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F1225
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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, and the fluid with which they are often partially filled is simply collected rain-water. Adventitious roots are numerous and commonly enter the cavities of the pitchers. Delpino (quoted by Treub) believes that the pitchers serve to collect ants, c., whose dead bodies may supply food to the roots. Treub on the other hand believes that the drowning of ants within the pitchers is accidental rather than wilful on the part of the plant. He points out that no arrangement for retaining the ants exists
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A336
Book:
Gray, Asa. 1888. Darwiniana: Essays and reviews pertaining to Darwinism. New York: D. Appleton.
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, leading up, as it does, to the Californian type of pitcher presently to be mentioned. But the remaining species, S. variolaris, is the most wonderful of our pitcher-plants in its adaptations for the capture of insects. The inflated and mottled lid or hood overarches the ample orifice of the tubular pitcher sufficiently to ward off the rain, but not to obstruct the free access of flying insects. Flies, ants, and most insects, glide and fall from the treacherous smooth throat into the deep well
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A336
Book:
Gray, Asa. 1888. Darwiniana: Essays and reviews pertaining to Darwinism. New York: D. Appleton.
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sweet trail was known, it was remarked by the late Prof. Wyman and others that the pitchers of this species, in the savannahs of Georgia and Florida, contain far more ants than they do of all other insects put together. Finally, all this is essentially repeated in the peculiar Californian pitcher-plant (Darlingtonia), a genus of the same natural family, which captures insects in great variety, enticing them by a sweetish secretion over the whole inside of the inflated hood and that of a
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A315
Pamphlet:
H.A.S. [1888]. Darwin and his works: a biological & metaphysical study. London: John Bale and Sons.
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the sacred duties of his office, by tolerating peas in his shoes. He complied with the terms of his punishment by having the peas boiled. Other evidences in insect and animal life abound. Placing an ant in a treacle pot suspended from the ceiling, Romanes observed that the sole-tenant of the treasure house conveyed the news to a distant camp, and that a file of ants were soon on the track. A monkey once stung by a wasp in a [page] 4
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A315
Pamphlet:
H.A.S. [1888]. Darwin and his works: a biological & metaphysical study. London: John Bale and Sons.
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highest and lowest mental acts, there is no break in the series which, starting with the reflex movements of the amoeba (protoplasm) or a carnivorous plant, advances along the line of animal instinct and intelligence, and ends with the complex movements of the brain of civilised man (Clodd). Some examples of instinct and social life in ants will be discussed hereafter. Birth of Society.—The mortality of the human race is enormous, in response to the struggle for existence, and the weeding out
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A315
Pamphlet:
H.A.S. [1888]. Darwin and his works: a biological & metaphysical study. London: John Bale and Sons.
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subdued by right, and injustice and selfishness swallowed up by goodness (Clodd). Man's social instincts arc inherited from his prehuman ancestors, but they are well represented in brutes. The duty of rendering services to their kind becomes so innate that they oft become impelled by sympathy and love to minister to the welfare of their own kind. Social instincts are well seen in ants, bees and wasps, and higher in dogs. [page] 5
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A315
Pamphlet:
H.A.S. [1888]. Darwin and his works: a biological & metaphysical study. London: John Bale and Sons.
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The sense of direction is dependent on land marks, the recognition of which is instinctive, for if ants are taken out of their beat they do not return to the hive (Lubbock). To give one more example of instinct, the sphex, a kind of wasp, lays up for its young a store of insects for food when they are hatched, but it always stings the insect in order to paralyse it, and this is done on the seat of nerves; if not stung the insect (say spider) might be too much for the young sphex if killed, and
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A336
Book:
Gray, Asa. 1888. Darwiniana: Essays and reviews pertaining to Darwinism. New York: D. Appleton.
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ordinarily a fortnight. It is not worth while to undertake it with a gnat when larger game may be had. To test this happy conjecture, Mr. Canby was asked, on visiting the Dionæas in their native habitat, to collect early in the season a good series of leaves in the act of digesting naturally-caught insects. Upon opening them it was found that ten out of fourteen were engaged upon relatively large prey, and of the remaining four three had insects as large as ants, and one a rather small fly
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A336
Book:
Gray, Asa. 1888. Darwiniana: Essays and reviews pertaining to Darwinism. New York: D. Appleton.
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authors and publishers. FORTHCOMING VOLUMES. Prof. W. KINGDON CLIFFORD, M. A. The First PrmdJ ies of the Exact Sciences explained to the Non-niec.the7naticaL Prof. T. H. HUXLEY, LL. D., F. R. S. Bodily Motion and Consciousness. Dr. W. B. CARPENTER, LL. D., F. R. S. The Physical Geography of the Sea. Prof. WILLIAM ODLING, F. R. S The Old Chemistry -viewed from the New StaJid-point. W. LAUDER LINDSAY, M.D., F. R. S. E. Mind in the Lower Animals. Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., F. R. S. On Ants and Bees
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F1225
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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, including some ants, a few small Coleoptera, larv , spiders, and even small moths. We thus see that numerous insects and other objects are caught by the viscid leaves; but we have no right to infer from this fact that the habit is beneficial to the plant, any more than in the before-given case of the Mirabilis, or of the horse-chestnut. But it will presently be seen that dead insects and other nitrogenous bodies excite the glands to increased secretion; and that the secretion then becomes acid
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F1225
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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whether this view was correct and as it seems a gcod illustration of how cautious we ought to be in assuming, as I had done with respect to the marginal spikes, that any fully developed structure is useless I applied to Dr. Canby. lie visited the native site of the plant, early in the season, before the leaves had grown to their full size, and sent me fourteen leaves, containing naturally captured insects. Four of these had caught rather small in sects, viz. three of them ants, and the fourth a
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A1015
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.
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instructive. Describing the armies of foraging ants in the forest which devour every insect they can catch, he says: I was much surprised with the behaviour of a green leaf-like locust. This insect stood immovably among a host of ants, many of which ran over its legs without ever discovering there was food within their reach. So fixed was its instinctive knowledge that its safety depended on its immovability, that it allowed me to pick it up and replace it among the ants without making a single effort
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F1528.3
Book:
Darwin, F. ed. 1889. Charles Darwins liv og breve med et kapitel selvbiografi. Translated by Martin Simon Søraas. Fagerstrand pr. Høvig: Bibliothek for de Tusen Hjem. Volume 3.
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. Habits of Ants. „ Nature , July 24, 1873, vol. viii. p. 244. On the Males and Complemental Males of Certain Cirripedes, and on Riidimentary Structures. „Nature , Sept. 25, 1873, vol. viii. p. 431. Eecent researches on Termites and Honey-bees. „Nature , Feb. 19, 1874, vol. ix. p. 308. Fertilisation of the Fumariace . „Nature , April 16, 1874, vol. ix. p. 460. Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by Birds. „Nature , April 23, 1874, vol. ix. p. 482; May 14, 1874, vol. x. p. 24. Cherry Blossoms. „ Nature
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A1015
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.
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doubt the completeness of his explanations. For almost all their objections and difficulties apply to those larger differences which separate genera, families, and orders from each other, not to those which separate one species from the species to which it is most nearly allied, and from the remaining species of the same genus. They adduce such difficulties as the first development of the eye, or of the milk-producing glands of the mammalia; the wonderful instincts of bees and of ants; the complex
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A1015
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.
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of characteristics have relation to the prevention of ants, slugs, and other animals from reaching the flowers, because these creatures would devour or injure them without effecting fertilisation. The spines, hairs, or sticky glands on the stem or flower-stalk, the curious hairs or processes shutting up the flower, or sometimes even the extreme smoothness and polish of the outside of the petals so that few insects can hang to the part, have been shown to be related to the possible intrusion of
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A1015
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.
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mimic wasps, bees, or ants. In Borneo a large black wasp, whose wings have a broad white patch near the apex (Mygnimia aviculus), is closely imitated by a heteromerous beetle (Coloborhombus fasciatipennis), which, contrary to the general habit of beetles, keeps its wings expanded in order to show the white patch on their apex, the wing-coverts being reduced to small oval scales, as shown in the figure. This is a most remarkable instance of mimicry, because the beetle has had to acquire so many
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A1015
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.
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in the Oolite; while ants, representing the highly specialised Hymenoptera, have occurred in the Purbeck and Lias. This remarkable identity of the families of very ancient with those of existing insects is quite comparable with the apparently sudden appearance of existing genera of trees in the Cretaceous epoch. In both cases we feel certain that we must go very much farther back in order to find the ancestral forms from which they were developed, and that at any moment some fresh discovery
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F1528.3
Book:
Darwin, F. ed. 1889. Charles Darwins liv og breve med et kapitel selvbiografi. Translated by Martin Simon Søraas. Fagerstrand pr. Høvig: Bibliothek for de Tusen Hjem. Volume 3.
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, om det ikke n ste vaar vilde bli til en hest. Hvad jeg forlanger af Dem, er, at De vil v re saa god at binde en snor rundt stammen af et halvt dusin edderkop-orchideer og grave dem op, naar de reiser fra Mentone; jeg vil da pr ve paa at dyrke dem og se, om de holder sig uforandrede; men jeg maa faa vide, i hvad slags jord de vokser. De maatte n dvendigvis m rke planten, saa jeg kunde v re sikker paa ikke at ta feil af individerne. 1) Nylig afdade mr. Moggridge, forf. af „Harvesting Ants and
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. First Murray illustrated edition.
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CHAP. forest, is astonished at the labours of the ants: well-beaten paths branch off in every direction, on which an army of never-failing foragers may be seen, some going forth, and others returning, burdened with pieces of green leaf, often larger than their own bodies. A small dark-coloured ant sometimes migrates in countless numbers. One day, at Bahia, my attention was drawn by observing many spiders, cockroaches, and other insects, and some lizards, rushing in the greatest agitation
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. First Murray illustrated edition.
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Musical frogs Phosphorescent insects Elater, springing powers of Blue Haze Noise made by a Butterfly Entomology Ants Wasp killing a Spider Parasitical Spider Artifices of an Epeira Gregarious Spider Spider with an unsymmetrical web . . . . . . 19-39 CHAPTER III Monte Video Maldonado Excursion to R. Polanco Lazoand Bolas Partridges Absence of trees Deer Capybara, or River Hog Tucutuco Molothrus, cuckoo-like habits Tyrant-flycatcher Mocking-bird Carrion Hawks Tubes formed by lightning House struck
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