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F655
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1862. De l'origine des espèces ou des lois du progrès chez les êtres organisés. Translated and with preface and notes by Mlle Clémence-Auguste Royer. Paris: Guillaumin et Cie.
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nombreuses migrations r ciproques, les types les plus faibles c deront la place des formes dominantes, de sorte qu'il ne peut y avoir rien d'immuable dans les lois de la distribution pass e ou actuelle des formes de la vie. On demandera peut tre, par mani re de raillerie, si je suppose que le M gatherium et d'autres g ants semblables ont laiss derri re eux dans l'Am rique du Sud, comme [page] 47
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The stigma projects so much cd hardly be fertilised withot insects:— Projects out of Bud! (suppose we knew that 2 workers common ants were all bred from same parents yet these 3 kinds paired with their own males in same communing 3 different communities, with the males intercrossing all equally produced the 3 kinds of males females: then we shd have the astonishing case of Lythrum.) (Perhaps it will prove no difference in fertility only mechanical arrangement of position to favour
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CUL-DAR27.2.A1-A54
Draft:
[1864]
On the sexual relations of the three forms of Lythrum salicaria
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have called complemental males; we have, as Mr. Wallace has lately shown, the females of certain Lepidoptera existing under three distinct forms; but in none of these cases is there any reason to suppose suspect that there is more than one female or one male sexual element. With certain insects, as low as with ants in which there exist besides males females, two or three castes of workers, we have a slightly nearer approach to our case, for the workers are so far sexually affected, as to have been
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F1731
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1864. On the sexual relations of the three forms of Lythrum salicaria. [Read 16 June] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 8: 169-196, 1 text figure.
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certain insects, as with Ants, in which there exist, besides males and females, two or three castes of workers, we have a slightly nearer approach to our case, for the workers are so far sexually affected as to have been rendered sterile. With plants, at least with phanerogamic plants, we have not that wonderful series of successive developmental forms so common with animals; nor could this be expected, as plants are fixed to one spot from their birth, and must be adapted throughout life to the same
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A564.1
Review:
[DuBois Henry A.] 1865. The origin and antiquity of man: Darwin, Huxley and Lyell [part I]. American Quarterly Church Review, and Ecclesiastical Register 17 (2) (July): 169-197.
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expression, is offered as a full and logical solution of the whole difficulty. We will give but two instances, out of a host. The constant re-production, in every community of bees and ants, of working neuters, presenting a fixed structure different from their parents, is a mystery which is fatal to his hypothesis; for this peremptorily demands that the acquisition and perpetuation of any given form, shall be the effect of direct inheritance. His hypothesis, therefore, will not apply to those forms the
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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to my imagination it is far more satisfactory to look at such instincts as the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers, ants making slaves, the larv of ichneumonid feeding within the live bodies of caterpillars, not as specially endowed or created instincts, but as small consequences of one general law, leading to the advancement of all organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let the strongest live and the weakest die. O 2 [page] 29
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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yielding, as was first observed by Huber, their sweet excretion to ants: that they do so voluntarily, the following facts show. I removed all the ants from a group of about a dozen aphides on a dock-plant, and prevented their attendance during several hours. After this interval, I felt sure that the aphides would want to excrete. I watched them for some time through a lens, but not one excreted; I then tickled and stroked them with a hair in the same manner, as well as I could, as the ants do
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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Smith. Although so small a species, it is very courageous, and I have seen it ferociously attack other ants. In one instance I found to my surprise an independent community of F. flava under a stone beneath a nest of the slave-making F. sanguinea; and when I had accidentally disturbed both nests, the little ants attacked their big neighbours with surprising courage. Now I was curious to ascertain whether F. sanguinea could distinguish the pup of F. fusca, which they habitually make into slaves
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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Existence embraced by the theory of Natural Selection.. .. .. .. .. .. .. Page 199-247 CHAPTER VII. INSTINCT. Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin Instincts graduated Aphides and ants Instincts variable Domestic instincts, their origin Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees Slave-making ants Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct Changes of instinct and structure not necessarily simultaneous Difficulties on the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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CHAPTER VII. INSTINCT. Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin Instincts graduated Aphides and ants Instincts variable Domestic instincts, their origin Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees Slave-making ants Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct Changes of instinct and structure not necessarily simultaneous Difficulties on the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts Neuter or sterile insects Summary. THE subject of instinct might have been
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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. fusca); sometimes as many as three of these ants clinging to the legs of the slave-making F. sanguinea. The latter ruthlessly killed their small opponents, and carried their dead bodies as food to their nest, twenty-nine yards distant; but they were prevented from getting any pup to rear as slaves. I then dug up a small parcel of the pup of F. fusca from another nest, and put them down on a bare spot near the place of combat; they were eagerly seized and carried off by the tyrants, who perhaps
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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nest to collect building materials and food for themselves, their slaves and larv . So that the masters in this country receive much less service from their slaves than they do in Switzerland. By what steps the instinct of F. sanguinea originated I will not pretend to conjecture. But as ants, which are not slave-makers, will, as I have seen, carry off pup of other species, if scattered near their nests, it is possible that such pup originally stored as food might become developed; and the foreign
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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tendency to produce sterile members having the same modification. And I believe that this process has been repeated, until that prodigious amount of difference between the fertile and sterile females of the same species has been produced, which we see in so many social insects. But we have not as yet touched on the climax of the difficulty; namely, the fact that the neuters of several ants differ, not only from the fertile females and males, but from each other, sometimes to an almost incredible
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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, that if the smaller workers had been the most useful to the community, and those males and females had been continually selected, which produced more and more of the smaller workers, until all the workers had come to be in this condition; we should then have had a species of ant with neuters very nearly in the same condition with those of Myrmica. For the workers of Myrmica have not even rudiments of ocelli, though the male and female ants of this genus have well-developed ocelli. I may give
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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can see how useful their production may have been to a social community of ants, on the same principle that the division of labour is useful to civilised man. Ants, however, work by inherited instincts and by inherited organs or tools, whilst man works by acquired knowledge and manufactured instruments. But I must confess, that, with all my faith in natural selection, I should never have anticipated that this principle could have been efficient in so high a degree, had not the case of these
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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, 167. of Australia, 129. with thicker fur in cold climates, 159. , blind, in caves, 164. , extinct, of Australia, 406. Anomma, 287. Antarctic islands, ancient flora of, 474. Ants attending aphides, 252. , slave-making instinct, 264. , neuter, structure of, 283. Aphides, attended by ants, 252. Aphis, development of, 523. Apteryx, 210. Arab horses, 37. Aralo-Caspian Sea, 407. Archeopteryx, 367. Archiac, M. de, on the succession of species, 389. Artichoke, Jerusalem, 169. Ascension, plants of, 464
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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Shells, littoral, seldom embedded, 347. , fresh-water, long retain the same forms, 402. , fresh-water, dispersal of, 459. of Madeira, 465. , land, distribution of, 471. , land, resisting salt-water, 472. Silene, infertility of crosses, 304. Silliman, Prof., on blind rat, 164. Sitaris, metamorphosis of, 530. Skulls of young mammals, 235, 515. Slave-making instinct, 264. Smith, Col. Hamilton, on striped horses, 192. , Mr. Fred., on slave-making ants, 264. , on neuter ants, 286. , Mr., of Jordan
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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trimorphic animals and plants which have been studied are not now connected together by intermediate links, it is probable that this will be found to occur in other cases; for Mr. Wallace observed a certain butterfly which presented in the same island a great range of varieties connected by intermediate links, and the extreme links of the chain closely resembled the two forms of an allied dimorphic species inhabiting another part of the Malay archipelago. Thus also with ants, the several worker
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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three years old with wonderfully little practice, had played a tune with no practice at all, he might truly be said to have done so instinctively. But it would be the most serious error to suppose that the greater number of instincts have been acquired by habit in one generation, and then transmitted by inheritance to succeeding generations. It can be clearly shown that the most wonderful instincts with which we are acquainted, namely, those of the hive-bee and of many ants, could not possibly have
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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her eggs in other birds' nests; the slave-making instinct of certain ants; and the comb-making power of the hive-bee: these two latter instincts have generally, and most justly, been ranked by naturalists as the most wonderful of all known instincts. Instincts of the Cuckoo. It is now commonly admitted that the more immediate and final cause of the most remarkable of the instincts of the cuckoo is, that she lays her eggs, not daily, but at intervals of two or three days; so that, if she were to
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