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described by Mr. Belt),5 consist of modified glands; and he suggests that aboriginally the ants licked a secretion from the glands, but that at a subsequent period the glands were rendered more nutritious and attractive by the retention of the secretion and other changes, and that they were then devoured by the ants. But my son could advance no case of glands being thus gnawed or devoured by insects, and here we have an example. With respect to Solanum palinacanthum, which bears two kinds of
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F1781
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1877. Fritz Müller on flowers and insects. Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science 17 (29 November): 78-79.
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-horn Acacia, which are consumed by the ants that protect the tree from its enemies (as described by Mr. Belt),5 consist of modified glands; and he suggests that aboriginally the ants licked a secretion from the glands, but that at a subsequent period the glands were rendered more nutritious and attractive by the retention of the secretion and other changes, and that they were then devoured by the ants. But my son could advance no case of glands being thus gnawed or devoured by insects, and here we
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whose swollen stems are veritable ants' nests. When very young the stems are like small, irregular prickly tubers, in the hollows of which ants establish themselves; and these in time grow into irregular masses the size of large gourds, completely honeycombed with the cells of ants. In America there are some analagous cases occurring in several families of plants, one of the most remarkable being that of certain Melastomas which have a kind of pouch formed by an enlargement of the petiole of the
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grubs, white ants, and other soft and helpless insects, and seem to take the place of the foraging ants of America and driver-ants of Africa, though they are far less numerous and less destructive. An allied genus, Solenopsis, consists of red ants, which, in the Moluccas, frequent houses, and are a most terrible pest. They form colonies underground, and work their way up through the floors, devouring everything eatable. Their sting is excessively painful, and some of the species are hence called
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a dozen of these ants are lodged. It is very difficult to preserve bird skins or other specimens of natural history where these ants abound, as they gnaw away the skin round the eyes and the base of the bill; and if a specimen is laid down for even half an hour in an unprotected place it will be ruined. I remember once entering a native house to rest and eat my lunch; and having a large tin collecting box full of rare butterflies and other insects, I laid it down on the bench by my side. On
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of struggle going on between the trees and the ants; those varieties of trees which were in any way distasteful or unsuitable escaping destruction, while the ants were becoming slowly adapted to attack new trees. Thus in time the great majority of native trees have acquired some protection against the ants, while foreign trees, not having been so modified, are more likely to be suitable for their purposes. Mr. Belt carried on war against them for four years to protect his garden in Nicaragua
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F1251
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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Francis has discovered, the large glands at the bases of the fronds, but only whilst young, excrete much sweetish fluid, which is eagerly sought by innumerable ants, chiefly belonging to Myrmica; and these ants certainly do not here serve as a protection against any enemy. In S. Brazil, however, ants attracted by the secretion to this plant, defend it, according to Fritz M ller,* against other leaf-devouring and highly destructive ants; so that, if this fern originated in tropical S. America
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which are eaten by the ants; and this supply of food permanently attaches them to the plant. Mr. Belt believes, after much careful observation, that these ants protect the plant they live on from leaf-eating insects, especially from the destructive Sa ba ants, that they are in fact a standing army kept for the protection of the plant! This view is supported by the fact that other plants Passion-flowers, for example have honey-secreting glands on the young leaves and on the sepals of the flower
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CUL-DAR252.5
Note:
[1878--1908]
Catalogue of Charles Robert Darwin's pamphlet collection: Quarto
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generation, bearing on Pangenesis 649 Lowne on secretion for Swallow's nest from stomach 1659 w Lubbock leaves 709 Lubbock Sir J. Development of relationships 1114 LUBBOCK PLANTS INSECTS WEISMANN KERNER 507 Lubbock Sir J. Address. Entomol Soc. 1868 117. LUBBOCK HABITS OF ANTS 162. Lubbock - Nervous Systems of Coccus 1188 Lubbock Anatomy of Ants 425 Lubbock address Entomol. Soc. 1468 Lubbock Fruits Seeds 591 Lubbock Address on lower races of man 1513 Lubbock Address BA 1881 [62
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protection; for though they attempt to bite, their jaws are blunt and feeble, and they do not cause any pain. Coming now to the stinging groups, we have first a number of solitary ants of the great genus Odontomachus, which are seen wandering about the forest, and are conspicuous by their enormously long and slender hooked jaws. These are not powerful, but serve admirably to hold on by while they sting, which they do pretty severely. The Poneridæ are another group of large-sized ants which sting
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III. ANIMAL LIFE IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS. Difficulties of the Subject General Aspect of the Animal life of Equatorial Forests Diurnal Lepidoptera or Butterflies Peculiar Habits of Tropical Butterflies Ants, Wasps, and Bees Ants Special Relations between Ants and Vegetation Wasps and Bees Orthoptera and other Insects Beetles Wingless Insects General Observations on Tropical Insects Birds Parrots Pigeons Picariæ Cuckoos Trogons, Barbets, Toucans and Hornbills Passeres Reptiles and Amphibia
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-worts and Wild Bananas Arums Screw-Pines Orchids Bamboos Uses of the Bamboo Mangroves Sensitive-plants Comparative Scarcity of Flowers Concluding Remarks on Tropical Vegetation pages 27 68 III. ANIMAL LIFE IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS. Difficulties of the Subject General Aspect of the Animal Life of Equatorial Forests Diurnal Lepidoptera or Butterflies Peculiar Habits of Tropical Butterflies Ants, Wasps, and Bees Ants Special Relations between Ants and Vegetation Wasps and Bees Orthoptera and other
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tropics. Ants, Wasps, and Bees. The hymenopterous insects of the tropics are, next to the butterflies, those which come most prominently before the traveller, as they love the sunshine, frequent gardens, houses, and roadways as well as the forest shades, never seek concealment, and are many of them remarkable for their size or form, or are adorned with beautiful colours and conspicuous markings. Although ants are, perhaps, on the whole the smallest and the least attractive in appearance of all
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consequence. We now come to the Myrmecidæ, which may be called the destroying ants from their immense abundance and destructive propensities. Many of them sting most acutely, causing a pain like that of a sudden burn, whence they are often called fire-ants. They often swarm in houses and devour everything eatable. Isolation by water is the only security, and even this does not always succeed, as a little dust on the surface will enable the smaller species to get across. Oil is, however, an effectual
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the ants; and the empty handkerchief was still on the bench, but with hundreds of neat cuts in it reducing it to a kind of sieve.1 The foraging ants of the genus Eciton are another remarkable group, especially abundant in the equatorial forests of America. They are true hunters, and seem to be continually roaming about the forests in great bands in search of insect prey. They especially devour maggots, caterpillars, white ants, cockroaches, and other soft insects; and their bands are always
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life. Sometimes a band will enter a house, like the driver ants in Africa, and clear it of cockroaches, spiders, centipedes, and other insects. They seem to have no permanent abode and to be ever wandering about in search of prey, but they make temporary habitations in hollow trees or other suitable places. Perhaps the most extraordinary of all ants are the blind species of Eciton discovered by Mr. Bates, which construct a covered way or tunnel as they march along. On coming near a rotten log
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neither here nor in the Andes do leaf-eating ants exist, Dr. Spruce infers that, although in the hot American forests where such ants swarm the oil-bearing glands serve as a protection, yet they were not originally acquired for that purpose. Near the limits of perpetual snow on the Andes such plants as occur are not, so far as Dr. Spruce has observed, aromatic; and as plants in such situations can hardly depend on insect visits for their fertilization, the fact is comparable with that of the flora
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* (3) page 86 I published a brief notice of this case in the Gard. Chronicle, 1855, July 21 p. 487, and afterwards made some further observations. Besides the hive-bee, another species of bee, a moth, ants and two kinds of flies sucked the drops of fluid on the stipules; the larger drops which when large tasted sweet. The hive-bees never even looked at the flowers which were open at the same time; whilst two species of humble-bees neglected the stipules and visited only the flowers. (
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Bats, 118 Beetles, 94 abundance of, in New Forest-clearings, 96 probable use of horns of, 202 Belt, Mr. on virgin forests of Nicaragua, 62 on aspects of tropical vegetation, 67 on leaf-cutting ants, 86 on an Acacia inhabited by ants, 89 on uses of ants to the trees they live on, 90 on a leaf-like locust, 93 on tree-frogs, 116 on the habits of humming-birds, 133, 134 on uneatable bright-coloured frog, 175 on use of light of glow-worm, 205 Betel-nut, 45 Bill of humming-birds, 129 Biology, by
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of butterflies, 78 on leaf-cutting ants, 86 on blind ants, 88 on bird-catching spider, 97 on use of toucan's bill, 106 on large serpents, 115 on the habits of humming-birds, 132 [page] 35
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