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organisms into the structure of his hypothetico-deductive systems and so obtained a means of testing his theories. * Cf. F. A. Beach, The Snark was a Boojum, The American Psychologist, V (1950), 115-124. Darwin's importance is often overlooked by workers in this field. He used this same approach—tracing out the variations in behavioral phenomena through the genealogical tree—in his work on insectivorous plants. In The Origin of Species he treats the slave-making habits of ants and the manner of comb
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complex instincts appear to have been gained in a wholly different manner, through the natural selection of variations of simpler instinctive actions. Such variations appear to arise from the same unknown causes acting on the cerebral organization, which induce slight variations or individual differences in other parts of the body....We can, I think, come to no other conclusion with respect to the origin of the more complex instincts, when we reflect on the marvelous instincts of sterile worker-ants
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), Diptera (flies), Hemiptera (bugs), Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps) and Orthoptera (grasshoppers) were collected, probably many of them by using a sweep-net in the vegetation high on the island. He wondered 'from what district or centre of creation future comparison might show that the organized beings of this archipelago must be attached.'10 He ascended to the summit of Saddle Mountain, the highest hill on the island. He estimated it at 2,000 feet (610 m) (modern maps show it at 2,700 feet
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are very few in number: I must except some spiders a small ant, which swarms in countless numbers at every spot and place.'19 The 'snipe' was in fact probably a turn-stone, Arenaria interpres. The land-rail, later identified as Rallus philippen-sis andrewii, is an endemic subspecies, now confined to North Keeling. A fragment of paper kept with Darwin's zoological notes lists the '12 specimens' - flies, ants, a couple of moths and a beetle. In the Voyage he amends the total to thirteen species
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A27b
Book:
Freeman, R. B. 2007. Charles Darwin: A companion. 2d online edition, compiled by Sue Asscher.
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College London. 1844 FRS. 1860 CD to about Origin and about Geological gossip, 1860, by A.—MLi 175. Anthropological Society 1862 CD Honorary Fellow from foundation. Anthropologische Gesellschafte, Vienna. 1872 CD Honorary Member. Ants 1873 [letter] Habits of ants , Nature, Lond. 8:244 (Bii 177, F1761); introducing a letter from James D. Hague. Ape , cartoonist, see Carlo Pellegrini. Appleman, Philip 1970 Darwin, New York; extracts from CD's works selected by A (F1624). Appleton, Mary American
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A27b
Book:
Freeman, R. B. 2007. Charles Darwin: A companion. 2d online edition, compiled by Sue Asscher.
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. 1871 CD to M, about habits of ants and about orchids—Carroll 399. 1872 CD to M, about trap-door spiders—MLi 337. 1874 CD describes M as One of our most promising young naturalists —Nature, Lond., 11:114. 1873 Author of Harvesting ants and trap-door spiders, London 1873[-1874], which rediscovered the habits of Atta, described in Proverbs vi. 6. Mojsisovics von Mojsvár, Johann August Georg Edmund, 1839-1907. Hungarian geologist. Vice-Director Imperial Geological Institute, Vienna. [1878-]1879 M
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A27b
Book:
Freeman, R. B. 2007. Charles Darwin: A companion. 2d online edition, compiled by Sue Asscher.
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Aspects of scepticism, London, which prints the letter. Forel, Auguste Henri, 1848-1931. Swiss entomologist, especially of ants. 1874 CD to F, having read Les fourmis de la Suisse, Zurich—LLiii 191. Forest, The Nickname for Woodhouse, Felton, Shropshire, home of the Owen family. Forms of Flowers 1877 The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, London (F1277). 1878 2nd edition (F1279). 1884 2nd edition, 3rd thousand (F1281), with new preface by Francis Darwin. 1969 1st edition
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F2043
Book:
Wyhe, John van ed. 2009. Charles Darwin's shorter publications 1829-1883. With a foreword by Janet Browne and Jim Secord. Cambridge: University Press.
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1872 Mr. Ayrton and Dr. Hooker. F1937* 373 Bree on Darwinism. F1756 373 1873 Natural selection. F1758 374 Inherited instinct. F1757 375 Testimonials in favour of W. Boyd Dawkins. F1216 376 Perception in the lower animals. F1759 376 Origin of certain instincts. F1760 377 Instinct: Perception in ants. F1810 381 Habits of ants. F1761 381 On the males and complemental males of certain cirripedes, and on rudimentary structures. F1762 382 [Note on nematodes]. F1974 386 1874 Memorial presented to the
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A622
Periodical contribution:
Ghiselin, Michael T. 2009. Darwin: A reader's guide. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences (155 [12 February]), 185 pp, 3 figs.
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neuter castes of social insects such as ants, bees and termites. How could such colonies evolve through natural selection when the workers are sterile? Under ordinary circum [page] 2
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A622
Periodical contribution:
Ghiselin, Michael T. 2009. Darwin: A reader's guide. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences (155 [12 February]), 185 pp, 3 figs.
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, v. 7, p. 417-418. Darwin, Charles, 1873. Habits of ants. Nature, v. 8, p. 244. Darwin, Charles, 1873. On the males and complemental males of certain cirripedes, and on rudimentary structures. Nature, v. 8, p. 431-432. Darwin, Charles, 1873. Natural selection. Spectator, v. 313, p. 76. Darwin, Charles, 1874. The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs [2nd ed.]. London: Smith, Elder, xx + 278 p.; 1st ed. 1842. Darwin, Charles, 1874. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex [2nd ed
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A622
Periodical contribution:
Ghiselin, Michael T. 2009. Darwin: A reader's guide. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences (155 [12 February]), 185 pp, 3 figs.
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: Copernic, 252 p. Churchill, Frederick B., 1972. [Review of Limoges, 1970 and Vorzimmer, 1970]. Victorian Studies, v. 16, p. 257-261. Churchill, Frederick B., 1982. Darwin and the historian. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 17, p. 45-68. Claeys, Gregory, 2000. The survival of the fittest and the origins of social Darwinism. Journal of the History of Ideas, v. 61, p. 223-240. Clark, J. F. M., 1997. 'The ants were duly visited': making sense of John Lubbock, scientific naturalism and the
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A3308
Periodical contribution:
Wyhe, John van. 2010. Commemorating Charles Darwin. The Evolutionary Review 1, no. 1 (February): 42-47.
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comparatively overlooked. It was after all Darwin's greatest achievement—to convince the skeptical international scientific community that life on earth is not a series of disconnected independent creations but a unified family tree of genealogical descent with slow modification. As if this were not enough he also discovered sexual selection and a version of kin selection to explain the evolution of sterile social insects such as ants and bees. He showed that the we ourselves are descended from
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