests of F. sanguinea. The slaves are black
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A30
Review:
[Owen, Richard]. 1860. [Review of Origin & other works]. Edinburgh Review, 111: 487-532.
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, what an enormous series of 'slight modifications of structure and instinct' must have rolled, snow-ball like, along the articulate line of departure, to have accumulated, according to 'natural selection,' in the Apis mellifica, which in the days of Moses exercised as now their structures and instincts in the 'land flowing with milk and honey!' So also in the family of ants, the neuters or sterile females form, in certain species, two, or even three castes, soldiers, workers, nurses. In
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F20
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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CHAPTER II. Rio de Janeiro Excursion north of Cape Frio Great Evaporation Slavery Botofogo Bay Terrestrial Planari Clouds on the Corcovado Heavy Rain Musical Frogs Phosphorescent Insects Elater, springing powers of Blue Haze Noise made by a Butterfly Entomology Ants Wasp killing a Spider Parasitical Spider Artifices of an Epeira Gregarious Spider Spider with an unsymmetrical Web. RIO DE JANEIRO. April 4th to July 5th, 1832. A few days after our arrival I became acquainted with an Englishman
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F20
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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remarkable, compared with those of Europe, from the whiteness of their trunks. I see by my notebook, wonderful and beautiful, flowering parasites, invariably struck me as the most novel object in these grand scenes. Travelling onwards we passed through tracts of pasturage, much injured by the enormous conical ants' nests, which were nearly twelve feet high. They gave to the plain exactly the appearance of the mud volcanos at Jorullo, as figured by Humboldt. We arrived at Engenhodo after it was
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F20
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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wall. By this means many insects were fairly enclosed; and the efforts which the poor little creatures made to extricate themselves from such a death were wonderful. When the ants came to the road they changed their course, and in narrow files reascended the wall. Having placed a small stone so as to intercept one of the lines, the whole body attacked it, and then immediately retired. Shortly afterwards another body came to the charge, and again having failed to make any impression, this line of
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F20
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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cliffs of stratified shingle, or by bare rocky mountains. Above the straight line of the uppermost irrigating ditch, all is brown as on a high road; while all below is of as bright a green as verdigris, from the beds of alfarfa, a kind of clover. We proceeded to Los Hornos, another mining district, where the principal hill was drilled with holes, like a great ants'-nest. The Chilian miners are a peculiar race of men in their habits. Living for weeks together in the most desolate spots, when they
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F20
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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only to that height to which the surf can throw fragments of coral, and the wind heap up calcareous sand. The solid flat * The thirteen species belong to the following orders: In the Coleoptera, a minute Elater; Orthoptera, a Gryllus and a Blatta; Hemiptera, one species; Homoptera, two; Neuroptera, a Chrysopa; Hymenoptera, two ants: Lepidoptera nocturna, a Diop a, and a Pterophorus (?); Diptera, two species. Kotzebue's First Voyage, vol. iii., p. 222. [page] 457 THE SETTLEMENT. 1836
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F20
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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Animalcul , see Infusoria Antarctic islands, 248 Antipodes, 417 Ants at Keeling island, 456 in Brazil, 34 Apires, or miners, 340 Aplysia, 6 Apple-trees, 297 Aptenodytes demersa, 199 Areas of alternate movements in the Pacific and Indian oceans, 480 Armadilloes, habits of, 95 , fossil animals allied to, 130, 155 Arrow-heads, ancient, 105, 357 Ascension, 491 Aspalax, blindness of, 52 Athene, 70, 125 Atolls, 465 Attagis, 94 Atwater, Mr., on the prairies, 118 Audubon, M., on smelling-power of
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F376
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 2d ed., second issue.
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, 392. Horner, Mr., on the antiquity of Egyptians, 18. Horns, rudimentary, 454. Horse, fossil, in La Plata, 318. Horses destroyed by flies in La Plata, 72. ——, striped, 163. ——, proportions of, when young, 444. Horticulturists, selection applied by, 32. Huber on cells of bees, 230. ——, P., on reason blended with instinct, 208. ——, on habitual nature of instincts, 208. ——, on slave-making ants, 219. ——, on Melipona domestica, 225. Humble-bees, cells of, 225. Hunter, J., on secondary sexual
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F380
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented.
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and then transmitted by inheritance to succeeding generations. It can be clearly shown that the most wonderful instincts with which we are acquainted, namely, those of the hive-bee and of many ants, could not possibly have been thus acquired. It will be universally admitted that instincts are as important as corporeal structure for the welfare of each species, under its present conditions of life. Under changed conditions of life, it is at least possible that slight modifications of instinct
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F380
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented.
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. We shall, perhaps, best understand how instincts in a state of nature have become modified by selection, by considering a few cases. I will select only three, out of the several which I shall have to discuss in my future work, namely, the instinct which leads the cuckoo to lay her eggs in other birds' nests; the slave-making instinct of certain ants; and the comb-making power of the hivebee: these two latter instincts have generally, and most justly, been ranked by naturalists as the most
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