Search Results - The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online

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F387 Book: Darwin, C. R. 1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 5th ed. Tenth thousand. Text Image PDF

opposed to the theory of natural selection; and one of the most curious of these is the existence of two or three defined castes of workers or sterile female ants in the same community; but I have attempted to show how these difficulties can be mastered. With respect to the almost universal sterility of species when first crossed, which forms so remarkable a contrast with the almost universal fertility of varieties when crossed, I must refer the reader to the recapitulation of the facts given at

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F387 Book: Darwin, C. R. 1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 5th ed. Tenth thousand. Text Image PDF

. Horticulturists, selection applied by, 34. Huber, on cells of bees, 282. , P., on reason blended with instinct, 256. , on habitual nature of instincts, 256. , on slave-making ants, 271. , on Melipona domestica, 277. Humble-bees, cells of, 277. Hunter, J., on secondary sexual characters, 186. Hutton, Captain, on crossed geese, 307. Huxley, Prof., on structure of hermaphrodites, 116. , on forms connecting birds and reptiles, 403. , on homologous organs, 520. , on the development of aphis, 526. [page

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CUL-DAR133.14.1 Printed: 1869.04.00 Review of Lyell C `Principles of geology' 10th edition, and `Elements of geology' 6th edition `Quarterly Review' 126: 359-394 Text Image PDF

, crickets, white ants, and such extremely specialised forms of beetles as Curculionidæ and Scarabæidæ! If the development theory be true, these facts compel us to the conclusion that the ages since the carboniferous formation, vast though they are, can [page] 39

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CUL-DAR196.1.2 Printed: 1869.09.00 Darwin, C. R. 1869. Notes on the fertilization of orchids. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4th ser. 4 (September). [1-19] (offprint) Text Image PDF

their foreheads. Several smaller flies (Cœlopa frigida) were also seen entering and leaving the flowers, with pollen-masses adhering rather irregularly to the dorsal surface of the thorax. Three or four distinct kinds of Hymenoptera (one of small size being Crabro brevis) likewise visited the flowers; and three of these Hymenoptera had pollen-masses attached to their backs. Other still more minute Diptera, Coleoptera, and ants were seen sucking the nectar; but these insects appeared to be too

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CUL-DAR70.134-142 Printed: [1869.09.00] Orchids `Annals and Magazine of Natural History' September 1869: [1-19] Text Image PDF

their foreheads. Several smaller flies (Cœlopa frigida) were also seen entering and leaving the flowers, with pollen-masses adhering rather irregularly to the dorsal surface of the thorax. Three or four distinct kinds of Hymenoptera (one of small size being Crabro brevis) likewise visited the flowers; and three of these Hymenoptera had pollen-masses attached to their backs. Other still more minute Diptera, Coleoptera, and ants were seen sucking the nectar; but these insects appeared to be too

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F1748 Periodical contribution: Darwin, C. R. 1869. Notes on the fertilization of orchids. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4th ser. 4 (September): 141-159. Text Image PDF

their foreheads. Several smaller flies (Cœlopa frigida) were also seen entering and leaving the flowers, with pollen-masses adhering rather irregularly to the dorsal surface of the thorax. Three or four distinct kinds of Hymenoptera (one of small size being Crabro brevis) likewise visited the flowers; and three of these Hymenoptera had pollen-masses attached to their backs. Other still more minute Diptera, Coleoptera, and ants were seen sucking the nectar; but these insects appeared to be too

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CUL-DAR63-65 Note: 1870--1882 [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.] Text Image

[in margin:] (Worms) Proctor — Pleasant Ways in Science. 1879 p. 379 on accumulation of Dust, I must discuss — enormously exaggerated. Began with St Jago, then go on to Pampas. Finally tilled fields — bare mountains arid countries give rise to mush dust. I must allow [more] to dust, then I have. (old Ruin wd catch dust) — Also on Larvae of insects as well as ants. [CUL-DAR63.64

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CUL-DAR.LIB.653 Printed: 1870 Contributions to the theory of natural selection. London: Macmillan & Co. London Text

informs us that he found numbers of these cuckoo bees and flies on the Amazon, which all wore the livery of working bees peculiar to the same country. There is a genus of small spiders in the tropics which feed on ants, and they are exactly like ants themselves, which no doubt gives them more opportunity of seizing their prey; and Mr. Bates found on the Amazon a species of Mantis which exactly resembled the white ants which it fed upon, as well as several species of crickets (Scaphura), which

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CUL-DAR63-65 Note: 1870--1882 [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.] Text Image

(2) draw them into any way to near burrows then perceive by trench which is bent in the end or gently try to insert them if they will not go in wall ( then will apply the petiole end of leaves) try some other methods. The latter contingency is the most probable; but even this shows intelligence, for generally the ordinary instructive actions of most animals are passed in the most senseless manner — Thus — ants (worm wiser than Sphex) I have said intelligence — give [illeg] — Romanes I think

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CUL-DAR63-65 Note: 1870--1882 [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.] Text Image

p. 33. Ch 2. After ants dgm Mr. Fabre in his interesting Souvenirs Entomologiques stated that a Sphex, — an insect belonging to same highly endowed order with ants — usually drags to its by the antennæ a kind of grasshopper after paralyzing it. Now when Mr. Fabre cut off the antennæ Palpi, the sphex had not the sense to drag the insect by one its legs gave up the task as hopeless. So again when Mr Fabre removed the palpi grasshopper from the cell, the Sphex chew it up because there was papæ at

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UCL-PEARSON-10.3 Draft: [1868--1870] Draft of Descent, chap. 1 folio 16, chap. 5 folio 1, chap. 6 folios 1-2. Text Image

ants, as P. Huber*(b) has clearly shewn, recognised their fellow-ants from the same community after an interval of four months. Animals can certainly A train of [bottom of page excised] [1

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CUL-DAR63-65 Note: 1870--1882 [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.] Text Image

enormous colonies of ants, probably they are hostile to worms, if so the wall must have been down before the colonies formed. — Some castings close round edge of stone. — So bring the stone to level of field supposing ants to be about wd require about 35 x 4 [=] 140 years. The process cd probably go on slower as stone sank, so say 200 years: (over) [CUL-DAR64.2.35-36_004

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CUL-DAR.LIB.653 Printed: 1870 Contributions to the theory of natural selection. London: Macmillan & Co. London Text

); and no less than six European Water-beetles, of the genus Dytiscus, have females of two forms, the most common having the elytra deeply sulcate, the rarer smooth as in the males. The three, and sometimes four or more, forms under which many Hymenopterous insects (especially Ants) occur, must be considered as a related phenomenon, though here each form is specialized to a distinct function in the economy of the species. Among the higher animals, albinoism and melanism may, as I have already

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CUL-DAR.LIB.653 Printed: 1870 Contributions to the theory of natural selection. London: Macmillan & Co. London Text

V. ON INSTINCT IN MAN AND ANIMALS. THE most perfect and most striking examples of what is termed instinct, those in which reason or observation appear to have the least influence, and which seem to imply the possession of faculties farthest removed from our own, are to be found among insects. The marvellous constructive powers of bees and wasps, the social economy of ants, the careful provision for the safety of a progeny they are never to see manifested by many beetles and flies, and the

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CUL-DAR.LIB.653 Printed: 1870 Contributions to the theory of natural selection. London: Macmillan & Co. London Text

cealed. One of the uses of the phosphorescence with which many insects are furnished, is probably to frighten away their enemies; for Kirby and Spence state that a ground beetle (Carabus) has been observed running round and round a luminous centipede as if afraid to attack it. An immense number of insects have stings, and some stingless ants of the genus Poly-rachis are armed with strong and sharp spines on the back, which must render them unpalatable to many of the smaller insectivorous birds

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CUL-DAR.LIB.653 Printed: 1870 Contributions to the theory of natural selection. London: Macmillan & Co. London Text

many of the perfect insect may be destroyed, there is always ample means for the continuance of the race. Many of the flesh flies, gnats, ants, palm-tree weevils and locusts are in this category. The whole family of Cetoniadæ or rose chafers, so full of gaily-coloured species, are probably saved from attack by a combination of characters. They fly very rapidly with a zigzag or waving course; they hide themselves the moment they alight, either in the corolla of flowers, or in rotten wood, or in

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CUL-DAR.LIB.653 Printed: 1870 Contributions to the theory of natural selection. London: Macmillan & Co. London Text

the abdomen connected with the thorax by a pedicel, rendering the deception most complete and striking. Many Eastern species of Longicorns of the genus Oberea, when on the wing exactly resemble Tenthredinidæ, and many of the small species of Hesthesis run about on timber, and cannot be distinguished from ants. There is one genus of South American Longicorns that appears to mimic the shielded bugs of the genus Scutellera. The Gymnocerous capucinus is one of these, and is very like Pachyotris

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CUL-DAR.LIB.653 Printed: 1870 Contributions to the theory of natural selection. London: Macmillan & Co. London Text

the materials of a nest? Consequently, they all lay in holes of trees, the tops of rotten stumps, or in deserted ants' nests, the soft materials of which they can easily hollow out. Many terns and sandpipers lay their eggs on the bare sand of the sea-shore, and no doubt the Duke of Argyll is correct when he says, that the cause of this habit is not that they are unable to form a nest, but that, in such situations, any nest would be conspicuous and lead to the discovery of the eggs. The choice

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CUL-DAR.LIB.653 Printed: 1870 Contributions to the theory of natural selection. London: Macmillan & Co. London Text

alike, and this is the case in the most gorgeous families, the lories, the cockatoos, and the macaws; but in some there is a sexual difference of colour to a slight extent. All build in holes, mostly in trees, but sometimes in the ground, or in white ants' nests. In the single case in which the nest is exposed, that of the Australian ground parrot, Pezoporus formosus, the bird has lost the gay colouring of its allies, and is clothed in sombre and completely protective tints of dusky green and

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CUL-DAR.LIB.653 Printed: 1870 Contributions to the theory of natural selection. London: Macmillan & Co. London Text

HERBERT, Rev. W., on song of birds, 221. HESPERIDæ, probable means of protection of, 176. HESTHESIS, longicorns resembling ants, 96. Hestia leucono , 180. HEWITSON, Mr., 131. HIPPARION, 299. HIPPOTHERIUM, 299. HISPIDæ, imitated by Longicorns, 92. HOLOTHURIDæ, 258. Homalocranium semicinctum, 101. HOOKER, Dr., on the value of the specific term, 165. HOUSES of American and Malay races contrasted, 213. HUXLEY, Professor, on Physical Basis of Life, 362; on volition, 368. HYæNICTIS, 300. HYBERNIA