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F387
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 5th ed. Tenth thousand.
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. Horticulturists, selection applied by, 34. Huber, on cells of bees, 282. , P., on reason blended with instinct, 256. , on habitual nature of instincts, 256. , on slave-making ants, 271. , on Melipona domestica, 277. Humble-bees, cells of, 277. Hunter, J., on secondary sexual characters, 186. Hutton, Captain, on crossed geese, 307. Huxley, Prof., on structure of hermaphrodites, 116. , on forms connecting birds and reptiles, 403. , on homologous organs, 520. , on the development of aphis, 526. [page
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F1748
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1869. Notes on the fertilization of orchids. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4th ser. 4 (September): 141-159.
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their foreheads. Several smaller flies (Cœlopa frigida) were also seen entering and leaving the flowers, with pollen-masses adhering rather irregularly to the dorsal surface of the thorax. Three or four distinct kinds of Hymenoptera (one of small size being Crabro brevis) likewise visited the flowers; and three of these Hymenoptera had pollen-masses attached to their backs. Other still more minute Diptera, Coleoptera, and ants were seen sucking the nectar; but these insects appeared to be too
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CUL-DAR63-65
Note:
1870--1882
[Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]
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[in margin:] (Worms) Proctor — Pleasant Ways in Science. 1879 p. 379 on accumulation of Dust, I must discuss — enormously exaggerated. Began with St Jago, then go on to Pampas. Finally tilled fields — bare mountains arid countries give rise to mush dust. I must allow [more] to dust, then I have. (old Ruin wd catch dust) — Also on Larvae of insects as well as ants. [CUL-DAR63.64
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CUL-DAR63-65
Note:
1870--1882
[Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]
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(2) draw them into any way to near burrows then perceive by trench which is bent in the end or gently try to insert them if they will not go in wall ( then will apply the petiole end of leaves) try some other methods. The latter contingency is the most probable; but even this shows intelligence, for generally the ordinary instructive actions of most animals are passed in the most senseless manner — Thus — ants (worm wiser than Sphex) I have said intelligence — give [illeg] — Romanes I think
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nine months. My own I had a dog, who was savage averse to all strangers, knew me after an interval of five absence of five years and two days, I purposely tested him. I went to the stable called in my former usual manner, he showed no joy, but but he showed his recognition not by any joy, but by [illeg]followed going a walk with me when I called him by obeying me, as if obeyed me, exactly as if I had parted from him only half-an-hour before. (a) (text) Even ants, as P. Huber *(b) has clearly
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CUL-DAR63-65
Note:
1870--1882
[Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]
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p. 33. Ch 2. After ants dgm Mr. Fabre in his interesting Souvenirs Entomologiques stated that a Sphex, — an insect belonging to same highly endowed order with ants — usually drags to its by the antennæ a kind of grasshopper after paralyzing it. Now when Mr. Fabre cut off the antennæ Palpi, the sphex had not the sense to drag the insect by one its legs gave up the task as hopeless. So again when Mr Fabre removed the palpi grasshopper from the cell, the Sphex chew it up because there was papæ at
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UCL-PEARSON-10.3
Draft:
[1870--1871]
Draft of Descent, chap. 1 folio 16, chap. 5 folio 1, chap. 6 folios 1-2.
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ants, as P. Huber*(b) has clearly shewn, recognised their fellow-ants from the same community after an interval of four months. Animals can certainly A train of [bottom of page excised] [1
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CUL-DAR63-65
Note:
1870--1882
[Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]
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enormous colonies of ants, probably they are hostile to worms, if so the wall must have been down before the colonies formed. — Some castings close round edge of stone. — So bring the stone to level of field supposing ants to be about wd require about 35 x 4 [=] 140 years. The process cd probably go on slower as stone sank, so say 200 years: (over) [CUL-DAR64.2.35-36_004
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [36] (7 Chapt II (The lower animals (like man) are capable of feeling like man pain pleasure pain, happiness misery. Happiness is never better exhibited by than by when by young animals, such as puppies, kittens, lambs, c when playing when playing together. Even insects enjoy play, as has been described by that excellent observer P. Huber *(2), who saw ants chasing pretending to bite each other, like so many puppies puppies. It is notorious that the
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more difficulty in believing that the effects of the continued rising use of the vocal mental organs would be inherited, than in the case of hand-writing, which partly depends on the structure of the hand, partly on the disposition of the person, being inherited, as this is hand-writing is certainly the case inherited. *(31) We can see why the how it is happened that once formed the vocal organs have been which are now employed perpetuated for speech first came to be thus first used. Ants have
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partly on the structure of the hand and partly on the disposition of the mind; and hand-writing is certainly inherited.39 Why the organs now used for speech should have been originally perfected for this purpose, rather than any other organs, it is not difficult to see. Ants have considerable powers of intercommunication by means of their antennæ, as shewn by Huber, who devotes a whole chapter to their language. We might have used our fingers as efficient instruments, for a person with practice can
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F937.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 1.
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mind that insects belonging to this Order have the power of recognising each other after long intervals of time, and are deeply attached. For instance, Pierre Huber, whose accuracy no one doubts, separated some ants, and when after an interval of four months they met others which had formerly belonged to the same community, they mutually recognised and caressed each other with their antenn . Had they been strangers they would have fought together. Again, when two communities engage in a battle
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F937.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 2.
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; compression of nose by, ii. 352. HOUSE-SLAVES, difference of, from field-slaves, i. 246. HUBER, P., on ants playing together, i. 39; on memory in ants, i. 45; on the intercommunication of ants, i. 58; on the recognition of each other by ants after separation, i. 365. HUC, on Chinese opinions of the appearance of Europeans, ii. 345. HUMAN kingdom, i. 186. HUMAN sacrifices, i. 68. HUMANITY, unknown among some savages, i. 94; deficiency of, among savages, i. 101. HUMBOLDT, A. von, on the rationality of
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F937.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 1.
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half-an-hour before. A train of old associations, dormant during five years, had thus been instantaneously awakened in his mind. Even ants, as P. Huber12 has clearly shewn, recognised their fellow-ants belonging to the same community after a separation of four months. Animals can certainly by some means judge of the intervals of time between recurrent events. The Imagination is one of the highest prerogatives of man. By this faculty he unites, independently of the will, former images and ideas
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F937.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 1.
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analogous facts with insects, in which the cerebral ganglia are of extraordinary dimensions in ants; these ganglia in all the Hymenoptera being many times larger than in the less intelligent orders, such as beetles.69 On the other hand, no one supposes that the intellect of any two animals or of any two men can be accurately gauged by the cubic contents of their skulls. It is certain that there may be extraordinary mental activity with an extremely small absolute mass of nervous matter: thus the
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F937.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 1.
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powers of a female ant, would require, as Pierre Huber has shewn, a large volume; I may, however, briefly specify a few points. Ants communicate information to each other, and several unite for the same work, or games of play. They recognise their fellow-ants after months of absence. They build great edifices, keep them clean, close the doors in the evening, and post sentries. They make roads, and even tunnels under rivers. They collect food for the community, and when an object, too large for
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F937.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 1.
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excited by the more brilliant males; for on any other supposition the males would be ornamented, as far as we can see, for no purpose. We know that ants and certain lamellicorn beetles are capable of feeling an attachment for each other, and that ants recognise their fellows after an interval of several months. Hence there is no abstract improbability in the Lepidoptera, which probably stand nearly or quite as high in the scale as these insects, having sufficient mental capacity to admire bright
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F3621
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1953. [Letter to J. T. Moggridge, 22 June [1871]]. Sotheby & Co. Catalogue of valuable printed books autograph letters, historical documents, etc. 6 July. London.
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [page] 209 DARWIN (Charles) Interesting A.L.s., 5 1/2 pp., 8vo, Down, 22 Tune [1871], to Traherne Moggridge, referring to Moggridge's investigations on ants, and his own experiments with the fertilization of plants; also another A.L.s. of the same, one page, 8vo, 20 January 1881, concerning a pension for A. R. Wallace (2) ... I like to try experiments with only the ghost of a chance of success; so that I had intended (but failed from the plant being
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F937.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 2.
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certain persons, ii. 110. ANTS, i. 186; playing together, i. 39; memory in, i. 45; intercommunication of, by means of the antenn , i. 58; large size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. 145; soldier-, large jaws of; i. 155; difference of the sexes in, i. 365; recognition of each other by, after separation, i. 365. ANTS, White, habits of, i. 364. ANURA, ii. 25. Apatania muliebris, male unknown, i. 314. Apathus, difference of the sexes in, i. 366. Apatura Iris, i. 386, 388. APES, anthropomorphous, i. 196
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F937.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 1.
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, which induce slight variations or individual differences in other parts of the body; and these variations, owing to our ignorance, are often said to arise spontaneously. We can, I think, come to no other conclusion with respect to the origin of the more complex instincts, when we reflect on the marvellous instincts of sterile worker-ants and bees, which leave no offspring to inherit the effects of experience and of modified habits. Although a high degree of intelligence is certainly compatible with
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