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highest of these can alone be seen from Bahia Blanca. — To this part a ridge or saddle back appears to join, — our halting place was at the foot of this. — 9th In the morning the guide told me to ascend the ridge that I could walk along its edge to the very summit. — The climbing up such very rough rocks was fatiguing; the sides are so indented that what is gained in one five minutes is often lost in the next. At last when I reached the summit of the ridge, my [page] 367 Patagones to B. Ayre
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sea, I could not imagine the cause of the white patches, with which the whole plain was mottled: I now found out it was owing to the number of seafowl, which sleep in such full confidence, as even in midday to allow a man to walk up to seize hold of them. These birds were the only living creatures I this day saw. On the beach a great sea, although the breeze was light, was tumbling over the [page] 750 Ascension to Bahi
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midday as seen against the pale blue [page] 752 Bahi
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1836 August 12th I failed in all my attempts to take any long walks. — I was however enabled to observe that many of the country houses in the outskirts were like those of Bahia, of a gay appearance which harmonized well with the luxuriant character of the tropical vegetation. The flat swampy land is surrounded at the distance of a few miles by a semicircle of low hills, or rather by the edge of a country elevated perhaps two hundred feet above the sea. The old city of Olinda stands on one
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F1840
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Weevils. 11 Genus of Lyctidae, powder post beetles. 12 Genus of Lathridiidae, plaster beetles. 13 Criocerinae, plaster beetles. 14 Genus of Alticinae (Chrysomelidae), leaf beetles. 15 Genus of Phalacridae, shining flower beetles. 16 Genus of Coccinellidae, lady birds. [CD P. 61 commences] NeuropteraGeneral Observations Libellula1 very numerous: Many Agrions2 in the forest. I only saw one Hemiroti3 2 Frigania4. Termites not so numerous as at Bahia still less than at Fernando Noronha. Hymenoptera
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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formerly applied to all insects of order Blattodea. [CD P. 29 commences] March 23dMucor Mucor1 growing on green ginger: colour yellow, length from 1/20 to 1/15 of [page] 30 BAHIA MARCH 183
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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: (c) Proceeding to the Coast: the rocks as at Bahia other Tropical places are frequented by large bodies of Ligia1. Beneath the water are many species of Pilumnus2. On the Fuci are some Amphipodes many L modipodes. Either from the exposed site or zone, there were no Stony Coralls: certainly the flexible such as Cellaria3, Sertularia3, Amphiroa4 were more abundant than in lower Latitudes. [note (a)] I observed, cast up on the beach, those waxy looking balls, formed of flattened cells, which contain
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Botanic Garden is one of this class. the water is not so salt as the sea, for only once in the year a passage is cut for sake of the fishes. The beach is composed of large grains of quartz very clean. if cemented into a breccia or sandstone it would precisely resemble the one a rock at Bahia containing marine shells. [note (a)] Page of Geology1, 35 (2nd bed) [note ends] A small Turbo2 appeared the only proper inhabitant, thus differed from the lagoons on the Northern coast in the absence of those
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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discussion of specimen 491 see Oxford Collections p. 206, and Journal of Researches 1:189. See Cuvier Vol. 4, p. 91. 4 Flabellifera, Cymothoidae, an ectoparasite of fish. [CD P. 99 continues] [page] 91 BAHIA BLANCA SEPTEMBER 183
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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. [note ends] [CD P. 99 continues] [page] 92 BAHIA BLANCA SEPTEMBER 183
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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is ready to obtain independent life. [note (b)] The situation of the Ovules or eggs on the shell must be almost necessary, as the animal inhabits extensive sand banks, where there is no hard substance to fix them on. [note ends] At first the capsules only contain a pulpy yellow matter. but when further advanced the minute animal: the outline of the shell is rounded [page] 93 BAHIA BLANCA SEPTEMBER 183
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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rim extending round 3/4 of the inner sphere, in which is a delicate vessel one extremity, the anterior, [page] 96 BAHIA BLANCA SEPTEMBER 183
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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arriving here, Nature seemed not to have granted any living animals to this sandy country. [note (a)] I must except [page] 104 BAHIA BLANCA OCTOBER 183
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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are obscurely jointed: tail very small: [note ends] 1 Scarabaeidae, dung beetle. 2 Carabidae, ground beetles. 3 Tenebrionidae, darkling beetles. 4 Mygalomorphae, a tarantula-like spider. 5 Scarabaeidae, another dung beetle. 6 For an identification of the insects collected by CD at Bahia Blanca see Insect Notes pp. 61-7. 7 Coccinellidae, lady birds. 8 Pompilidae or Sphecidae. See Insect Notes p. 56. 9 See account by P.A. Latreille of branchiopod crustacea in Cuvier Vol. 4, pp. 149-71. The specimen
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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see notes attached to (323 in Cat: for Spirits). On the shore, the genera Plagusia9 Grapsus9 are exceedingly abundant. indeed they are nearly the only Brachyures which I have seen between M. Video Bahia Blanca. On the beach are also great numbers of minute Crust. Amphipod: which here assume the place which Ligia10 takes in the Tropics. (a) Amongst Arachnida by far the greatest proportion belong to Lycosa11. I found Mygalus Dysdera under stones Segestria abundant in crevices of rock. Scorpio12
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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length of tail c Coluber3624 Copied The commonest species in this country; is it not same as taken at Bahia Blanca, reaches 3 or 4 feet long. The first maxillary tooth is very large: by aid of microscope I saw a narrow deep groove running down on convex surface. Is it for conveying poison? Specimen of tooth is in pill-box (1320) Coluber4639 705 Copied Beneath cream-coloured with irregular rows of blackish dots as if of interrupted chains; above all the scales, yellowish ½ wood brown , with
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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snow white. Found at Bahia Blanca [notes end] [this parasitical bird was listed as Molothrus niger Gould in Zoology 3:107- [page] 153 MALDONADO MAY-JUNE 183
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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rather agreeable note without any alteration; which somewhat resembles some articulate words. [note (c)] flight undulatory; head as if weighed down by the bill. When hovering much resembles Hawk: [note ends] [listed as Saurophagus sulphuratus Swains in Zoology 3:43] (e) (1217, 1218) Xanthornus. common in large flocks. [note (e) added later] Found at Bahia Blanca [note ends] [listed as Xanthornus flavus G.R.Gray in Zoology 3:107; labelled 1217D at NHM] * [page] 154 MALDONADO MAY-JUNE 183
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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(1276) Alecturus. is this different species? (1277) Parus (?). most beautiful. amongst reeds. very rare. Soles of feet, fine orange: |185| [note (a)] This bird is also found at Bahia Blanca [note ends] [listed as Cyanotis omnicolor Swains in Zoology 3:86] [CD P. 185 commences] Ornithology (1293) Owl. Excessively numerous. mentioned by all travellers as a striking part of the Zoology of the Pampas live in burrows especially where the soil is sandy. in B. Ayres seem exclusively to use holes of
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Bahia Blanca (P 99). They were not very uncommon amongst the sand-dunes: the quantity of marks of buff orange varied, in some individuals being these being more, in some less than at B. Blanca. Eye jet black. When placed in water could scarcely swim at all. I think would shortly have been drowned. They crawl about during the day frequent the driest places. 1 Identified as Clathrus crispus var. obovatus Berkeley in Plant Notes pp. 224-5. 2 Listed by Thomas Bell as young specimens of Ameiva longicauda
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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headings until arriving at Bahia on 1st August 1836. To avoid confusion, this mistake has been put right.] [page] 302 HOBART TOWN FEBRUARY 183
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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. [page] 314 BAHIA, BRAZIL AUGUST 183
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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* 173 S Coronula. on rock in profusion high water mark. March 29th. Abrolhos 1832 April Rio de Jan. 174 Onchidium or Peronia on Abrolhos. 29th March 175 Tubipores (?). Abrolhos, do. V 33 [Idmonea milneana D'Orb. SFH] * 176 C Crustaceous animal almost buried in the body Exoc tus Communio [?]. April 2nd. 120 E of Rio. [notes opposite] (Cyamus? June 12th) Soc go is on the Rio Macaè all the places lie on the road to it. 177 C Crustace . Bahia 178 R Snake. Soc go. called Corral snake. 179 F Fish. sallt
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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301 P 302. 303. St Jago 304 I Termites. Fernando Noronha. 305 I part of their nest. Vide 1 Geological Notes. 1832 Feb 306 S Lost Bulima. roots of trees Fernando Noronha 307 S Murex Bucanum Mytilus Arca Turribella c c St Jago 308 P Rhynchites. Seeds of the Tamarind. St Jago 309 P X Lichen from the highest peak of Fernando Noronha 325 I Numerous small Coleoptera Hemiptera from Bahia [see Insect Notes p. 47] [page] 373 Specimens not in Spirit
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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) a nest like (368) found at Bahia [note opposite] Ants do not make it. I found ones somewhat similar, filled with half dead Spiders, evidently collected by some Hymenopterous insect. It is the case, V No 536 450 I Ricinus from a pretty, but common yellow Certhia 451 I Ricinus, do do. (another species) 452 S Helix V. 38 (Copy) 453 I Insect Santerella, colour changed by boiling water from grass green into a yellow 454 I do do do do 455 B X Krotophagus [note opposite] In the stomach were numerous
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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824 S X :825. Shells, living on the sand banks. [note opposite] The Mya lived about 5 inches within the mud: a small blackish Buccinum on the mud. The Voluta had no operculum. Shells to be compared with fossil ones from P. Alta. 826 S :827. Shells Coralls, on beach for comparing with those at P. Alta. 811-813 [CD's shells: Mactra elegans] [new page, no heading] 828 B Sylvia. in thickets: Bahia Blanca 829 I Fly, just killed a gnat: 839 I Saperda on the trunk of the Phytocalla: (a large tree). B
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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1146 B X Sturnus, I believe same as that at M. Video, Bahia Blanca [note opposite] Sturnus ruber. at St Fe Bajada. most common at R Negro coast of Patagonia [Sturnella loyca, listed as Sturnella militaris Vieill. in Zoology 3:110] 1147: B Scolopax. feeding flocks on the mud banks on sea-coast. [listed as Limosa Hudsonica in 1148 Zoology 3:129, No. 1147 is now in Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Reg. No. 8074] * 1149 S : 1150 Marine Testace 1151 I Coleoptera [see Insect Notes p. 72] 1153
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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: [note opposite] At the instant of explosion a sensation of warmth was felt: taste very acrid even when diluted: [Brachinus sp., see Insect Notes p. 73] 1292 A Cervus V 1961293...1297 B Various birds for particulars V P. 185. 1298 I Hymenoptera. Bahia Blanca 1299. I 1300. Hymenoptera. Bay San Blas 1301 I Lepidop taken 60 miles from nearest land, but much further in direction of wind. Mouth of R. Plata 1302 I 1303. Coleoptera do. 1304 I Brachinus. Maldonado 1305 I Hydrous 1306 I Hemiptera 1307 I
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] 3915 Oysters Keeling Islds3916 Ovules of Shell, (common Trochus?), Falkland Isld3917 Tubinicella from Whale (spermacetti) Lat 44°:30 Jan. 1835. Chonos Arch: 3918 Balanus. Wollaston Isld (very abundant) 3919 Mya. dug out of mud bank 6 inches beneath surface. very abundant Bahia Blanca 3920 Bulla. body yellowish. Callao Bay. Lima Peru 3921 Balanus. 19 Fathoms. 5 miles from the shore. Lat 48°:56 S. coast of Patagonia [Written at right angles across righthand side of page] [illegible word] catalogue
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Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Bahia (see p. 26) working out how the puffer fish Diodon takes up water by swallowing air in order to distend itself for regulation of its overall density and centre of gravity, and uses its pectoral fins after collapsing the caudals to enable itself, contrary to Cuvier's opinion, to swim while upside down. On the same day he caught a luminous click beetle, and critically examined the mechanism by which it bent its spine as a spring in order to jump suddenly into the air, this time finding grounds
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behavioural differences between the mainland species of mocking bird that had led him to distinguish Mimus orpheus in Monte Video from M. patagonicus on the Rio Santa Cruz. There are many vivid descriptions of the behaviour of animals at all levels, from the ants in Bahia (see p. 29), through spiders spinning their webs and wasps preying on them (see p. 38), the 'monstrous' coconut crabs in the Cocos Keeling Islands (see p. 311), penguins and [page] xxiv Introductio
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Cheilostomata as opposed to the Ctenostomata. 47 The first four of these are indeed bryozoans, but Milleporae are hydrocorals. 48 Clytia, formerly included with bryozoans among the Sertularians, is a hydrozoan of order Leptothecata. 49 In a Memoir sent by CD to W.H. Harvey at the Herbarium of Trinity College Dublin on 7 April 1847 (Correspondence 4:29) he said of observations made at Bahia on either the coralline alga Melobesia or on Halimeda in August 1836 that 'on several occasions having kept
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of tremulous motion even when the animal is at remains still. [note ends] the animal propels its body by using these posterior fins in same manner as a boat is sculled, that is by moving them rapidly from side to side with an oblique surface exposed to the water. The pectoral fins have great play, which is necessary to enable the animal to swim with his its back downwards. [page] 26 BAHIA MARCH 183
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a flat semicircular membrane, retracted posteriorly projecting upwards (or rt angles to the flat part) .3 [page] 27 BAHIA MARCH 183
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projections were formed on surface. (Much in the same manner as is seen in Pollen) These cones in a short time visibly were contracted drawn within the spherule. Mantis (a) Caught at Bahia on the 17th a Mantis2 as I thought killed it by holding for several minutes under water that was boiling, the head thorax (to the insertion of the wings) anterior legs. These parts shortly were completely dead became dry brittle: but eight day[s] afterwards on the 25th the abdomen hinder legs continued to possess a
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glass show luminous particles, although certainly abundant in it. The breakers bows wake of ship, i.e. when air acts on water, is luminous: this was after a heavy sea Can this by destroying numbers of small animals be the cause: [notes end] 1 Listed by George Waterhouse in Zoology 2:91 as Hydrochœrus Capybara Auct. 2 No capybara was added to the collection, but Specimen No. 672 was an Acarus from Cavia capybara (see Insect Notes p. 60). 3 H.M.S. Samarang was at Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and Monte
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delicate |102| membrane is attached. It is probable by these plates the tentacula communicate with the body. I may mention these hasty observations as they show how singularly close the Actini are in their organization to the Caryophillia as described at Page (10). Crepidula2 Adhering to the anchor, soundings 10 fathoms: shell with concave curved [page] 94 BAHIA BLANCA SEPTEMBER 183
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on the branch when a peduncle. Hence the Coralline appears is jointed, at every bifurcation there are the three compressed globular articulations. From this it would appear that the peduncle of the Clytia is really only the first form of the branch. The peduncle is rather longer than the |104| cup. The central organized matter much developed included in a thin tube within the branches. The polype unite at their bases with this. [page] 95 BAHIA BLANCA SEPTEMBER 183
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stem where the folds polypi are fully developed this structure nearly disappears, it is through this they first [page] 98 BAHIA BLANCA OCTOBER 183
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contractility of the softer parts of |110| the stem. Hence By this power the animal whole stem its body is easily withdrawn into the sand; but at first sight its manner of rising again is not so clear: upon considering the erratic nature of the axis, its inferior extremity floating loose in a cavity, the lower part of this cavity lying in a curved position, [page] 99 BAHIA BLANCA OCTOBER 183
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) differs from the Virgularia mirabilis which I saw examined in Edinburgh4 [word above illeg.]; for in this species the ova were scattered in the fleshy part between the polypeferous folds. (Were they then passing through an internal vessel??). The above movement in the particles was more rapid I think quite distinct from that of the particles in the elastic bag [illeg.] to lateral part of the [illeg.]. the latter would seem to bear some obscure analogy to a true circulation. [page] 100 BAHIA BLANCA
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clear from the number of eggs that each female lays many eggs, in the oviduct (it was told me by those who cut one up for the [page] 101 BAHIA BLANCA OCTOBER 183
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other wild beast. Wallis4 saw Ostriches in Bachelor river in the Stts of Magellan, Lat between 53° and 54°. When at the R. Negro, I heard much concerning the Avestruz petises , a [page] 102 BAHIA BLANCA OCTOBER 183
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most closely resembles Ostracodes; but in structure very different. [note (b)] It did not occur to me at first that by counting the rudimentary legs there will be 24, that in its other characters (2 pediculated eyes, flat calcated legs c), it must belong to the division Phyllopes. Eggs in this one were irregular, numerous in the dorsal [page] 105 BAHIA BLANCA OCTOBER 183
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of number (not many) some small transparent globules, seated on a dark coloured pedunculated mass. The body attached to the dorsal part of shell by many parallel tubes or vessels: these perhaps act as Branchi . Mouth obscure, with two curved pointed jaws (mandibul or maxill ) united at base forming a horse shoe. ((?) At base of Antenn there are 2 rudimentary palpi (?):) Shell has not a true dorsal hinge, but merely a line: shell very tough elastic, with [page] 106 BAHIA BLANCA OCTOBER 183
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(a) At R. Negro (in August) an animal frequents the same sites makes the same burrows: but the noise is decidedly different: it is more distinct, louder, sonorous, peculiar, much resembles the sound of a small tree being cut down in the distance. the noise is repeated twice not 3 or 4 times as at Maldonado. At Bahia Blanca the animal makes a noise repeated at single intervals, at equal times or in an accelerating order. I was assured these animals were found of different colours. Having caught
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however great quantities of ashes). This I was assured by a person well capable of judging was the nearest approach he had ever seen to the Turf of Ireland. As there are an abundance of situations favourable for the production [of] this substance, its existence only in the above imperfect state shows that this Latitude is too low for it. (b) At Bahia Blanca (September) there were very great numbers of Copris (1491). Almost every heap of horse cow dung was undermined by a deep circular hole, as
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four species of this genus. hearing respecting their habitats. The Taturia Pichiz1 (375 Spirits); the T. Apar.2 (403 spirits) called Mataco. The T. villosa3, called Paluda. are all found in some numbers on the sandy plains of Bahia Blanca, Lat. 39°. The three species show no difference in choice of situations. The first Pichiz, or sometimes called Kerikincha [later spelling Queriquincho]; is excessively numerous in all the dry country of B. Blanca, Sierra Ventana, R. Negro c. It appears never
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semitransparent colourless: with a bright silver band on each side: also so marked about the head; taken some miles from the land [Atherina incisa Jen., Zoology 4:79-80. Exd. LJ] 368 Loligo, same as (363 V) 369 C Crust: Macrour. (new genus) perfect specimen V 97370 C Isopod. Cymothoudes. V 98 Bahia Blanca 371 X Fish. [note opposite] Body silvery, excepting back greenish blue. [Clupea arcuata Jen., Zoology 4:134. N.S. LJ] 372 X Mygalus; Epeira. 2 Lycosa. B. Blanca [note opposite] Small Lycosa; body pale
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large green caterpillar, watched it to the cell (537): Where with its mandibles by degrees it forced the caterpillar inside. The rim of the cell is broken: This is the same as (368) found at Bahia 538 I Orthopterous with Acari 550 I Leiodes from Hymenophallus V 43 (a) 551 I Beetle from the dense forest 1832 June. Rio de Janeiro 552 I Cicindela. from the forest. 553 I Forficula. from do. (forceps curious) 554 I : 555: Gyrini, rapid brook in the forest; emit an odour like G. natator. 564 I Larva of
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