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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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try again. Finally, as in the large box, the fact of a necessity seemed to dawn upon the ants, and a portion of the surface opposite from the entrance to the galleries, and close up against the glass, was [page] 91 ANTS FUNEREAL HABITS
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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ants: nursing habits, 59; stocking trees with aphides, 63; warfare, 71-9; play, 87-88; leaf-cutting, 95-96; intelligence in making a bridge of aphides over tar, 136; of themselves over a space, 136-37; and of a straw over water, 137; ecitons, 139; anatomy and physiology of brain, 141-42. On bees and wasps: powers of communication, 158-60; swarming habits, 168; wars and plunder, 169; cell-building, 177-78; evacuating dangerous hive, 187; keeping hives clean, 190; carrying dead from hive and
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F955
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. 2d ed., fifteenth thousand.
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reduction of the canine teeth in the males would almost certainly affect the teeth of the females through inheritance. As the various mental faculties gradually developed themselves the brain would almost certainly become larger. No one, I presume, doubts that the large proportion which the size of man's brain bears to his body, compared to the same proportion in the gorilla or orang, is closely connected with his higher mental powers. We meet with closely analogous facts with insects, for in ants
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F955
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. 2d ed., fifteenth thousand.
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a spider its wonderful web, quite as well,6 the first time it tries as when old and experienced. To return to our immediate subject: the lower animals, like man, manifestly feel pleasure and pain, happiness and misery. Happiness is never better exhibited than by young animals, such as puppies, kittens, lambs, c., when playing together, like our own children. Even insects play together, as has been described by that excellent observer, P. Huber,7 who saw ants chasing and pretending to bite each
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F955
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. 2d ed., fifteenth thousand.
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to him in my old manner; he shewed no joy, but instantly followed me out walking, and obeyed me, exactly as if I had parted with him only half an hour before. A train of old associations, dormant during five years, had thus been instantaneously awakened in his mind. Even ants, as P. Huber18 has clearly shewn, recognised their fellow-ants belonging to the same community after a separation of four months. Animals can certainly by some means judge of the intervals of time between recurrent events
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F955
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. 2d ed., fifteenth thousand.
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males; for on any other supposition the males would, as far as we can see, be ornamented to no purpose. We know that ants and certain Lamellicorn beetles are capable of feeling an attachment for each other, and that ants recognise their fellows after an interval of several months. Hence there is no abstract improbability in the Lepidoptera, which probably stand nearly or quite as high in the scale as these insects, having sufficient mental capacity to admire bright colours. They certainly
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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CHAPTER V. TERMITES. THE habits of the Termites, or so-called White Ants, have not been so closely studied as they deserve. Our chief knowledge concerning them is derived from the observations of Jobson, in his 'History of Gambia;' Bastian, in 'The Nations of Eastern Asia;' Forsteal, Lesp s, K nig, Sparman, Hugen, Quatrefages, Fritz M ller, and most of all, Smeathman, in 'Philosophical Transactions,' vol. lxxi. In Africa these insects raise their hills to a height of between ten and twenty
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F803
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. The various contrivances by which orchids are fertilised by insects. 2nd ed. Revised 3d thousand. London: John Murray.
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thorax. Three or four distinct kinds of Hymenoptera (one of small size being Crabro brevis) likewise visited the flowers; and three of these Hymenoptera had pollen-masses attached to their backs. Other still more minute Diptera, Coleoptera, and ants were seen sucking the nectar; but these insects appeared to be too small to transport the pollen-masses. It is remarkable that some of the foregoing insects should visit the flowers; for Mr. F. Walker informs me that the Sarcophaga frequents decaying
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he has now shown himself willing to devote attention to the study of the habits and work of very humble creatures, just as Sir John Lubbock employs his leisure in the observations of ants and bees
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A2927
Periodical contribution:
Jenyns, Leonard. 1882. [Obituary of Charles Darwin] The President's address. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 30: xxxiii-xlix.
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Islands, in the Indian Ocean, about 600 miles distant from the coast of Sumatra. Of insects I took pains to collect every kind. Exclusive of spiders, which were numerous, there were thirteen species, belonging to the following orders:—In the Coleoptera, a minute Elater; Orthoptera, a Gryllus and a Blatta; Hemiptera, one species; Homoptera, two; Neuroptera, a Chrysopa; Hymenoptera, two ants; Lepidoptera, a Diopæa, and a Pterophorus (?); Diptera, two species. A small ant swarmed by thousands
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A2951
Book:
Bacon, G. W. [1882]. The life of Charles Darwin, with British opinion on evolution. Compiled by G. W. Bacon, F.R.G.S. London: G. W. Bacon & Co.
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facts gathered, which were afterwards recorded in books, every word of which can be understood by every one; and from him did Sir John Lubbock learn how, in the same way, to study ants. Lastly, let us learn from his placid temper and invariable kindly courtesy. To the abuse heaped upon him he never returned one vexed word; his composure was absolutely unruffled. And to the last, so long as he could write, any tolerable letter from any one would always bring an autograph reply. This broad charity
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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observes that 'this difference in the usual habits of the masters and slaves in the two countries probably depends merely on the slaves being captured in greater numbers in Switzerland than in England;' and records that he has observed in a community of the English species having an unusually large stock of slaves that 'a few slaves mingled with their masters [page] 67 ANTS SLAVE-MAKING
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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quadrangle by its open or southern side along the dotted line marked a to the central point c. The incoming line is composed of individuals each bearing [page] 113 HONEY-MAKING ANTS
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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for these nests hunt about, like those just described, in columns, which branch off in various directions. When a fallen log is reached, the column spreads over it, searching through all the holes and cracks. Mr. Belt says of them: The workers are of various sizes, and the smallest are here of use, for they squeeze themselves into the narrowest holes, and search out their prey in the furthest ramifications of the nests. When a nest of the Hypoclinea is attacked, the ants rush out, carrying the
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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after which, out of thirty-two visits, twenty-two were to the orange and yellow. Another colour to which a similar preference is shown is blue. As regards scent, Sir John found that on putting a few drops of eau de Cologne at the entrance of a beehive, 'immediately a number (about 15) came out to see what was the matter.' Other scents had a similar effect; but on repetition several times the bees became accustomed to the scent, and no longer came out. As in ants, so in bees, Sir John's
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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stranger bees or other assailants, and busy themselves earnestly in the most careful cleansing of it, so far as this cleansing is impossible to the setter up of the hive. Such a taking possession sometimes occurs eight days before the entrance of the swarm. Wars. As with ants, so with bees, the great cause of [page] 169 BEES AND WASPS WARS
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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remembered is analogous to that already mentioned in the case of ants); according to B chner, however, bees not only remove their dead, but also, occasionally at least, bury them. But as he gives very inadequate evidence in support of this assertion, we may safely set it aside as insufficiently proven. B chner, however, gives an admirable summary, and makes some judicious remarks on the well-known and highly remarkable habit which bees practise for the obvious purpose of ventilating their hives. As
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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The termites, like many species of true ants, are divided into two distinct castes, the workers and the soldiers. If a breach is made in the walls of the dome the soldiers rush out to meet the enemy, and fight desperately with any enemy that they may find. Here, again, I cannot do better than quote B chner's epitome of facts: If the assailant withdraws beyond their reach and inflicts no further injury, they retire within their dwelling in the course of half an hour, as though they had come to
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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same author relates that in order to reach a box of wax lights they made a covered road from the ground up to the second story of a house.1 It is needless to give a special description of any of the other habits of these insects, such as their swarming, breeding, c., for they all more or less closely resemble the analogous habits of ants and bees. It is very remarkable that insects of two distinct orders should both manifest such closely similar social habits of such high complexity, and it rather
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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square on the surface, containing the top of the tube and the moss-covered cork door of N.c mentaria, I found, on revisiting the 1 Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders, p. 120. [page] 215 TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS
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