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A1013.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 2.
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in the earthen floor, and had my comfortable rattan-chair for a seat. A line across one corner carried my daily-washed cotton clothing, and on a bamboo shelf was arranged my small stock of crockery and hardware. Boxes were ranged against the thatch walls, and hanging shelves, to preserve my collections from ants while drying, were suspended both without and within the house. On my table lay books, penknives, scissors, pliers, and pins, with [page] 13
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A1013.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 2.
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realized none of my expectations. Instead of being far better than the Aru Islands, it was in almost everything much worse. Instead of producing several of the rarer Paradise birds, I had not even seen one of them, and had not obtained any one superlatively fine bird or insect. I cannot deny, however, that Dorey was very rich in ants. One small black kind was excessively abundant. Almost every shrub and tree was more or less infested with it, and its large papery nests were everywhere to be
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A1013.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 2.
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. More than a hundred years later Mr. William Funnel, who accompanied Dampier, and wrote an account of the voyage, saw specimens at Amboyna, and was told that they came to Banda to eat nutmegs, which intoxicated them and made them fall down senseless, when they were killed by ants. Down to 1760, when Linnæus named the largest species, Paradisea apoda (the footless Paradise Bird), no perfect specimen had been seen in Europe, and absolutely nothing was known about them. And even now, a hundred years
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A1013.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 2.
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very numerous. Their note is, Wawk-wawk-wawk W k, w k-w k, and is so loud and shrill as to be heard a great distance, and to form the most prominent and characteristic animal sound in the Aru Islands. The mode of nidification is unknown; but the natives told me that the nest was formed of leaves placed on an ant's nest, or on some projecting limb of a very lofty tree, and they believe that it contains only one young bird. The egg is quite unknown, and the natives declared they had never seen it
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A1013.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 2.
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; cause of the tremendous surf at, 253, 254. Anchors of the Malays, ii. 376, 377. Andaman Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, ii. 453. Animal life, luxuriance and beauty of, in the Moluccas, ii. 155. Animals, distribution of, the key to facts in the past history of the earth, i. 225 233, 316 330; geographical distribution of, ii. 292, 293. Anonaceous trees in Borneo, i. 129. Anthribidæ, species of, ii. 32. Ants, noxious, ii. 258; at Dorey, tormented by, 328. Ape, the Siamang, i. 208. Arabs in
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A1013.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 2.
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. Insects at the Simunjon coal works, i. 56, 57; in Timor, 296 298; ants, 342; successful collection of, 364 366, 376, 377, 409; in Celebes, 436; comparison of, with other districts, 438 447; in Amboyna, 464; collecting of, ii. 30, 31; astonishment of the natives on observing, 31; scarcity of, 56, 57; great variety of, 68; of the Moluccas, 153, 155; beauty and numbers of, ib.; bargaining for, with tobacco, 187; irritation caused by, 250; the pests of the tropical forests, 251; curious ones at Dorey
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F877.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., first issue. vol. 2.
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; changed fleece of sheep in, i. 98. Antirrhinum majus, peloric, i. 365; ii. 59, 70, 166; double-flowered, ii. 167; bud-variation in, i. 381. ANTS, individual recognition of, ii. 251. APES, anthropomorphous, ii. 123. APHIDES, attacking pear-trees, ii. 231; development of, ii. 361-362. APOPLEXY, hereditary, occurring at a certain age, ii. 78. APPLE, i. 348-350; fruit of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 317; rendered fastigate by heat in India, i. 361; bud-variation in the, i. 376; with dimidiate fruit, i
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F878.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 1st ed., second issue. vol. 2.
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majus, peloric, i. 365; ii. 59, 70, 166; double-flowered, ii. 167; bud-variation in, i. 381. ANTS, individual recognition of, ii. 251. APES, anthropomorphous, ii. 123. APHIDES, attacking pear-trees, ii. 231; development of, ii. 361-362. APOPLEXY, hereditary, occurring at a certain age, ii. 78. APPLE, i. 348-350; fruit of, in Swiss lakedwellings, i. 317; rendered fastigate by heat in India, i. 361; bud-variation in the, i. 376; with dimidiate fruit, i. 392-393; with two kinds of fruit on the same
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CUL-DAR47.24
Note:
1868.06.06
Add to when I speak of honey secreting bracts of Leguminosae
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [24] June 6/68/ Add to when I speak of honey secreting by bracts of Leguminosæ, — glands on under sides of leaf, near base near midrib of common laurel, which secretes minute drop of sweet fluid. visited by Hive Bee Ants
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F3380
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1908. [Letter to Richard Spruce, 1869]. In R. Spruce, Notes of a botanist on the Amazon and Andes. Edited by Alfred Russel Wallace. 2 vols. London, vol. 2, pp. 384-6.
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belong, from some secretion. Thirdly, I admit, from the generality of the sacs in certain species, and from your not having observed ants in certain cases (though may not the ants have paid previous visits?), that the sacs are probably inherited. But I cannot feel satisfied on this head. Have any of these plants produced their sacs in European hot-houses? Or have you observed the commencement of the sacs in young and unfolded leaves which could not possibly have been visited by the ants? If you
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F387
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 5th ed. Tenth thousand.
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At the same time I laid on the same place a small parcel of the pup of another species, F. flava, with, a few of these little yellow ants still clinging to the fragments of their nest. This species is sometimes, though rarely, made into slaves, as has been described by Mr. Smith. Although so small a species, it is very courageous, and I have seen it ferociously attack other ants. In one instance I found to my surprise an independent community of F. flava under a stone beneath a nest of the
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F387
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 5th ed. Tenth thousand.
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to my imagination it is far more satisfactory to look at such instincts as the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers, ants making slaves, the larv of ichneumonid feeding within the live bodies of caterpillars, not as specially endowed or created instincts, but as small consequences of one general law, leading to the advancement of all organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let the strongest live and the weakest die. [page] 29
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F3380
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1908. [Letter to Richard Spruce, 1869]. In R. Spruce, Notes of a botanist on the Amazon and Andes. Edited by Alfred Russel Wallace. 2 vols. London, vol. 2, pp. 384-6.
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [page] 384 CHAPTER XXIV ANTS AS MODIFIERS OF PLANT-STRUCTURE (THE paper which forms the greater part of this chapter was written during the first few years after Spruce's return to England, and at a time when he had probably not seen, and had certainly not carefully read, the Origin of Species, the teachings of which at a later period he fully appreciated. At this period he accepted—as did almost all naturalists, including Darwin himself—what is
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F387
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 5th ed. Tenth thousand.
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yielding, as was first observed by Huber, their sweet excretion to ants: that they do so voluntarily, the following facts show. I removed all the ants from a group of about a dozen aphides on a dock-plant, and prevented their attendance during several hours. After this interval, I felt sure that the aphides would want to excrete I watched them for some time through a lens, but not one excreted; I then tickled and stroked them with a hair in the same manner, as well as I could, as the ants do
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A1013.1
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 1.
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more than usual difficulties. One small room had to serve for eating sleeping and working, for storehouse and dissecting-room; in it were no shelves, cupboards, chairs or tables; ants swarmed in every part of it, and dogs, cats and fowls entered it at pleasure. Besides this it was the parlour and reception-room of my host, and I was obliged to consult his convenience and that of the numerous guests who visited us. My principal piece of furniture was a box, which served me as a dining-table, a
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F387
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 5th ed. Tenth thousand.
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different in their origin Instincts graduated Aphides and ants Instincts variable Domestic instincts, their origin Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees Slave-making ants Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct Changes of instinct and structure not necessarily simultaneous Difficulties of the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts Neuter or sterile insects Summary .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 255-298 CHAPTER VIII. HYBRIDISM. Distinction between the sterility of first crosses and of
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F387
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 5th ed. Tenth thousand.
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CHAPTER VII. INSTINCT. Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin Instincts graduated Aphides and ants Instincts variable Domestic instincts, their origin Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees Slave-making ants Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct Changes of instinct and structure not necessarily simultaneous Difficulties of the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts Neuter or sterile insects Summary. INSTINCTS might have been worked into the
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A1013.1
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan and Co. vol. 1.
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house, being particularly anxious about my insect treasures, I suspended the box from a bamboo on which I could detect no sign of ants, and then began skinning some of my birds. During my work I often glanced at my precious box to see that no intruders had arrived, till after a longer spell of work than usual I looked again, and saw to my horror that a column of small red ants were descending the string and entering the box. They were already busy at work at the bodies of my treasures, and
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F387
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 5th ed. Tenth thousand.
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I will not pretend to conjecture. But as ants, which are not slave-makers, will, as I have seen, carry off pup of other species, if scattered near their nests, it is possible that such pup originally stored as food might become developed; and the foreign ants thus unintentionally reared would then follow their proper instincts, and do what work they could. If their presence proved useful T 2 [page] 27
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F387
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 5th ed. Tenth thousand.
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a sort of honey, supplying the place of that excreted by the aphides, or the domestic cattle as they may be called, which our European ants guard and imprison. It will indeed be thought that I have an overweening confidence in the principle of natural selection, when I do not admit that such wonderful and well-established facts at once annihilate the theory. In the simpler case of neuter insects all of one caste, which, as I believe, have been rendered different from the fertile males and
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