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captured insects. Four of these had caught rather small insects, viz. three of them ants, and the fourth a rather small fly, but the other ten had all caught large insects, namely, five elaters, two chrysomelas, a curculio, a thick and broad spider, and a scolopendra. Out of these ten insects, no less than eight [page] 31
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captured insects. Four of these had caught rather small insects, viz. three of them ants, and the fourth a rather small fly, but the other ten had all caught large insects, namely, five elaters, two chrysomelas, a curculio, a thick and broad spider, and a scolopendra. Out of these ten insects, no less than eight [page] 31
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F1066.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. Die Abstammung des Menschen und die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl. Translated by J. V. Carus. 2 vols. 3d ed. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. Volume 1
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kommen, dass sie den Betrug bewussterweise und absichtlich ausführen und wohl wissen, um was es sich handelt. Muth und Furchtsamkeit sind bei Individuen einer und derselben Species äusserst veränderliche Eigenschaften, wie 5 Contribution to the Theory of Natural Selection. 1870, p. 212. 6 Wegen der Belege hierzu s. das äusserst interessante Buch von J. Trahernk Moggridge, Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders. 1873, p. 126, 128. 1 Recherches sur les moeurs des Fourmis. 1810, p. 178. [page break
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F1066.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. Die Abstammung des Menschen und die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl. Translated by J. V. Carus. 2 vols. 3d ed. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. Volume 1
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andere stellt er die bei- den Abtheilungen der Marsupialien und Monotremen, so dass er den Menschen allen übrigen Säugethieren gegenüber als so verschieden hin- stellt wie die beiden letzten Gruppen zusammengenommen. Soviel mir 1 Einige der interessantesten Thatsachen über die Lebensweise der Ameisen, die je veröffentlicht worden sind, hat Mr. Belt gegeben in seinem Naturalist in Nicaragua , 1874. 8. auch Mr. Moggridge's treffliches Buch Harvesting Ants etc. 1873, auch den Artikel J/Instinct chcz
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one of Ranunculus, and several belonging to three or four distinct species of Carex. It appears that fewer insects are caught late in the year than earlier; thus in Cumberland from twenty to twenty-four insects were observed in the middle of July on several leaves, whereas in the beginning of September the average number was only 2.27. Most of the insects, in all the foregoing cases, were Diptera, but with many minute Hymenoptera, including some ants, a few small Coleoptera, larvae, spiders, and
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one of Ranunculus, and several belonging to three or four distinct species of Carex. It appears that fewer insects are caught late in the year than earlier; thus in Cumberland from twenty to twenty-four insects were observed in the middle of July on several leaves, whereas in the beginning of September the average number was only 2.27. Most of the insects, in all the foregoing cases, were Diptera, but with many minute Hymenoptera, including some ants, a few small Coleoptera, larvae, spiders, and
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F880.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. 2d ed. vol. 2.
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ANTIRRHINUM-AUSTRALIA. ————————————————— Antirrhinum majus, peloric, i. 389, ii. 33, 46, 150; double-flowered, ii. 151; bud-variation in, i. 407. ANTS, individual recognition of, ii. 238. APHIDES, attacking pear-trees, ii. 217; development of, ii. 361-362. APOPLEXY, hereditary, occurring at a certain age, ii. 54. APPLE, i. 369-372; fruit of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 335; rendered fastigate by heat in India, i. 385; bud-variation in the, i. 401; with dimidiate fruit, i. 425, 426; with two
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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ferociously attack other ants. In one instance I found to my surprise an independent community of F. flava under a stone beneath a nest of the slave-making F. sanguinea; and when I had accidentally disturbed both nests, the little ants attacked their big neighbours with surprising courage. Now I was curious to ascertain whether F. sanguinea could distinguish the pup of F. fusca, which they habitually make into slaves, from those of the little and furious F. flava, which they rarely capture, and it
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F1249
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.
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against their enemies; but I have never seen any reason to believe that this is so with the three species observed by me, namely, Prunus laurocerasus, Vicia sativa, and V. faba. No plant is so little attacked by enemies of any kind as the common bracken-fern (Pteris aquilina); and yet, as my son Francis has discovered, the large glands at the bases of the fronds, but only whilst young, excrete much sweetish fluid, which is eagerly sought by innumerable ants, chiefly belonging to Myrmica; and
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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Widely different organs in members of the same class, developed from one and the same source Reasons for disbelieving in great and abrupt modifications Page 168-204 CHAPTER VIII. INSTINCT. Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin Instincts graduated Aphides and ants Instincts variable Domestic instincts, their origin Natural instincts of the cuckoo, molothrus, ostrich, and parasitic bees Slave-making ants Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct Changes of instinct and structure
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F1249
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.
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bracteae, or flower peduncles, or on the outside of their calyx, and these glands secrete minute drops of a sweet fluid, which is eagerly sought by sugar-loving insects, such as ants, hive-bees, and wasps. In the case of the glands on the stipules of Vicia sativa, the excretion manifestly depends on changes in the sap, consequent on the sun shining brightly; for I repeatedly observed that as soon as the sun was hidden behind clouds the secretion ceased, and the hive-bees left the field; but as
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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stocks, 14. , , acclimatisation of, 112. of Australia, 90. with thicker fur in cold climates, 107. Animals, blind, in caves, 110. , extinct, of Australia, 310. Anomma, 232. Antarctic islands, ancient flora of, 355. Antechinus, 373. Ants attending aphides, 207. , slave-making instinct, 217. , neuters, structure of, 230. Apes, not having acquired intellectual powers, 181. Aphides, attended by ants, 207. Aphis, development of, 390. Apteryx, 140. Arab horses, 26. Aralo-Caspian Sea, 311. Archeopteryx
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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structure, and conformably to my theory, the instinct of each species is good for itself, but has never, as far as we can judge, been produced for the exclusive good of others. One of the strongest instances of an animal apparently performing an action for the sole good of another, with which I am acquainted, is that of aphides voluntarily yielding, as was first observed by Huber, their sweet excretion to ants: that they do so voluntarily, the following facts show. I removed all the ants from a
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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mediate condition. I may digress by adding, that if the smaller workers had been the most useful to the community, and those males and females had been continually selected, which produced more and more of the smaller workers, until all the workers were in this condition; we should then have had a species of ant with neuters in nearly the same condition as those of Myrmica. For the workers of Myrmica have not even rudiments of ocelli, though the male and female ants of this genus have well
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A1014.1
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1876. The geographical distribution of animals; with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth's surface. London: Macmillan & Co. vol. 1.
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essential to their reaching the island, which could not have been the case had there been a land connection. There are, however, one or two curious exceptions to the absence of these wholly apterous European genera in Madeira, and as in each case the reason of their being exceptions can be pointed out, they are eminently exceptions that prove the rule. Two of the apterous species common to Europe and Madeira are found always in ants' nests; and as ants, when winged, fly in great swarms and are
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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CHAPTER VIII. INSTINCT. Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin Instincts graduated Aphides and ants Instincts variable Domestic instincts, their origin Natural instincts of the cuckoo, molothrus, ostrich, and parasitic bees Slave-making ants Hive-bee, its cellmaking instinct Changes of instinct and structure not necessarily simultaneous Difficulties of the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts Neuter or sterile insects Summary. MANY instincts are so wonderful
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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of the double annual Stock from having been long and carefully selected to the right degree, always produce a large proportion of seedlings bearing double and quite sterile flowers; but they likewise yield some single and fertile plants. These latter, by which alone the variety can be propagated, may be compared with the fertile male and female ants, and the double sterile plants with the neuters of the same community. As with the varieties of the stock, so with social insects, selection has
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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community of ants, on the same principle that the division of labour is useful to civilised man. Ants, however, work by inherited instincts and by inherited organs or tools, whilst man works by acquired knowledge and manufactured instruments. But I must confess, that, with all my faith in natural selection, I should never have anticipated that this principle could have been efficient in so high a degree, had not the case of these neuter insects led me to this conclusion. I have, therefore, discussed
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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. Shrew-mouse, 373. Silene, infertility of crosses, 243. Silliman, Prof., on blind rat, 110. Sirenia, their affinities, 302. Sitaris, metamorphosis of, 394. Skulls of young mammals, 159, 384. Slave-making instinct, 216. Smith, Col. Hamilton, on striped horses, 129. , Mr. Fred., on slave-making ants, 217. , on neuter ants, 231. Smitt, Dr., on the Polyzoa, 193. Snake with tooth for cutting through egg-shell, 214. Somerville, Lord, on selection of sheep, 23. Sorbus, grafts of, 246. Sorex, 373. Spaniel
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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by the ant. Even the quite young aphides behaved in this manner, showing that the action was instinctive, and not the result of experience. It is certain, from the observations of Huber, that the aphides show no dislike to the ants: if the latter be not present they are at last compelled to eject their excretion. But as the excretion is extremely viscid, it is no doubt a convenience to the aphides to have it removed; therefore probably they do not excrete solely for the good of the ants
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