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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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by the ant. Even the quite young aphides behaved in this manner, showing that the action was instinctive, and not the result of experience. It is certain, from the observations of Huber, that the aphides show no dislike to the ants: if the latter be not present they are at last compelled to eject their excretion. But as the excretion is extremely viscid, it is no doubt a convenience to the aphides to have it removed; therefore probably they do not excrete solely for the good of the ants
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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aphides; and thus both collect food for the community. In England the masters alone usually leave the nest to collect building materials and food for themselves, their slaves and larv . So that the masters in this country receive much less service from their slaves than they do in Switzerland. By what steps the instinct of F. sanguinea originated I will not pretend to conjecture. But as ants, which are not slave-makers will, as I have seen, carry off the pup of other species, if scattered near
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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from both the males and fertile females, and yet, from being sterile, they cannot propagate their kind. The subject well deserves to be discussed at great length, but I will here take only a single case, that of working or sterile ants. How the workers have been rendered sterile is a difficulty; but not much greater than that of any other striking modification of structure; for it can be shown that some insects and other articulate animals in a state of nature occasionally become sterile; and
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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different: in Cryptocerus, the workers of one caste alone carry a wonderful sort of shield on their heads, the use of which is quite unknown: in the Mexican Myrmecocystus, the workers of one caste never leave the nest; they are fed by the workers of another caste, and they have an enormously developed abdomen which secretes a sort of honey, supplying the place of that excreted by the aphides, or the domestic cattle as they may be called, which our European ants guard and imprison. It will
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A1014.1
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1876. The geographical distribution of animals; with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth's surface. London: Macmillan & Co. vol. 1.
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represented, but the beetles (Coleoptera) are far the most abundant. Almost all belong to existing genera, and the majority of these genera now inhabit Europe, only three or four being exclusively Indian, African, or American. In the Lower Miocene of Croatia there is another rich deposit of insects, somewhat more tropical in character, comprising large white-ants and dragon-flies differently marked from any [page] 16
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A1014.2
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1876. The geographical distribution of animals; with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth's surface. London: Macmillan & Co. vol. 2.
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highly-modified form of hyæna, approaching the ichneumons, and feeding on white ants and carrion, is peculiar to South Africa. FAMILY 27. HYæNIDæ. (1 Genus, 3 Species.) GENERAL DISTRIBUTION. NEOTROPICAL SUB-REGIONS. NEARCTIC SUB-REGIONS. PALæARCTIC SUB-REGIONS. ETHIOPIAN SUB-REGIONS. ORIENTAL SUB-REGIONS. AUSTRALIAN SUB-REGIONS. 2 1. 2. 3 1 The Hyænas are characteristically Ethiopian, to which region two of the species are confined. The third, Hyœna striata, ranges over all the open country of India
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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look at such instincts as the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers, ants making slaves, the larv of ichneumonid feeding within the live bodies of caterpillars, not as specially endowed or created instincts, but as small consequences of one general law leading to the advancement of all organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let the strongest live and the weakest die. [page] 23
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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which presents in the same island a great range of varieties connected by intermediate links, and the extreme links of the chain closely resemble the two forms of an allied dimorphic species inhabiting another part of the Malay archipelago. Thus also with ants, the several worker-castes are generally quite distinct; but in some cases, as we shall hereafter see, the castes are connected together by finely graduated varieties. So it is, as I have myself observed, with some dimorphic plants. It
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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is the existence in the same community of two or three defined castes of workers or sterile female ants; but I have attempted to show how these difficulties can be mastered. With respect to the almost universal sterility of species when first crossed, which forms so remarkable a contrast with the almost universal fertility of varieties when crossed, I must refer the reader to the recapitulation of the facts given at the end of the ninth chapter, which seem to me conclusively to show that this
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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. This form of the common fresh-water Cyclops was described as a distinct genus under the name of Nauplius. NEURATION. The arrangement of the veins or nervures in the wings of Insects. NEUTERS. Imperfectly developed females of certain social insects (such as Ants and Bees), which perform all the labours of the community. Hence they are also called workers. NICTITATING MEMBRANE. A semi-transparent membrane, which can be drawn across the eye in Birds and Reptiles, either to moderate the effects of
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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234. Horns, rudimentary, 400. Horse, fossil, in La Plata, 294. , proportions of, when young, 392. Horses destroyed by flies in Paraguay, 56. , striped, 128. Horticulturists, selection applied by, 23. Huber, on cells of bees, 224. , P., on reason blended with, instinct, 205. , on habitual nature of instincts, 206. , on slave-making ants, 216. , on Melipona domestica, 220. Hudson, Mr., on the Ground-Woodpecker of La Plata, 142. , on the Molothrus, 215. Humble-bees, cells, of, 221. Hunter, J., on
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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have done so instinctively. But it would be a serious error to suppose that the greater number of instincts have been acquired by habit in one generation, and then transmitted by inheritance to succeeding generations. It can be clearly shown that the most wonderful instincts with which we are acquainted, namely, those of the hive-bee and of many ants, could not possibly have been acquired by habit. It will be universally admitted that instincts are as important as corporeal structures for the
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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-making instinct of certain ants; and the cell-making power of the hive-bee. These two latter instincts have generally and justly been ranked by naturalists as the most wonderful of all known instincts. Instincts of the Cuckoo. It is supposed by some naturalists that the more immediate cause of the instinct of the cuckoo is, that she lays her eggs, not daily, but at intervals of two or three days; so that, if she were to make her own nest and sit on her own eggs, those first laid would have to be left
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A2094
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, Francis. 1876. Breeds and breeding. Encyclopaedia Britannica 9th ed. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, vol. 4, pp. 244-51.
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developed, it will be well to abandon theoretical considerations, and merely to state that characters at least practically new do undoubtedly appear in the offspring. In every group of organisms a degree of variability, sufficient to give material for the breeder to work on, probably exists. The Laplander knows and gives a name to each of his reindeer, though, as Linnaeus remarks, to distinguish one from another among such multitudes was beyond my comprehension, for they were like ants on an ant-hill
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F1811
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. Fritz Müller on Brazil kitchen middens, habits of ants, etc. Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science. 13 (17 February): 304-5.
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note on the relation between our Imbauba trees (Cecropia) and the ants which inhabit their hollow stem. As there may be some delay in publishing, I will give you a short abstract. Mr. Belt has already stated that the ants farm scale-insects in the cells of the Imbauba stem, and he believes that their presence must be beneficial. This is no doubt the case; for they protect the young leaves against the leaf-cutting ants (Oecodoma). Now there is a wonderful contrivance by which, as in the case of
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F1811
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. Fritz Müller on Brazil kitchen middens, habits of ants, etc. Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science. 13 (17 February): 304-5.
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Darwin, C. R. 1876. Fritz Müller on Brazil kitchen middens, habits of ants, etc. Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science. 13 (17 February): 304-5. [page] 304 Fritz Müller on Brazil Kitchen Middens, Habits of Ants, c. [MR. CHARLES DARWIN has kindly sent us for publication the following letter, addressed to him by Herr Fritz Müller, the well-known naturalist, brother of our contributor, Dr. Hermann Müller, and who has for so long been devoting himself to natural history researches in
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A71
Review:
Anon. 1876. Darwin's Insectivorous plants. North American Review. 122 (Issue 251, April): 425-437.
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caught their prey, including altogether one fly, three ants, one spider, one centipede, and eight beetles. According to the observations of Dr. Canby, as well as those of Mrs. Treat of New Jersey, the same leaf will sometimes re-expand and capture a second or even a third insect, after disposing of the first. It is certain that the insects thus caught are not only employed for the nutrition of the plant, but that this is a main source of supply of the nitrogenous material required for its
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CUL-DAR139.19.1
Printed:
1876.09.07
Address 1 September 1876 to Section D (Biology) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science `Nature' 14: 403-412
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, but hardly more so than in Central and Southern Europe. They are perhaps more plentiful in the dry mountainous parts of Southern Europe; and as neither here nor in the Andes do leaf-eating ants exist, Dr. Spruce infers that, although in the hot American forests where such ants swarm the oil-bearing glands serve as a protection, yet they were not originally acquired for that purpose. Near the limits of perpetual snow on the Andes such plants as occur are not, so far as Dr. Spruce has observed
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F1277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.
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three sets of a dozen each; and these sets, as well as the three females, would differ from one another in their reproductive powers in exactly the same manner as do the distinct species of the same genus. But it is a still more remarkable fact that young ants raised from any one of the three female ants, illegitimately fertilised by a male of a different size would resemble in a whole series of relations the hybrid offspring from a cross between two distinct species of ants. They would be dwarfed
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F948
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.
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, briefly specify a few points. Ants certainly communicate information to each other, and several unite for the same work, or for games of play. They recognise their fellow-ants after months of absence, and feel sympathy for each other. They build great edifices, keep them clean, close the doors in the evening, and post sentries. They make roads as well as tunnels under rivers, and temporary bridges over them, by clinging together. They collect food for the community, and when an object, too large for
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