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of posterior pincers with which the insect seized any object.— Living in same site as these latter were Cloporta, Tuli Polydermi.— together with few Scolopendiæ.─ Proceeding to the Coast: the rocks as at Bahia other Tropical places are frequented by large bodies of Ligia.— Beneath the water are many species of Pilumnus.— On the Fuci are some Amphipodes many Læmodipodes. Either from the exposed site or zone, there were no Stony Coralls: certainly the flexible such as (a) Cellaria, Sertularia
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have mentioned the lagoons on the coast which contain either salt or fresh water.— The Lagoa near the Botanic Garden is one of this class.— the water is not so salt as the sea, for only once in the year a passage is cut for sake of the fishes.— The beach is composed of large grains of quartz very clean. if cemented into a breccia or sandstone it would precisely (a) resemble the one a rock at Bahia containing marine shells.— (b) A small Turbo appeared the only proper inhabitant, thus differed
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CUL-DAR32.51-60
Note:
1832.04.00--1832.06.00
Geological diary: Provinicia do Rio de Janeiro
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(a) In the interior, such quartz veins occasionally contain gold. — Mr Aston1 has a fine specimen. containing a considerable quantity. (b) Prince Maximilian (P 144)2 mentions near the Rio Itapemirim the occurrence of beds of ferruginous sandstones. — and that the coast is generally composed of cliffs of red or yellow Lithomarge: which evidently is the decomposed (or rather uncrystallized) gneiss. — as at Bahia. — (c) (June) The Lagoa (near Botofago) is another instance of this; its shore like
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CUL-DAR32.51-60
Note:
1832.04.00--1832.06.00
Geological diary: Provinicia do Rio de Janeiro
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(40 1832 April Provincia do Rio de Janeiro 40 quartz, which owe their origin to the veins of that rock. — (a) I saw a piece of sandstone containing marine shells lying on the beach. — There may therefore be some Tertiary formation like that at Bahia. — (b) On looking at a map. a chain of lakes swamps may be seen running parallel. to the line of the shore. — The intervening tract consists of white sand broken shells being chiefly bivalves. — It appears to be gaining in width, (c) as the beach
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CUL-DAR32.51-60
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1832.04.00--1832.06.00
Geological diary: Provinicia do Rio de Janeiro
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42 1832 April Provincia do Rio de Janeiro 42 unbroken outline the valleys were singularly flat. — I could perceive no signs of violence; indeed the entire absence of pebbles goes towards proving the same fact. — At Bahia I came to the same conclusion. — But at St. Jago. where from the barrenness of the ground there is little or no vegetation, the surface evidently was much furrowed. May June In the immediate environs of the city the geology is uninteresting. 468 ... 470 — The prevailing rock
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CUL-DAR32.51-60
Note:
1832.04.00--1832.06.00
Geological diary: Provinicia do Rio de Janeiro
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adapted for it. — Is not Turf generally absent in Tertiary formations? — In Geolog: notes at Bahia (P 32) I mentioned the occurrence of hillocks of decomposing gneiss. — the same phenomenon is largely visible here: my opinion about is altered. Many of the hillocks are composed of it the beds at least 100 feet thick. — It is clear, they have remained in same state 59
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CUL-DAR32.51-60
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1832.04.00--1832.06.00
Geological diary: Provinicia do Rio de Janeiro
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48 1832 May, June Rio de Janeiro 48 for some long time, they existed previous to the formation of the great vallies — As (a) at Bahia (1), the lines of bedding cleavage remain perfectly distinct. — the clay varies much in colour being red. white. grey or blue. 521. 522 — but bright red is by far the prevailing tint. — I cannot attribute these facts to decomposition it would appear more to be owing. to the crystallization having only proceeded so far as to group homogenous particles. without
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CUL-DAR32.51-60
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1832.04.00--1832.06.00
Geological diary: Provinicia do Rio de Janeiro
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formation dipped to the South. to my surprise proceeding a few miles. apparently it dipped in a contrary direction the North. — In the maps a chain of hills is figured as terminating here. — can this be an anticlinal line. — The gneiss-granite is in many decomposed in a like manner as at Bahia; the soil is generally sandy; but in many places consists of a bright red clay, which is very fertile. — There was on our whole route a most curious absence of pebbles. — occasionally the ground was strewed
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Monte Video 1832 Gen: Observ: Monte Video July 26 to Aug. 19th. Every evening they fly out in flocks to the sea return to the beach in the morning.— I have seen them at night, especially at Bahia Blanca, flying round a boat in a wild rapid irregular manner, something in same manner as Caprimulgus does.— I cannot imagine what animals they catch with their singular bills.— The water of the Rio Plata at Monte Video is generally brackish, it is even sometimes fresh enough to drink.— It is not
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same site; from finding Bufo Lacerta half torpid; it is clear animals are now hybernating.— Considering the high temperature, this is curious.— From 276 observ: made at 2 hours intervals during 23 days from July 27 to August 19th (both inclusive), mean temp is 58°.4.— Mean hottest day 65°.5 do. Coldest day 45°.8 The lowest point the Thermometer fell to was 41°.5; it occasionally in middle of the day rose to 69° or 70°.— At (P 113) there are observations on the subject at Bahia Blanca compared to
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would not so easily form protecting banks shoals as sand produced from the detrition of rock. Bahia Blanca The northern shore of this bay is rather less than 30 miles along, in all this line I only found three v. notes !!! geological sections; the intervals being completely covered up by sand dunes. — The settlement or town is built on a slight elevation in an extensive plain; the rock is composed of horizontal strata of a soft spongey friable pale coloured argillaceous limestone 716, containing
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must of course also be much greater. The great vallies which form the outlying masses appear to run in a NNE SSW direction. — At Cape Corrientes beds of horizontally stratified rock (probably sandstone) seem to underlie (?) the great formation of clay. — SW of Corrientes Cliffs sandy dunes alternate; but in the long E.W range before the entrance of Bahia Blanca 1 Thomas Falkner (1707-1784), Jesuit missionary in Patagonia, 1740-1768. Falkner 1774. 61 vers
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 100 Bahia Blanca 1832 Septemb: Fish 390 Caught on a sand bank in the net:— body silvery: dorsal scales iridescent with green copper; head greenish: tail yellow. Fish 391 (a) Body pale, darker above; broard silvery band on sides; common:— Fish 392 Body mottled with silver green; dorsal caudal fins lead colour: common Fish 393 Back coloured like Labrador feldspar; iris coppery: plentiful Fish 394 Above dirty reddish brown; beneath faint blue; iris
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Septemb: Buccinum off when the little shell is ready to obtain independent life.— At first the capsules only contain a pulpy yellow matter.— but when further advanced the minute animal: the outline of the shell is rounded oval, whorls not produced, the siphon not developed; but at the superior right corner, where the row of spines in old specimen commences, the edge of shell projects is tranchant: animal after few minutes could crawl well; foot very large, thin; folding over
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Sept: Actinia membrane is attached.— It is probable by these plates the tentacula communicate with the body.— I may mention these hasty observations as they show how singularly close the Actiniæ are in their organization to the Caryophillia as described at Page (10). Crepidula (a) 429 Copied Adhering to the anchor, soundings 10 fathoms: shell with concave curved grooved spines: animal with foot rounded, posterior half lying on the diaphragms of shell.— Tentacula pointed with
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Octob: Dipus: (Gme:) (777 not spirits) (a) Copied This little animal does not appear to agree exactly with any of the subgenera of Cuvier.— It was caught Octob. 3d at Monte Hermoso in B. Blanca.— In bringing at night a bush for fire wood, it ran out with its tail singed.— So that probably it inhabits bushes:— it could not run very fast: it is a male: after skinning the head it has a much more elongated appearance than it had in Nature.— Clytia 437: 438 (b) Coralline, with
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Octob: Clytia cup.— The central organized matter much developed included in a thin tube within the branches.— The polype unite at their bases with this.— polype when retracted have a narrow base, like footstalk; tentacula arms short, 16 (?) in number situated round a central protruding mouth.— Plate 7, Fig 1 is a drawing of a polype retracted in its cup, with the peduncle rising at a joint in a branch.— This coralline ought to form a distinct subgenus from Clytia of
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Virgularia Polype do when fully expanded (C)— The stem is terminates [2 words illeg] bluntly pointed in vermiform process.— is of larger diameter than the rest of the stem.— Within this process there are two large triangular cavities, separated by a division or septum.— These cavities or channels run up the whole stem, but in the upper parts are obscure small.— Just above the vermiform process [illeg] they are larger filled with a pulpy yellow matter.— Within one of the 2
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Hybernation a half torpid state. On the 15th different animals began to appear by the 18th everything announced the commencement of Spring.— The plains were ornamented with flowers (a); birds were laying their eggs; numbers of Heteromerous Scarabidous1 insects were crawling about. The Saurian tribe, the usual inhabitant of a sandy district, were darting in every direction. For the first eleven day, from the 7th to 17th (both inclusive) the mean temperature from bihoral
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Entomology Amongst the Carabidous (or more properly Harpalidous) there were 7 distinct species: but all very rare.— in my collection I have every individual I have seen6.— The other Coleopterous insects make no figure. I found one Staphylinus, Colymbetes, 2 Crysomela, Elater, 2 Coccinella.— Amongst the Diptera Musca was abundant a Bombylius.— The orders Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, produced scarcely anything.— Vide Collection (a) In Hymenoptera, a large Pompilus was
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Octob: Ova organ at the anterior extremity: Ova spherical about 1/14in in diameter: they were in different states according to their ages. When least developed ( in this state they all were two days previously) they consist in a smaller sphere containing (a) granular matter included in a larger: this matter gradually collects in a linear direction, the next appearance presented is a projecting rim extending round 3/4 of the inner sphere, in which is a delicate vessel one
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Bahia Blanca; N. Patagonia 1832 Octob 17th: Virgularia 401 This animal is Found in the greatest numbers buried vertically in a flat of muddy sand which is left uncovered at low water.— Their superior extremities projected upwards from one to 6 inches above the sand; The whole ground is surface was scattered over with them. [several words illeg] In length they vary ( in diameter in proportion) from about 8 inches to 2 feet. Colour yellow-orange.— When touched especially if pulled they suddenly
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Virgularia other they are widely apart.— The place of termination is some way above the vermiform process is generally marked by the stem being rather enlarged.— These folds are composed by the junction of numerous polypi, side by side. — When animals alive in the water, the folds are fringed by the widely expanded plumar arms of the polype, stand up at large angle with the stem. (a) On being touched they fold [several words illeg] the arms are folded together into a cone
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Virgularia D depression or channell, it is along these that the cavities within the stem run. — The axis gradually tapers from its upper end to the finest point at the lower end.— at this At the lower end, the extremity is suddenly curved backwards. Here the axis consists of a dark line centre part enveloped in a transparent covering, afterward doubtless forming which no doubt is connected with the exterior white stony part layer.— This recurved part of axis is included
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Virgularia the stem.— Hence By this power the animal whole stem its body is easily withdrawn into the sand; but at first sight its manner of rising again is not so clear: upon considering the erratic nature of the axis, its inferior extremity floating loose in a cavity, the lower part of this cavity lying in a curved position, it is clear that when the animal retracts itself, the axis must, from being forced into the terminal vermiform process, exert from its bent shape a
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Virgularia presented an extraordinary appearance.— The Mass consisted of various shape sizes of irregular globular semi-transparent particles; the larger ones being merely an aggregation of the smaller ones. All these grains possessed a most distinct very rapid vibratory motion, generally round varying axis'es, but sometimes progressive.— The motion continued for a long time, as long as I watched it. I first saw it with a simple lens of 1/3 of inch focal distance, but it
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Octob: Struthio rhea (a) (b) 814 (not spirits) Cop This bird is very common in the sandy plains: in its stomach I have found roots of vegetables: at low (a) water they come down 3 or 4 together to the sand bank, the Gauchos say for small fish; in their (b) habits shy wary, generally solitary; emit a very deep note: During September Octob. we found an extraordinary number of eggs, in colour varying from pale yellow to white: the male eggs weight the most (am told so).— The
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nothing about the Avestruz Petise, even at Bahia Blanca. Albino varieties of the common Ostrich have been seen; it must be a most beautiful bird.— snow white, Gaucho at R. Negro told me. 11
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Octob: Cavia patagonica (z) of a remarkable shape, being an elongated regular oval.— now if the Viscaches were in sufficient numbers to dig the holes for the Agouti, some considerable quantity of dung would be lying about.— I did see some like (but smaller) an English rabbits, but I think it belong[s] to the Toco Toco, a small Rodentia which I know inhabits burrows in the same plain.— The manner in which the Agouti runs more resembles that of a Rabbit than a Hare. It consists
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Bahia Blanca 1832 Octob 23d Entomostraces (Lophyropes) whole organ instantly reminded me of the front leg of male Dyticus, only that in the latter the Tarsi (answering to the joint with setæ) incline outwards.— The cups or plates adhæred firmly to glass or any other object: it was most curious to then see the animal walk; this it managed very deliberately with with long strides, the swimming legs helping to keep the lower edge of shell vertical.— Thus it walked up the side of a watch glass
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60 1832 Sept: Octob: Bahia Blanca 60 destroying the inhabitants of the sea; this would seem to be a case in point. — Upon looking at a chart of Bahia Blanca, one would suppose (a) from the number of banks that it was the embouchure of some large river. These banks are either composed of sand such as the outer ones are probably heaped up, where the tides meet; or of soft adhesive mud. covered with rushes overflowed by high water. — I can hardly attribute these to being deposited as is commonly
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Darwin, C. R. Geological diary: Bahia Blanca. (9-10.1832) CUL-DAR32.63-72 Edited by John van Wyhe (The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, http://darwin-online.org.uk/) [The section on Bahia Blanca starts on CUL-DAR32.62. The text is repeated here for clarity.] Bahia Blanca The northern shore of this bay is rather less than 30 miles along, in all this line I only found three v. notes !!! geological sections; the intervals being completely covered up by sand dunes. — The settlement or town
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53 1832 Sept: Octob Bahia Blanca 53 are generally white, soft friable; thence it is difficult to cut out of the gravel perfect specimens; they have entirely lost their animal matter, neither giving any smell or blackening under the blowpipe. — This softness is perhaps owing to their having remained for some time at the bottom of the sea. — which is shown by Balani adhaering to them. 782 — This mixture of such quantities of bones of land animals with shells, must be explained by supposing a
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56 1832 Sept: Octob Bahia Blanca 56 a direct line 18 miles from Punta Alta. In all three places, on the surface there occurs the singular presence of Pumice pebbles. — I imagine this Tosca plain extends beneath the dunes; since upon digging a hole in any of the vallies to some depth (b) water in a sh some time will collect. — The Tosca plain is itself bounded by a chain of dunes. (z), which must be much more ancient as old shells do not occur on the surface: Penetrating still further into the
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58 1832 Sept: Octob. Bahia Blanca 58 It is separated from the inferior beds by narrow line, about 6 inches thick of much more compact hard sandstone: Beneath this is the Tosca. which agree in all its mineralogical characters with that at P Alta: It may be divided into two beds. the upper pale coloured about 12 more feet thick 769, the lower dark red about 15 more feet: — In neither of them was there any lime: they agree likewise in containing numerous fragments of bones, but no marine remains
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59 1832 Sept: Octob: Bahia Blanca 59 allied to the Agouti; the tarsi metatarsi belong to an animal 801 less than the present common inhabitant, Cavia patagonica. (b) the Agoutis are all proper to S. America; none have hitherto been found in a fossil state: — To conclude with the organic remains. — I have shown that some of the bones probably belong to the Edentata. that the osseous plates are supposed to belong to the Megatherium. — The remains of this animal have (a) been always described as
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(a) In the newspaper accounts, the Megatherium lately presented by Mr Parish1 to the Geological society Novm. 20th,[1832] is stated to have been found in the mud in bed of the river Salado. — Upon examining Mr Oakley, who procured it for Mr Parish, it seems the river flows through cliffs of the Tosca. which doubtless is identical with that of Bahia Blanca Buenos Ayres (V b) from the his stating the occurrence of layers of concretionary marl Mr Oakley clearly recollects that one of the scapulas
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52 1832 Sept: Octob Bahia Blanca 52 I think however that the ridge of chain is too sharp the outline of hill not enough rounded for a volcanic mountain. — Also if it was covered by Pumice, the reflected light would be plainly visible, this was very clear when the Sierra was covered with snow: — The cliff is perpendicular to the sea: behind it is a small piece of tall land on which is a line sand dunes. behind them a flat extensive plain. — The cemented gravel as before mentioned contains
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54 1832 Sept: Octob: Bahia Blanca 54 7 2 covered with thick osseous. polygonal plate; forming together a tessellated work: it resembles the case of Armadillo on a grand scale 735 ... 739 807: 808: these plates were double, on an interval of few inches between them. (a) — With it was only a fragment of joint of extremity. — At present the case of the dead Armadillos are oftener found separate from the body. then connected with any part. — In this case the envelope of the great animal would
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55 1832 Sept: Octob: Bahia Blanca 55 arising from the occurrence of very perfect skeletons. — the resemblance is too striking to be attributed to mere chance ! — — The sea is now weaving away destroying the cliffs; whilst on other places the land is gaining by what is heaped up by the tides. — A sandy flat, which is covered at high water, is generally bounded by a steeper beach, formed of shells pebbles. — Behind this, for about two miles within the country, there is succession of parallel
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57 1832 Sept: Octob: Bahia Blanca 57 above the level of the ocean, which were evidently formed near to the land. — Subsequent to this elevation, the present order of things commenced, the sea has continued wearing away some points in others heaping up bank, thus wearing creating a line of coast. best adapted for its own motions. — It is certain that this period is a long one, from the breadth number of the parallel dunes. — Having no data to calculate the time in which one is formed. it is
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Bahia Blanca are identical distant 360 miles: Is it too much suppose that the whole extent of the Pampas are a deposit from the Rio Plata; at a period very remote under circumstances widely different from what we now see them ?? — For instance the occurrence of oyster shells in beds on the banks of the Parana nearly 300 miles from the present fresh salt water. — (at Bajada good authority): — I inquired in 1833 could hear nothing about this rock 76 vers
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separated by an extent of level land, which is evidently the deposit of the present river. Even within the memory of man the embouchure of the Rio chuelo, which runs through the low land SW of the city, has altered its course. — I should suppose the line of bank was the boundary of the river at some former period. — It is composed on an earthy compact undurated pale coloured clay not effervescing with acids, with small cavities; precisely resembling that found at Bahia Blanca. — This extends as
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[section of Bahia Blanca] vegetable mould Sea shells land Diluvium whitish line impure Tosca replacing gravel Real Tosca bed Gravel bed gravel corresponding to other side sea [page 7a
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Chancellor and van Wyhe eds. Falkland notebook. EH1.14 [English Heritage 88202334] (2-5, 8.1833) . (The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, http://darwin-online.org.uk/) [front cover] Falkland Maldonado (excursion) Rio Negro to Bahia Blanca c vol of humanity [2 words illeg] 49 [inside front cover
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is low saliferous plain South of R. Colorado: Formation of town of Bahia Blanca. rubbly bed the Calcareous rock inland with [interstitous] marly; I should think certainly formed from detritus of upper beds of main plain. with quartz pebbles: The non occurrence of quartz pebbles in high plain remarkable. Some headlands lower than main plain are covered with bed. some feet thick [page 137a
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Mud banks called Crangeijo: when will not carry: horses inclination of dip in sandstone plains great as shown by rapid current: of R. Negro Agency of Volcanoes in forming Sandstone plains shown at Patagones by Pumice Conglomerate Long-tailed little bird of Patagones found at Bahia Blanca runs very quickly [page 141a
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nearly pushed out: Sham dead with knife under skin: It was prisoner Cacique who told of the three other Caciques being at the Little Salinas. with only few men each. They recovered many Bahia Blanca horses; Don Pablo amongst others when they took the Indians. Partly discovered from dust of Horses. Peons1 want to take horses do not attack Christians Indians 1 'workmen or Peons' Beagle diary, p. 170. [page 19a
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San Nicholas on river: large schooner vessels. many islands with bush Entre Rios tambien: barranca 30 or 40 feet high. perpendicular Many sorts of Indian figs. chief change in vegetation: cliff pale Tosca, horizontal variations in colour hardness some Tosca rock no mortar; For future Pistol in hand: not leave guide: Monday 30th [September 1833] Both Bahia Blanca birds; Sparrow, small pidgeon, scissor bill stay whole year build in marshes all this near [page 13a
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Islands: we came to anchor, (from foolish fear of bad weather in a narrow Riacho, I took the boat proceeded up it for about a mile narrow with willow creepers winding, deep, slow stream the cry of birds fire flies: saw to my delight scissor bill just at night (perhaps at Laguna at Maldonado at day, because extraordinary number of fish) flying in that wild rapid manner as at Bahia Blanca ploughing the water amongst jumping fry: [page 42a
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