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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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aphides; and thus both collect food for the community. In England the masters alone usually leave the nest to collect building materials and food for themselves, their slaves and larvæ. So that the masters in this country receive much less service from their slaves than they do in Switzerland. By what steps the instinct of F. sanguinea originated I will not pretend to conjecture. But as ants, which are not slave-makers will, as I have seen, carry off the pupæ of other species, if scattered near
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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from both the males and fertile females, and yet, from being sterile, they cannot propagate their kind. The subject well deserves to be discussed at great length, but I will here take only a single case, that of working or sterile ants. How the workers have been rendered sterile is a difficulty; but not much greater than that of any other striking modification of structure; for it can be shown that some insects and other articulate animals in a state of nature occasionally become sterile; and
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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different: in Cryptocerus, the workers of one caste alone carry a wonderful sort of shield on their heads, the use of which is quite unknown: in the Mexican Myrmecocystus, the workers of one caste never leave the nest; they are fed by the workers of another caste, and they have an enormously developed abdomen which secretes a sort of honey, supplying the place of that excreted by the aphides, or the domestic cattle as they may be called, which our European ants guard and imprison. It will
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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look at such instincts as the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers,—ants making slaves,—the larvæ of ichneumonidæ feeding within the live bodies of caterpillars,—not as specially endowed or created instincts, but as small consequences of one general law leading to the advancement of all organic beings,—namely, multiply, vary, let the strongest live and the weakest die. [page] 23
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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which presents in the same island a great range of varieties connected by intermediate links, and the extreme links of the chain closely resemble the two forms of an allied dimorphic species inhabiting another part of the Malay archipelago. Thus also with ants, the several worker-castes are generally quite distinct; but in some cases, as we shall hereafter see, the castes are connected together by finely graduated varieties. So it is, as I have myself observed, with some dimorphic plants. It
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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is the existence in the same community of two or three defined castes of workers or sterile female ants; but I have attempted to show how these difficulties can be mastered. With respect to the almost universal sterility of species when first crossed, which forms so remarkable a contrast with the almost universal fertility of varieties when crossed, I must refer the reader to the recapitulation of the facts given at the end of the ninth chapter, which seem to me conclusively to show that this
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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fringed limbs. This form of the common fresh-water Cyclops was described as a distinct genus under the name of Nauplius. NEURATION. — The arrangement of the veins or nervures in the wings of Insects. NEUTERS. — Imperfectly developed females of certain social insects (such as Ants and Bees), which perform all the labours of the community. Hence they are also called workers. NICTITATING MEMBRANE. — A semi-transparent membrane, which can be drawn across the eye in Birds and Reptiles, either to moderate
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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islands, 349. Hopkins, Mr., on denudation, 274. Hornbill, remarkable instinct of, 234. Horns, rudimentary, 400. Horse, fossil, in La Plata, 294. ——, proportions of, when young, 392. Horses destroyed by flies in Paraguay, 56. ——, striped, 128. Horticulturists, selection applied by, 23. Huber, on cells of bees, 224. ——, P., on reason blended with, instinct, 205. ——, on habitual nature of instincts, 206. ——, on slave-making ants, 216. ——, on Melipona domestica, 220. Hudson, Mr., on the Ground
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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have done so instinctively. But it would be a serious error to suppose that the greater number of instincts have been acquired by habit in one generation, and then transmitted by inheritance to succeeding generations. It can be clearly shown that the most wonderful instincts with which we are acquainted, namely, those of the hive-bee and of many ants, could not possibly have been acquired by habit. It will be universally admitted that instincts are as important as corporeal structures for the
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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-making instinct of certain ants; and the cell-making power of the hive-bee. These two latter instincts have generally and justly been ranked by naturalists as the most wonderful of all known instincts. Instincts of the Cuckoo.—It is supposed by some naturalists that the more immediate cause of the instinct of the cuckoo is, that she lays her eggs, not daily, but at intervals of two or three days; so that, if she were to make her own nest and sit on her own eggs, those first laid would have to be left
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CUL-DAR47.25
Note:
1872.03.07
Neuter Insects / (Natural Selection) / You can select caterpillars &
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [25] March 7 /72/ Neuter Insects (Natural Selection) You can select caterpillars cocoon alter characters, these forms are sterile, caterpillars differ more from parents than do neuter ants from their parents—The caterpillar has very little structures in common with neuter is only botanically the same individual.— Technically all the [illeg] ants case these are the same individuals
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F1760
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1873. Origin of certain instincts. Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science 7 (3 April): 417-418.
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sterile workers have somewhat different habits and instincts, as shown by their combs. There are also many species of ants, the fertile females of which are believed not themselves to work, but to be served by the neuters, which capture and drag them to their nests; and the instincts of the neuters in the different species of the same genus are often different. All who believe in the principle of evolution will admit that with social insects the closely allied species of the same genus are
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F1810
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1873. Instinct: Perception in ants. Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science 7 (10 April): 443-4.
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Darwin, C. R. 187Darwin, C. R. 1873. Instinct: Perception in ants. Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science 7 (10 April): 443-4.3. Instinct. Perception in ants. Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science. 7 (10 April): 443-4. [page] 443 Instinct Perception in Ants THE following fact with respect to the habits of ants, which I believe to be quite new, has been sent to me by a distinguished geologist, Mr. J. D. Hague;1 and it appears well worth publishing. CHARLES DARWIN 1 James
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F1810
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1873. Instinct: Perception in ants. Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science 7 (10 April): 443-4.
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On the mantelshelf of our sitting-room my wife has the habit of keeping fresh flowers. A vase stands at each end, and near the middle a small tumbler, usually filled with violets. Sometime ago I noticed a file of very small red ants on the wall above the left-hand vase, passing upward and downward between the mantelshelf and a small hole near the ceiling, at a point where a picture-nail had been driven. The ants, when first observed, were not very numerous, but gradually increased in number
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F1761
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1873. Habits of ants. Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science 8 (24 July): 244.
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Darwin, C. R. 1873. Habits of ants. Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science 8 (24 July): 244. [page] 244 Habits of Ants SOME months ago (vol. vii. p. 443) I sent you an extract from a letter from Mr. Hague, a geologist residing in California, who gave me a very curious account of the terrifying effect on the other ants of the sight of a few which he had killed on one of their paths.1 Mr. Traherne Moggridge2 saw this account in NATURE, and wrote to me that he had heard from a gentleman
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [66] G above mimetic notary a certain character Belt p. 316 Protection of Butterflies – Ants Spiders mimicry all stinging insects [Darwin cited this in Descent 2d ed., n12, p. 277: 'The Naturalist in Nicaragua,' 1874, pp. 316–320. ] p 383-385 good sexual selection [66v] [part of draft of Expression, chapter 9, p. 234.] when sulky or a little angered, protruded their lips in the same manner as do the existing anthropoid apes, it is not an anomalous
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F944
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1874. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. 2d ed.; tenth thousand.
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, briefly specify a few points. Ants certainly communicate information to each other, and several unite for the same work, or for games of play. They recognise their fellow-ants after months of absence, and feel sympathy for each other. They build great edifices, keep them clean, close the doors in the evening, and post sentries. They make roads as well as tunnels under rivers, and temporary bridges over them, by clinging together. They collect food for the community, and when an object, too large for
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [164] Belt Nicaragua. p. 224. Red Passion-flower— young leaves sepals of flower-buds secrete nectar attract ants.— [Cross and self fertilisation, p. 403: In the case of the glands on the stipules of Vicia sativa, the excretion manifestly depends on changes in the sap, consequent on the sun shining brightly; for I repeatedly observed that as soon as the sun was hidden behind clouds the secretion ceased, and the hive-bees left the field; but as soon as
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F944
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1874. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. 2d ed.; tenth thousand.
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the dog, 75; on reason in dogs, 76; birds killed by telegraph wires, 80; on the cries of domestic fowls and parrots, 85, 87; animals feel no pity, 102; suicide in the Aleutian islands, 117. Howorth, H. H., extinction of savages, 183. Huber, P., on ants playing together, 69; on memory in ants, 74; on the intercommunication of ants, 89; on the recognition of each other by ants after separation, 292. Huc, on Chinese opinions of the appearance of Europeans, 578. Huia, the, of New Zealand, 208. Human
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F944
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1874. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. 2d ed.; tenth thousand.
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each other after long intervals of time, and are deeply attached. For instance, Pierre Huber, whose accuracy no one doubts, separated some ants, and when, after an interval of four months, they met others which had formerly belonged to the same community, they recognised and caressed one another with their antenn . Had they been strangers they would have fought together. Again, when two communities engage in a battle, the ants on the same side sometimes attack each other in the general
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