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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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certain modes of tropical life. Some live on ants upon the ground, others pick minute insects from the bark of trees; one group will devour bees and wasps, others prefer caterpillars; while a host of small birds seek for insects in the corollas of flowers. The air, the earth, and undergrowth, the tree-trunks, the flowers, and the fruits, all support their specially adapted tribes of birds. Each species fills a place in nature, and can only continue to exist so long as that place is open to it; and
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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, owing to their numbers, their size, and their brilliant colours, as well as their peculiarities of form, and the slow and majestic flight of many of them. In other insects, the large size and frequency of protective colours and markings are prominent features, together with the inexhaustible profusion of the ants and other small insects. Among birds the parrots stand forth as the pre-eminent tropical group, as do the apes and monkeys among mammals, the two groups having striking analogies in the
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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of a small ant that swarmed on the syrup with which they were fed. It is strange that, with all this previous experience and information, those who have attempted to bring live humming-birds to this country have fed from exclusively on syrup; and the weakness produced by this insufficient food has no doubt been the chief cause of their death on, or very soon after, arrival. A box of ants would not be difficult to bring as food for them, but even finely-chopped meat or yolk of egg would probably
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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moths, and ants by beetles; and even poisonous snakes are mimicked by harmless snakes, and dangerous hawks by defenceless cuckoos. How these curious imitations have been brought about, and the laws which govern them, have been already discussed. (See p. 54.) Sexual Colours The third class comprises all cases in which the colours of the two sexes differ. This diference is very general, and varies greatly in amount, from a slight divergence of tint up to a radical change of coloration. Differences
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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, 206 Professor Tyndall on, 206 not a product of complex organisation, 209 an advance on mere vegetative life, 209 (note) Coprid , 289 probable use of horns of, 372 Coral-reefs and cirripedia, Darwin's works on, 473 Correlation of growth, 172 Corynomalus sp., 66 Cotingid , sexual colouring and nidification of, 127 Cratosomus, a hard weevil, 67 Crematogaster, gems of ants, 280 Crickets mimicking sand wasps, 70 Cross-fertilisation of flowers, use of, 400 complex arrangements for, 401 Crossing and
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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, 245 Dynastid , 289 probable use of horns of, 372 EARTH-WORKS, North American, 425 Earth-works, Darwin's work on, 472 Easter island, sculptures on, 424 Eciton, genus of foraging ants, 283 Egyptian architecture, introduced, 113 Elaps fulvius, E. corallinus, E. lemniscatus, E. mipartitus, E. hemiprichii, 72 Elaterid , luminous species, perhaps mimetic, 374 Emperor-moth, protective coloration of, 350 Eunomos, autumnal colours of this genus, 45 Epicalia, sexs of, differently coloured, 353 Epilobium
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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nidification, 124 more exposed to enemies than the males, 130 greater brilliancy of some, 379 Female butterflies generally dull-coloured, 137 Female insects, mimicry by, 78, 137 colours of, 80 greater brilliancy of some, 372 Female sex, has no incapacity for as brilliant coloration as the male, 129 in some groups requires more protection than the male, 136 Ferns, 253 Fiji islands, pale butterflies or, 385 Fire-ants, 280 Fishes, protective colouring of, 41 causes of general coloration of, 348
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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Heliconid , not attacked by birds, 57 sometimes mimicked by other Heliconid , 61 Heliconiin and Acr in , local resemblances of, 383 Helladotherium, 165 Hemiptera, protected by bad odour, 52 Herbert, Rev. W., on song of birds, 105 Herring-gull, change of nesting habits in, 115 Hesthesis, Longicorns resembling ants, 67 Hipparion, 164 Hippotherium, 164 Hispid , imitated by Longicorns, 65 Holothurid , 136 Homalocranium semicinctum, 72 Hooker, Sir J., on flowers of Auckland isles, 408 Hornbills
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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indications of extreme antiquity of, 420 highly developed at very early period, 421 antiquity of intellectural, 424 antiquity of, in North America, 433 in America coeval with extinct mammalia, 438 in America in the glacial period, 439 fossil remains of, in the auriferous gravels of California, 446 concluding remarks on antiquity of, 448 Mantid , adaptive colouring of, 46 mimicking white ants, 70 tropical forms of, 286 Mantis resembling on orchis-flower, 349 Mangroves, 262 Manicaria saccifera, 249
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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living humming-birds, 317 New Zealand, poor in flowers and insects, 406 Nocturnal animals, colours of, 38 Nomada, 70 North America, antiquity of man in, 433 North American earth-works, 425 Nuttall, Mr., on the rufous flame-bearer, 317 Nymphalid , local resemblances of species of distinct genera of, 383 OBEREA, species resemble Tenthredinid , 68 Oceanic islands first defined by Darwin, 469 Odontocera odyneroides, 68 Odontocheila, 69 Odontomachus, genus of ants, 280 Odours absorbed unequally by
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A334
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1896. Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection. London: Cassell & Co.
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all through this period he was making fresh observations whenever an opportunity occurred. Thus we find him writing to Hooker about the thistle-down blown out to sea and then back to shore again; about the migrations of slave-making ants which he had been watching; about the bending of the pistil into the line of the gangway leading to the honey when this latter is secreted at one point of the circle of the corolla, etc. And on March 2nd, 1859, he writes about an odd, though very little, fact
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F310
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1902. Observations géologiques sur les iles volcaniques: explorées par l'expédition du "Beagle" et notes sure la géologie de l'Australie et du Cap de Bonne-Espérance. Trans. by A. F. Renard. Paris: C. Reinwald.
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la Chauss e des G ants. [page] 14
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F1548.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 2
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. Sharp is good enough to tell us that he is not aware of any such adaptation. Broadly speaking, the distribution of the nest-inhabiting beetles is due to co-migration with the ants, though in some cases the ants transport the beetles. Sitaris and Meloe are beetles which live at the expense of bees of the genus Anthophora. The eggs are laid not in but near the bees' nest; in the early stage the larva is active and has the instinct to seize any hairy object near it, and in this way they are carried
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F1548.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 2
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. Letter 722. TO T. BELT. [Belt's account, discussed in this letter, is probably that published in his Naturalist in Nicaragua (1874), where he describes the relation between the presence of honey-secreting glands on plants, and the protection to the latter secured by the attendance of ants attracted by the honey. (Op. cit., pages 222 et seq.)] Thursday [1874?]. Your account of the ants and their relations seems to me to possess extraordinary interest. I do not doubt that the excretion of sweet fluid
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to succeeding generations. It can be clearly shown that the most wonderful instincts with which we are acquainted namely, those of the hive-bee and of many ants could not possibly have been acquired by habit (p. 206). These passages have a great historical interest quite apart from the doctrine of Evolution. They show the cloudy metaphysics which then hung around the whole question of instinct. In consequence of this metaphysical puzzle, Darwin's task of dealing with instinct was rendered
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F1548.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 2
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. FOREL. Down, June 19th, 1876. I hope you will allow me to suggest an observation, should any opportunity occur, on a point which has interested me for many years-viz., how do the coleoptera which inhabit the nests of ants colonise a new nest?2 Mr. Wallace, in reference to the presence of such coleoptera in Madeira, suggests that their ova may be attached to the winged female ants, and that these are occasionally blown across the ocean to the island. It would be very interesting to 1. Axel
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F1548.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 2
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of rendering the seeds dormant after the manner of the ants, and that indeed its influence is always injurious to the seeds, even when present only in excessively minute quantities. Though unable to explain the method employed, he was convinced that the non-germination of the seeds is due to some direct influence voluntarily exercised by the ants, and not merely to the conditions found in the nest (page 172). See Volume I., Letter 251.] Down, February 21st [1873]. You have given me exactly the
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F1548.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 2
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; but are you sure that the rostellum does excite them? Would not tubes protrude if placed on parts of column or base of petals, etc., near to the stigma? Please look at the Cottage Gardener2 (or Journal of Horticulture) to be published to-morrow week for letter of mine, in which I venture to quote you, and in which you will see a curious fact about unopened orchid flowers setting seed in West Indies. Dr. Crüger attributes protrusion of tubes to ants carrying stigmatic secretion to pollen3; but
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, a little mouse, from mus, a mouse): An organ composed of contractile fibres. NEURAL (G. neuron, nerve): Of, or pertaining to, the nerves or nervous system. NEUTERS (L. ne, not, and uter, either): Organisms not belonging to either sex neither male nor female. Among social insects, as ants and bees, the neuters are imperfectly developed females, and as they have the work of the hive to perform, they are often called workers. SOPHAGUS (G. oisophagos oiso, from future of phero, to bear, and
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F1548.1
Book:
Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Volume 1
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migration from north to south. The sketch in the Origin gives a very meagre account of my fuller MS. essay on this subject. I shall be particularly obliged for a copy of your paper when published;1 and if any suggestions occur to me (not that you require any) or questions, I will write and ask. I have at once to prepare a new edition of the Origin,2 and I will do myself the pleasure of sending you a copy; but it will be only very slightly altered. Cases of neuter ants, divided into castes, with
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