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A320
Periodical contribution:
Rosen, Brian. 1982. Darwin, coral reefs, and global geology. BioScience 32 (6): 519-525.
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about coral reefs had recognized their link with volcanoes, but thereby supposed them to be caused by uplift. This is turn failed to explain many other conspicuous coral reef features. From his earlier Beagle experience of volcanic islands (1844), Darwin had distinguished the association of active volcanoes with elevation and extinct volcanoes with subsidence. His famous map of coral reefs and active volcanoes (1842 and Figure 2, in part) revealed that subsidence reefs did not coincide with active
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A320
Periodical contribution:
Rosen, Brian. 1982. Darwin, coral reefs, and global geology. BioScience 32 (6): 519-525.
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. Pages 157-165 in C. R. Darwin, On the Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs; also Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands and Parts of South America Visited during the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle. Minerva ed. Ward Lock, London. Ladd, H. S., E. Ingerson, R. C. Townend, M. Russell and H. K. Stephenson. 1953. Drilling on Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 37: 2257-2280. Longman, M. W. 1981. A process approach to recognizing facies of reef complexes. Soc. Econ
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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Fig. 3 Beagle type specimens of Darwin's finches. From top to bottom: Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris; G. magnirostris strenua; G. fortis; G. nebulosa nebulosa; and Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus. (Courtesy of the British Museum [Natural History], Sub-department of Ornithology, Tring.) [page] 56 F. J. SULLOWA
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94. [page] 49 The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae) Frank J. Sulloway Harvard University, Department of Psychology and Social Relations, William James Hall, Cambridge, Mass. 02138, U.S.A. Contents Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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Fig. 5 Darwin's request for information regarding the island localities of FitzRoy's Galapagos birds, with replies in the hand of an unidentified amanuensis. A second unidentified amanuensis, who is known to have worked for Darwin after the Beagle voyage, addressed the last question on the list, which was in turn answered by the first amanuensis. Additional memoranda, later added by Darwin, appear at the right of most of the entries. (Courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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occurred, for example, in the Galapagos, where Benjamin Bynoe, the surgeon of the Beagle, spent a week collecting for the captain on James Island. Another officer of the Beagle, Edward H. Hellyer, actually drowned while attempting to procure a specimen for FitzRoy's collection47. A copy of FitzRoy's manuscript catalogue of specimens is now at Cambridge University Library among Charles Darwin's papers48. This catalogue indicates that FitzRoy collected 447 zoological specimens during the Beagle
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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specimens have the name 'Dr. Armstrong' on the labels. This is apparently the same Dr Armstrong mentioned by John Stevens Henslow, during the Beagle voyage, in an 1834 letter to Darwin63. Armstrong was in charge of the Haslar Museum (part of the Haslar Royal Naval Hospital in Plymouth), to which Fuller's specimens were either given or sold sometime after the Beagle voyage. In deciding whether Fuller had the right to dispose of his own specimens as he wished, it is relevant to note that the specimens
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle, under the Command of Captain FitzRoy, R.N. from 1832 to 1836. London: Henry Colburn. — (Ed.) 1841. The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the Command Captain FitzRoy, R.N., during the Years 1832-1836. Part III: Birds. London: Smith, Elder and Co. — 1845. Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the World ... 2nd ed. London: John Murray. — 1887
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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is classified instead with the other species of Geospiza. I have followed the policy of using the original names proposed by Gould (1837a, 1841) when discussing individual Beagle specimens or Darwin's views about them. Otherwise, the current nomenclature has been followed, with the exception that I recognize Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris and G. magnirostris strenua as valid trinomials and also recognize the name G. nebulosa as having priority over G. difficilis. See pages 69-70 and note 53
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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his Galapagos finches has had one curious repercussion that has confused even further the localities of the Beagle type specimens. A number of originally unlabelled Darwin specimens appear to have acquired island localities later in a completely circular fashion, based on the published information provided in the Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Curators at the British Museum apparently noticed that certain Galapagos species were indicated in the Zoology as coming from one island only
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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and FitzRoy's specimens, it is little wonder that the Beagle types have proved so problematical to ornithologists over the last hundred years. Because there has been so much misinformation with regard to the various specimens of Geospizinae collected during the Beagle voyage, and because Darwin's published localities for these birds were largely derived from other Beagle collections, I have thought it worthwhile to present a brief history and description of all the known specimens. Altogether
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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in Leiden were collected by members of the Beagle voyage other than Darwin. He went to considerable trouble to track down all the other Geospizinae after the Beagle voyage, and all of these specimens are accounted for78. Additionally, Darwin was the only person on the Beagle to collect specimens of C. crassirostris, a species that was never received by the British Museum but that is present in Leiden. The question arises, therefore, as to who else visited the Galapagos between 1835, when the
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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return to England. Officers and ordinary seamen were under no obligation to collect for either FitzRoy or Darwin, and they were accordingly free to keep and sell in England whatever they procured. FitzRoy later reminded Darwin of this fact when he concluded, after seeing a draft of Darwin's acknowledgments section for the Journal of Researches, that Darwin had not given sufficient credit to the officers of the Beagle for assisting him in his collections51. Inasmuch as the officers generally
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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Beagle voyage, although he was not able to ascertain their history, exist at the Leiden Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. There are seven possible Beagle specimens at the Leiden Rijksmuseum, including five Geospizinae. The Geospizinae were all purchased in 1863 from the well-known Amsterdam natural history dealer Gustav Adolph Frank. They include three specimens of Geospiza fuliginosa (one male and two females), a female of Geospiza crassirostris (= Platyspiza crassirostris), and a female
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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, 1967). The two Leiden specimens of Zenaida galapagoensis, which were acquired independently of the finches and prior to Temminck's death, may therefore have come directly from Gould. Appendix: Specifications concerning the Beagle collections of Geospizinae The Table that follows presents a summary of measurements and other relevant information concerning the Beagle collections of Darwin's finches. In my measurements I have attempted to duplicate David Lack's (1945 : 76) procedures in order to
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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separate islands corroborates the conclusion that he had already examined the various Beagle collections by the time his Journal went to press. Since Darwin had reached the Galapagos chapter of his Journal by late May or early June and since he had finished with the whole of the Journal by the end of June, his efforts to collate the various Beagle Geospizinae by locality probably date from June at the latest22. It was undoubtedly at this time, that is, sometime in the spring or early summer of
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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two Beagle specimens possess a relatively straight culmen, whereas the culmen is definitely curved in the other species of Geospiza. Hence these two Beagle specimens agree most closely with the measurements and general characteristics of G. difficilis, and evidently constitute, as Lack himself concluded, an extinct race of this species from Charles Island. Lack's opinion is reinforced by certain facts regarding the distribution of this species. G. difficilis is confined to the humid zone of those
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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additional specimen on Chatham Island, so the type locality for this subspecies is Chatham and Charles islands, as Darwin later reported in the Zoology (1841 : 100). Altogether, Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris is known from eight Beagle specimens, five from Charles Island and three, including two Darwin specimens of less than certain attribution, from Chatham Island. The use of a trinomial, provisionally recognized by Lack (1969 : 261) and by Paynter (1970 : 161 n.), therefore becomes
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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large-billed form of magnirostris, an adult male, on Chatham Island (no. 27/Fri[E]/26/e/2 = FitzRoy no. 392). Measurements of the bill exceed even the largest of the specimens procured by other Beagle collectors66. Fuller's specimen establishes that the large-billed form of magnirostris was once endemic to two islands in the Galapagos—Charles, where FitzRoy and Covington collected it; and Chatham, where Darwin guessed he had taken two other specimens (see page 63). Thus Darwin may have
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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, Georgia: Georgia Southwestern College. — In press. The Origins of Darwin's Finches. Trans. S. Diego Soc. nat. Hist. Sulloway, Frank J. 1982a. Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend. J. Hist. Biol. 15 : 1-53. — 1982b. Darwin's Conversion: The Beagle Voyage and Its Aftermath. J. Hist. Biol. 15 : 325-88. Sundevall, Carl J. 1871. On Birds from the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 124-30. Swarth, Harry S. 1931. The Avifauna of
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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localities. In particular, if Darwin recorded only three island localities for these birds in his scientific notes, how and when did he derive the many additional localities that are now to be found on his type specimens? To answer this question I must take up the topic of what happened to Darwin and his finches after they returned from the Beagle voyage. Darwin's return to England After a voyage of nearly five years, the Beagle landed in Falmouth, England, on 2 October 1836. During the next several
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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collections of G. magnirostris). Abbott believed these specimens were probably collected on Abingdon or Tower Island, which were briefly visited by some Beagle officers and crew. 7. See Lack, 1940 : 49; and 1945 : 9-10. 8. These doubtful localities involve the following birds: two specimens of Geospiza magnirostris (British Museum registry nos. 1855.12.19.80 and 1855.12.19.113, labelled as coming from Chatham Island but thought to have come from James); two specimens of G. parvula (British
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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frigate Eugenie. See also Skogman (1854-55, 1: 172-74). The catalogue of the Stockholm Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet lists only one specimen of G. nebulosa, a black male from Charles Island. The culmen length of this specimen is 10.5 mm, the bill depth 9.8 mm, and the wing length 72 mm, in extremely close agreement with the two Beagle specimens of this form. Sharpe (1888 : 12), who created the name difficilis, himself recognized under this name two specimens collected on Charles Island by
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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Table: Specifications concerning the Beagle collections of Geospizinae* ——————————————————————————————————————————————— Cul- men Bill Depth Wing Collector Specimen Form Left Right Sex Island ——————————————————————————————————————————————— Darwin BM(NH) 1855.12.19.80 Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris ( = 'G magnirostris') 17.7 21.8 90 90.5 ad.♂ 'Chatham?' and 'Charles': probably Chatham Darwin BM(NH) 1855.12.19.113 G. magnirostris magnirostris ( = 'G. magnirostris') 17.7 21.7 — 87.5
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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Introduction The Geospizinae, or 'Darwin's finches', have inspired an impressive body of scientific research ever since Charles Darwin first collected these birds during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (1831-36). As a miniature paradigm of evolution in action, the Geospizinae have few ornithological rivals, and they are rightly celebrated today as a classic case of adaptive evolutionary radiation. Largely responsible for this special scientific status of Darwin's finches is the famous laboratory
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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before Darwin returned from James Island. FitzRoy had earlier embarked eighteen Chatham Island tortoises, and these were devoured as well. FitzRoy did, however, bring two Hood Island tortoises back to England ('Zoological Accessions, 1837', p. 1; British Museum [Natural History], Mammals Library, London). Two other very small tortoises also survived the Beagle voyage—apparently brought home as pets (DAR 29.3 : 40, MS p. 7v). When Darwin finally realized the significance of having an expert
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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-department of Ornithology, Tring. FitzRoy presented one further specimen on 15 March 1837, an egg of Rhea darwinii. FitzRoy's Galapagos portion of the collection included 50 skins, 21 of them finches, all with an island locality. Some of these Galapagos specimens belonged to another shipmate, however; and only 24 Galapagos skins, 13 of them finches, actually went to the British Museum. 21. See DAR 29.3 : 26, 28-30. Ironically, that other shipmates on the Beagle, but not Darwin, recorded island
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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(certhidea) olivacea'45. Included among these lost specimens was probably the male in Gould's coloured plate. It would therefore seem that Darwin, after the voyage was over, acquired a minimum of one and perhaps two additional specimens of this species from other Beagle collections. The most likely source of such replacement specimens would have been the collections of Covington and Fuller, which are noticed separately. [page] 67 DARWIN'S FINCHE
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, and who later received Darwin's types from the Zoological Society when it closed its museum, was a typical offender in this regard (Sharpe, 1906 : 84-85). [page] 55 DARWIN'S FINCHE
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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Chatham Island. It is unlikely, however, that the Beagle collections would have included three hybrid specimens out of eight Chatham Island examples of G. magnirostris and G. fortis, so I am considerably more confident that Darwin's two specimens, given their dubious locality, belong to the James Island form of G. magnirostris strenua. Geospiza fortis Gould The British Museum possesses three Darwin specimens of G. fortis. Two of them, which were misclassified by Gould, are noticed separately under
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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History) and the Leiden Rijksmuseum, or as having been lost or destroyed since 183784. Similarly, of the 25 to 27 specimens procured by other Beagle collectors, all but 2, both of which were among the 13 FitzRoy specimens that went to the British Museum in 1837, appear to have survived. Acknowledgments I thank the following persons and institutions for their assistance in connection with this publication. C. W. Benson; the British Museum (Natural History), Sub-department of Ornithology, Tring
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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, Darwin listed this locality correctly as 'Charles [and] James Isd.' see DAR 29.3.28. Nevertheless, because John Gould mistook one Chatham Island specimen of G. fortis for G. [magnirostris] strenua, the actual locality for the Beagle collections of G. fortis should have been Chatham, Charles, and James islands. Similarly, G. [magnirostris] strenua, reported as coming from Chatham and James islands in the Zoology (1841 : 101), was in fact collected only on James Island. 27. It is ironic, and
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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with them; and others in the Beagle. Perhaps you are not aware that the ship which carried us safely was the first employed in exploring and surveying whose Officers were not ordered to collect—and were therefore at liberty to keep the best of [page] 88 F. J. SULLOWA
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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magnirostris are: culmen from nostril, 18.2 mm; depth of bill, 23.8 mm; and wing, 92 mm (see also Benson, 1972 : 68). The ranges for the other seven Beagle specimens of the large-billed magnirostris are: culmen from nostril, 17.1-18.9 mm; depth of bill, 21.7-22.5 mm; and wing, 84-93 mm. The means for all eight specimens are: culmen from nostril, 18.0 mm; depth of bill, 22.3 mm; and wing, 88.8 mm. The average bill size for the three Chatham specimens is virtually identical with the average bill size for
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A86
Periodical contribution:
Sulloway, Frank J. 1982. The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 43, no. 2: 49-94.
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Darwin's, then the number of extant specimens is increased to 21, and the number of lost or destroyed specimens is reduced to 8 to 10. For the purposes of these estimates, I have assumed that at least one specimen of Geospiza fortis and two specimens of Certhidea olivacea that are credited to Darwin at the British Museum may have been obtained by Darwin, after the Beagle voyage, from other collectors. If these 3 specimens are Darwin's, then there are 19 extant specimens at the British Museum that
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zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain FitzRoy, during the years 1832 to 1836. 4to, 5 parts in 3 vols, London, Smith Elder. 1839 Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle, etc. 8vo, xiv, 615, 609-629, p, London, Henry Colburn. 1842 The structure and distribution of coral reefs, etc. 8vo, xii, 214 p, London, Smith Elder. 1844 Geological observations on the volcanic islands...with some brief notices of
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, 1809-1882, in writing to Emma Darwin, in the sense of her slave. Nora — Lady (Emma Nora) Barlow, 1885-. Pedigree, Mrs. — Frances Wedgwood, 1806-1832, as a child, from her love of making lists. Philos, I — Erasmus Alvey Darwin, 1804-1881. Philos, II — Charles Robert Darwin, 1809-1882, by officers on Beagle. Polly — Mary Darwin, 1740-1770. Postillion — Charles Robert Darwin, 1809-1882, by Frances Owen, just before Beagle voyage. Ras, I — Erasmus Alvey Darwin, 1804-1881. Ras, II — Erasmus Darwin
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visiting South America including the Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego, the Galapagos, Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia, Cocos Archipelago, Mauritius, South Africa and South America briefly again, the Beagle made landfall at Falmouth on 2nd October 1836, where Darwin disembarked, never to leave the British Isles again. He went home to Shrewsbury and spent the next two years either there or living with or near his brother in London. He sorted his Beagle material, found experts who were willing
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contributing to the Zoology of the Beagle, whose five parts came out between 1838 and 1843. There are more than 160 papers in periodicals and as parts of books written or edited by others, although some seventy of these are brief notes or letters. The first, the most enduring and the most readable, was his Journal of researches into the geology and natural history...of H.M.S. Beagle which first appeared as the third volume of Captain FitzRoy's Narrative of the first two voyages in 1839 and as an
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patients. Felix — Arthur Felix Wedgwood, 1877-1917. Flycatcher — Charles Robert Darwin, 1809-1882, by all ranks on the Beagle. Frank, I — Francis Maitland Balfour, 1851-1882. Frank, Franky, II — Sir Francis Darwin, 1848-1925. Frank, Franky, III — Francis Hamilton Wedgwood, 1867-1930. Gas — Charles Robert Darwin, 1809-1882, as a schoolboy, because of interest in chemistry. Genie, The — Gwendolen Mary Raverat, 1885-1957, at school and later. Geoff — Geoffrey Wedgwood, 1879-1897. Granny — Susan
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station before she married, but then became the first person to study the unpublished manuscript material of her grandfather Charles in depth. Her transcription of The Diary of the voyage of the Beagle, 1932, was followed by Charles Darwin and the voyage of the Beagle, 1945, and his letters to his Cambridge mentor, John Stevens Henslow, 1967. She also transcribed Charles' Autobiography, 1958, restoring those parts which Francis felt it necessary to omit in 1887. Her transcription of the
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, with observations on their habits. 8vo, vii, 326 p, London, John Murray. 1933 Charles Darwin's diary of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. 8vo, xxx, 451 p, Cambridge, University Press. Edited by Nora Barlow. 1958 The autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-1882: with original omissions restored. 8vo, 253 p, London, Collins. Edited by Nora Barlow. 1963 Darwin's ornithological notes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): historical series. Vol. II, p 201-278. Edited by Nora Barlow. DARWIN
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and Robert were close and it was through his intervention that Charles was able to go on the Beagle voyage. His wife was the eldest of nine daughters and two sons of John Bartlett Allen of Cressely, Pembrokeshire (O.S. 151 SN 065065), a notoriously bad tempered man, especially after the death of his first wife, Elizabeth Hensleigh, in 1790. Her sister, Louisa Jane, married Josiah's brother John. The name Hensleigh came into the family from here and is still used. Several Allens became family
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A587
Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1985. Charles Darwin in Western Australia: A young scientist's perception of an environment. Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press.
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Figure 2 Captain FitzRoy Commander of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. (Photograph: Mitchell Library, Sydney) [page]
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F3704
Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1985. Charles Darwin in Western Australia: A young scientist's perception of an environment. Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press.
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Figure 2 Captain FitzRoy Commander of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. (Photograph: Mitchell Library, Sydney) [page]
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A587
Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1985. Charles Darwin in Western Australia: A young scientist's perception of an environment. Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press.
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(1982) Darwin's Conversion: The Beagle Voyage and its Aftermath. Journal of the History of Biology, 15, pp. 325-96. 19. Besides the Voyage of the Beagle (footnote 9), and the Zoology of the Voyage (footnote 13), which he edited in collaboration with Jenyns, Waterhouse and Owen, Charles Darwin wrote the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, in three volumes: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (London, 1842); Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands Visited on the Voyage of H.M.S
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1985. Charles Darwin in Western Australia: A young scientist's perception of an environment. Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press.
Text
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(1982) Darwin's Conversion: The Beagle Voyage and its Aftermath. Journal of the History of Biology, 15, pp. 325-96. 19. Besides the Voyage of the Beagle (footnote 9), and the Zoology of the Voyage (footnote 13), which he edited in collaboration with Jenyns, Waterhouse and Owen, Charles Darwin wrote the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, in three volumes: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (London, 1842); Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands Visited on the Voyage of H.M.S
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1985. Charles Darwin in Western Australia: A young scientist's perception of an environment. Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press.
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to write up his notes into a more formally complete form when he had a little leisure, probably in his cabin on H.M.S. Beagle while the ship was sailing from one port to another. He often combined his observations and speculations with those of earlier explorers and other scientists, for, contrary to what is sometimes supposed. Darwin and Captain FitzRoy (Fig. 2), Commander of the Beagle, with whom he shared a cabin, had at their disposal a substantial library of reference works, and this was
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1985. Charles Darwin in Western Australia: A young scientist's perception of an environment. Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press.
Text
places ink-spills mar the manuscript the result of stormy weather giving the Beagle a rough passage perhaps. Charles didn't always give the full date, and, very rarely, he appears to be in error: a page of his notes on the Cocos-Keeling Islands is dated 1835, yet in fact he visited that archipelago in April 1836, after having visited Western Australia. (Figs 7, 9, 10 and 12 show selected pages from the Beagle diaries, and Fig. 3 shows some of the relationships between the various Darwinian
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F3704
Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1985. Charles Darwin in Western Australia: A young scientist's perception of an environment. Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press.
Text
PDF
to write up his notes into a more formally complete form when he had a little leisure, probably in his cabin on H.M.S. Beagle while the ship was sailing from one port to another. He often combined his observations and speculations with those of earlier explorers and other scientists, for, contrary to what is sometimes supposed. Darwin and Captain FitzRoy (Fig. 2), Commander of the Beagle, with whom he shared a cabin, had at their disposal a substantial library of reference works, and this was
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