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F937.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 1.
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than any other organs, it is not difficult to see. Ants have considerable powers of intercommunication by means of their antenn , as shewn by Huber, who devotes a whole chapter to their language. We might have used our fingers as efficient instruments, for a person with practice can report to a deaf man every word of a speech rapidly delivered at a public meeting; but the loss of our hands, whilst thus employed, would have been a serious inconvenience. As all the higher mammals possess vocal
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F937.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 1.
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insects many remarkable structures, which are of little or no service to the individual or its own offspring, such as the pollen-collecting apparatus, or the sting of the worker-bee, or the great jaws of soldier-ants, have been thus acquired. With the higher social animals, I am not aware that any structure has been modified solely for the good of the community, though some are of secondary service to it. For instance, the horns of ruminants and the great canine teeth of baboons appear to have
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F937.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 1.
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observed by Mr. MacLachlan to fight together, except, as he believes, in the case of some of the smaller species of Agrion. In another very distinct group in this Order, namely in the Termites or white ants, both sexes at the time of swarming may be seen running about, the male after the female, sometimes two chasing one female, and contending with great eagerness who shall win the prize. 52 Order, Hymenoptera. That inimitable observer, M. Fabre,53 in describing the habits of Cerceris, a wasp-like
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F937.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 2.
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deserves notice that we here find the intellectual faculties developed, but in two very distinct lines, to the highest standard, namely in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, c.) amongst the Arthropoda, and in the Mammalia, including man, amongst the Vertebrata. In the most distinct classes of the animal kingdom, [page] 397 AND CONCLUDING REMARKS. CHAP. XXI
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F937.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 2.
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the ruting season, ii. 274. PORES, excretory, numerical relation of, to the hairs in sheep, i. 248. Porpit bright colours of Some, i. 322. Portax picta, dorsal crest and throat-tuft of, ii. 282; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 287, 299. Portunus puber, pugnacity of, i. 332. Potamochoerus penicillatus, tusks and facial knobs of the, ii. 266. POUCHET, G., on the ratio of instinct and intelligence, i. 37; on the instincts of ants, i. 187; on the caves of Abou-Simbel, i. 217; on the immunity of
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F937.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. vol. 2.
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African lizards, ii. 37; on fighting gnus, ii. 240; on the horns of rhinoceroses, ii. 248; on the fighting of lions, ii. 266; on the colours of the Cape Eland, ii. 288; on the colours of the gnu, ii. 289; on Hottentot notions of beauty, ii. 345. SMITH, F., on the Cynipid and Tenthredinid , i. 314; on the relative size of the sexes of Aculeate Hymenoptera, i. 347; on the difference between the sexes of ants and bees, i. 365; on the stridulation of Trox sabulosus, i. 380; on the stridulation of
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generally received with respect. There was no difficulty in admitting his generalizations about bees, ants, pigeons, dogs, and animals generally. No one, however, who has studied his work carefully could have been deceived as to the place at which he was bound finally to pull up. The Descent of Man is nothing but the sequel to the 'Origin of Species yet now that we have it in black and white, most people will start back with horror from his conclusions. When he came to generalise on ourselves, a
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F2042
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man. (from advance-sheets of Darwin's new work.) Appletons' Journal 5 (98) (11 February): 171-173.
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soldier-ants, have been thus acquired. With the higher social animals, I am not aware that any structure has been modified solely for the good of the community, though some are of secondary service to it. For instance, the horns of ruminants, and the great canine teeth of baboons appear to have been acquired by the males as weapons for sexual strife, but they are used in defence of the herd or troop. In regard to certain mental faculties the case, as we shall see in the following chapter, is wholly
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A69
Review:
Mivart, St. George Jackson. 1871. [Review of] The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex. Quarterly Review. 131 (July): 47-90.
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descend to the invertebrata, and what do we find? a restriction of their quasi-mental faculties proportioned to their constantly inferior type of structure? By no means. We find, e.g., in ants, phenomena which simulate those of an intelligence such as ours far more than do any phenomena exhibited by the highest beasts. Ants display a complete and complex political organization, classes of beings socially distinct, war resulting in the capture of slaves, and the appropriation and maintenance of
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A69
Review:
Mivart, St. George Jackson. 1871. [Review of] The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex. Quarterly Review. 131 (July): 47-90.
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evidence of their possession of reason, then, far from agreeing with Mr. Darwin, we should say that ants also are rational animals, and that, while considered from the anatomical stand-point they would be insects, from that of their rationality they would rank together with man in a kingdom apart of 'rational animals'. Really, however, there is no tittle of evidence that ants possess the reflective, self-conscious, deliberate faculty; while the perfection of their instincts is a most powerful argument
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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ferociously attack other ants. In one instance I found to my surprise an independent community of F. flava under a stone beneath a nest of the slave-making F. sanguinea; and when I had accidentally disturbed both nests, the little ants attacked their big neighbours with surprising courage. Now I was curious to ascertain whether F. sanguinea could distinguish the pupæ of F. fusca, which they habitually make into slaves, from those of the little and furious F. flava, which they rarely capture, and
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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changed functions — Widely different organs in members of the same class, developed from one and the same source — Reasons for disbelieving in great and abrupt modifications .. Page 168-204 CHAPTER VIII. INSTINCT. Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin — Instincts graduated — Aphides and ants — Instincts variable — Domestic instincts, their origin — Natural instincts of the cuckoo, molothrus, ostrich, and parasitic bees — Slave-making ants — Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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domesticated from being variable, 13. ——, domestic, descended from several stocks, 14. ——, ——, acclimatisation of, 112. —— of Australia, 90. —— with thicker fur in cold climates, 107. Animals, blind, in caves, 110. ——, extinct, of Australia, 310. Anomma, 232. Antarctic islands, ancient flora of, 355. Antechinus, 373. Ants attending aphides, 207. ——, slave-making instinct, 217. ——, neuters, structure of, 230. Apes, not having acquired intellectual powers, 181. Aphides, attended by ants, 207
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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structure, and conformably to my theory, the instinct of each species is good for itself, but has never, as far as we can judge, been produced for the exclusive good of others. One of the strongest instances of an animal apparently performing an action for the sole good of another, with which I am acquainted, is that of aphides voluntarily yielding, as was first observed by Huber, their sweet excretion to ants: that they do so voluntarily, the following facts show. I removed all the ants from a
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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mediate condition. I may digress by adding, that if the smaller workers had been the most useful to the community, and those males and females had been continually selected, which produced more and more of the smaller workers, until all the workers were in this condition; we should then have had a species of ant with neuters in nearly the same condition as those of Myrmica. For the workers of Myrmica have not even rudiments of ocelli, though the male and female ants of this genus have well
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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CHAPTER VIII. INSTINCT. Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin — Instincts graduated — Aphides and ants — Instincts variable — Domestic instincts, their origin — Natural instincts of the cuckoo, molothrus, ostrich, and parasitic bees — Slave-making ants — Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct — Changes of instinct and structure not necessarily simultaneous — Difficulties of the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts — Neuter or sterile insects — Summary. MANY
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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of the double annual Stock from having been long and carefully selected to the right degree, always produce a large proportion of seedlings bearing double and quite sterile flowers; but they likewise yield some single and fertile plants. These latter, by which alone the variety can be propagated, may be compared with the fertile male and female ants, and the double sterile plants with the neuters of the same community. As with the varieties of the stock, so with social insects, selection has
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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community of ants, on the same principle that the division of labour is useful to civilised man. Ants, however, work by inherited instincts and by inherited organs or tools, whilst man works by acquired knowledge and manufactured instruments. But I must confess, that, with all my faith in natural selection, I should never have anticipated that this principle could have been efficient in so high a degree, had not the case of these neuter insects led me to this conclusion. I have, therefore, discussed
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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. ——, of Madeira, 349. ——, land, distribution of, 349. ——, land, resisting salt water, 325. Shrew-mouse, 373. Silene, infertility of crosses, 243. Silliman, Prof., on blind rat, 110. Sirenia, their affinities, 302. Sitaris, metamorphosis of, 394. Skulls of young mammals, 159, 384. Slave-making instinct, 216. Smith, Col. Hamilton, on striped horses, 129. ——, Mr. Fred., on slave-making ants, 217. ——, on neuter ants, 231. Smitt, Dr., on the Polyzoa, 193. Snake with tooth for cutting through egg-shell
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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by the ant. Even the quite young aphides behaved in this manner, showing that the action was instinctive, and not the result of experience. It is certain, from the observations of Huber, that the aphides show no dislike to the ants: if the latter be not present they are at last compelled to eject their excretion. But as the excretion is extremely viscid, it is no doubt a convenience to the aphides to have it removed; therefore probably they do not excrete solely for the good of the ants
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