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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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ants. How the workers have been rendered sterile is a difficulty; but not much greater than that of any other striking modification of structure; for it can be shown that some insects and other articulate animals in a state of nature occasionally become sterile; and if such insects had been social, and [page] 28
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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it had been profitable to the community that a number should have been annually born capable of work, but incapable of procreation, I can see no very great difficulty in this being effected by natural selection. But I must pass over this preliminary difficulty. The great difficulty lies in the working ants differing widely from both the males and the fertile females in structure, as in the shape of the thorax, and in being destitute of wings and sometimes of eyes, and in instinct. As far as
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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insects out of Europe have been carefully examined. Mr. F. Smith has shown how surprisingly the neuters of several British ants differ from each other in size and sometimes in colour; and that the extreme forms can sometimes be perfectly linked together by individuals taken out of the same nest: I have myself compared perfect gradations of this kind. It often happen that the larger or the smaller sized workers are the most numerous; or that both large and small are numerous, with those of an
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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the theory of natural selection; and one of the most curious of these is the existence of two or three defined castes of workers or sterile females in the same community of ants; but I have attempted to show how these difficulties can be mastered. With respect to the almost universal sterility of species when first crossed, which forms so remarkable a contrast with the almost universal fertility of varieties when crossed, I must refer the reader to the recapitulation of the facts given at the end
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F385
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed. 8th thousand.
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. Horticulturists, selection applied by, 34. Huber, on cells of bees, 275. , P., on reason blended with instinct, 249. , on habitual nature of instincts, 249. , on slave-making ants, 264. , on Melipona domestica, 270. Humble-bees, cells of, 270. Hunter, J., on secondary sexual characters, 178. Hutton, Captain, on crossed geese, 301. Huxley, Prof., on structure of hermaphrodites, 113. , on embryological succession, 406. , on homologous organs, 517. , on the development of aphis, 523. Hybrids and mongrels
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [4.5] Coleoptera Hesperidum by T. V. Wollaston. 1867. p. XII. The insects of several isld of Cape de Verdes very similar: but in some genera p XVII Especially some of the commonest indigenous genera each isld has its representative species, so close, that even W. is obliged to admit that probably formed by isolation c. — It frequently happens that the same species is common on one isld rare on another. p XXV a blind beetle, which inhabits ants' nest
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F2098
Book contribution:
Conway, Moncure Daniel. 1905. [Recollection of Darwin in 1867]. In Conway. Autobiography: memories and experiences. 2 vols. London: Cassell and Co, vol. 2, pp. 324-7.
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, conducted their experiments with ants. But Darwin was at that time chiefly occupied with the earthworm, his volume on which impresses me as next to his Origin of Species in value. Darwin's unbelief in all varieties of religious theory was not at that time known to me. Although a letter of his, afterwards printed, shows that he must have thought my vision of a Post-Darwinite religion an illusion, no word of that kind fell from him. His kindly spirit, his interest in the ideas animating liberal ministers
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A272
Review:
[Wallace, Alfred Russel]. 1867. [Review of Origin 4th edn] Mimicry, and other protective resemblances among animals. Westminster and foreign quarterly review 88, no. 173, n.s. 32 No.1 (1 July): 1-43.
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they are reared. Mr. Bates informs us that he found numbers of these cuckoo -bees and flies on the Amazon, which all wore the livery of working bees peculiar to the same country. There is a genus of small spiders in the tropics which feed on ants, and they are exactly like ants themselves, which no doubt gives them more opportunity of seizing their prey; and Mr. Bates found on the Amazon a species of Mantis which exactly resembled the white ants which it had fed upon, as well as several species
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A272
Review:
[Wallace, Alfred Russel]. 1867. [Review of Origin 4th edn] Mimicry, and other protective resemblances among animals. Westminster and foreign quarterly review 88, no. 173, n.s. 32 No.1 (1 July): 1-43.
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continue their action almost unchecked. It is perhaps in insects that we may best study the varied means by which animals are defended, or concealed. One of the uses of the phosphorescence with which many insects are furnished, is probably to frighten away their enemies; for Kirby and Spence state that a ground beetle (Carabus) has been observed running round and round a luminous centipede as if afraid to attack it. An immense number of insects have stings, and some stingless ants of the genus
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A272
Review:
[Wallace, Alfred Russel]. 1867. [Review of Origin 4th edn] Mimicry, and other protective resemblances among animals. Westminster and foreign quarterly review 88, no. 173, n.s. 32 No.1 (1 July): 1-43.
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means for the continuance of the race. Many of the flesh-flies, gnats, ants, palm-tree weevils and locusts are in this category. The whole family of Cetoniad or rose chafers, so full of gaily-coloured species, are probably saved from attack by a combination of characters. They fly very rapidly with a zigzag or waving course; they hide themselves the moment they alight, either in the corolla of flowers or in rotten wood or in cracks and hollows of trees, and they are generally encased in a very
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A272
Review:
[Wallace, Alfred Russel]. 1867. [Review of Origin 4th edn] Mimicry, and other protective resemblances among animals. Westminster and foreign quarterly review 88, no. 173, n.s. 32 No.1 (1 July): 1-43.
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species of Longicorns of the genus Oberea, when on the wing exactly resemble Tentbredinid , and many of the small species of Hesthesis run about on timber, and cannot be distinguished from ants. There is one genus of South American Longicorns that appears to mimic the shielded bugs of the genus Scutellera. The Gymnocerus capucinus is one of these, and is very like Pachyotris fabricii, one of the Scutellerid . The beautiful Gymnocerus dulcissimus is also very like the same group of insects, though
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F877.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.
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of thousands of ants; but the strangers were instantly detected and killed. I then put some ants taken from a very large nest into a bottle strongly perfumed with assafœtida, and after an interval of twenty-four hours returned them to their home; they were at first threatened by their fellows, but were soon recognised and allowed to pass. Hence each ant certainly recognises, independently of odour, its fellow; and if all the ants of the same community have not some countersign or watch-word
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F878.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.
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of thousands of ants; but the strangers were instantly detected and killed. I then put some ants taken from a very large nest into a bottle strongly perfumed with assaf tida, and after an interval of twenty-four hours returned them to their home; they were at first threatened by their fellows, but were soon recognised and allowed to pass. Hence each ant certainly recognises, independently of odour, its fellow; and if all the ants of the same community have not some countersign or watchword
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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parentage. It may be so; it may be otherwise. It may be an analogy no more implying kinship than the fact of ants making slaves of other ants (and these the block ants!) implies a kinship with men. Given an organisation which in the two nations is alike, and a history which is in certain characteristics analogous, there must inevitably result religious and social institutions having a corresponding resemblance. I do not wish to imply that the researches of philologists and ethnologists are
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A1013.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 2.
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of European sago-cake, which the inhabitants of those remote regions are obliged to use in the absence of the genuine article. My pursuits were of course utterly beyond their comprehension. They continually asked me what white people did with the birds and insects I took so much care to preserve. If I only kept what was beautiful, they might perhaps comprehend it; but to see ants and flies and small ugly insects put [page] 13
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A1013.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 2.
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fowls, which have baskets hung for them to lay in under the eaves, and who sleep on the ridge, and several half-starved wolfish-looking dogs. Instead of rats and mice there are curious little marsupial animals about the same size, which run about at night and nibble anything eatable that may be left uncovered. Four or five different kinds of ants attack everything not isolated by water, and one kind even swims across that; great spiders lurk in baskets and boxes, or hide in the folds of my
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A1013.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 2.
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of the boxes I had left in charge of Herr Warzbergen, a colony of small ants had settled and deposited millions of eggs. It was luckily a fine hot day, and by carrying the box some distance from the house, and placing every article in the sunshine for an hour or two, I got rid of them without damage, as they were fortunately a harmless species. Dobbo now presented an animated appearance. Five or six new houses had been added to the street; the praus were all brought round to the western side of
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A1013.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 2.
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visited have I encountered more privations and annoyances. Continual rain, continual sickness, little wholesome food, with a plague of ants and flies, surpassing anything I had before met with, required all a naturalist's ardour to encounter; and when they were uncompensated by great success in collecting, became all the more insupportable. This long-thought-of and much-desired voyage to New Guinea had [page] 32
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A1013.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 2.
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assistance of eight of the Sultan's men, got all my stores and furniture carried up and pretty comfortably arranged. A rough bamboo bedstead was soon constructed, and a table made of boards which I had brought with me, fixed under the window. Two bamboo chairs, an easy cane chair, and hanging shelves suspended with insulating oil cups, so as to be safe from ants, completed my furnishing arrangements. In the afternoon succeeding my arrival, the Secretary [page] 3
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A1013.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 2.
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storm and rain at sea, and we arrived at Awaiya late in the evening, with all our baggage drenched, and ourselves thoroughly uncomfortable. All the time I had been in Ceram I had suffered much from the irritating bites of an invisible acarus, which is worse than mosquitoes, ants, and every other pest, because it is impossible to guard against them. This last journey in the forest left me covered from head to foot with inflamed lumps, which, after my return to Amboyna, produced a serious
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