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During the Beagle expedition, Darwin's biogeographic thinking was traditional. It was organized around the notion of centers of creation, with some admixture of the ecological approach typical of Humboldt. His manner of thinking is made clear from an entry in his Beagle Diary of August 5, 1834, in which he describes the aspect of the country near Valparaiso, then comments: With this sort of vegetation I am surprised to find that insects are far from common; indeed this scarcity holds good to
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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. All these persons, my wife Moyra, and my colleague Viv Forbes, read and early draft of parts of the text, to its considerable benefit. Guy Foster drew the diagrams. Australian Airlines made the journey from Western Australia to Cocos rather more comfortable and speedy that that endured by Charles Darwin in HMS Beagle in 1836. I am also pleased to acknowledge the financial support of the Indian Ocean Regional Studies Centre (as it was formerly known) of the Curtin University of Technology, and
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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Defence Hydrographic Office's Archives at Taunton, Somerset. They bear the stamp: Hydrog Office 10 My 37. Even a cursory inspection of these charts shows that Captain Beaufort's remarks were fully justified.22 Sometimes a source entirely independent of the Beagle can throw light on a particular incident or stage of the voyage, perhaps only to corroborate the writings of Darwin, Covington or FitzRoy, but occasionally to bring some quite different aspect into view. In New South Wales, Darwin stayed
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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work on animal behaviour; all were models of detailed description and analysis. But even during the days aboard the Beagle his accounts were extraordinarilyperceptive. To assist him in his descriptions of organisms he had a microscope and hand lens, as well as dissecting instruments. The account given below of a species of coral from Cocos is typical: 1836 April Keeling Is Madepora 3560 This stony branching elegant coral is very abundant in the shallow still waters of the lagoon: it lives in
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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approach, which he had probably to some extent assimilated from his reading of the works of Alexander von Humboldt, is admirably summarized in the final few pages of the Voyage of the Beagle: there is a growing pleasure in comparing the character of the scenery of different countries, which to a certain degree is distinct from merely admiring its beauty. It depends chiefly on an acquaintance with the individual parts of each view: I am strongly induced to believe that, as in music, the person who
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A588
Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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azure sky, so in the lagoon, bands of living coral darken the emerald green water. . On some of the smaller islets, nothing could be more elegant than the manner in which the young and full-grown cocoa-nut trees, without destroying each other's symmetry, were mingled into one wood. A beach of glittering white sand formed a border to these fairy sports. (Voyage of the Beagle, 1845, chapter 20) Yet perhaps Charles Darwin the scientist was just a little self-conscious of his own lapses into
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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Darwin's most frequent method of working was to write up detailed notes, perhaps some little time after field observations were made, from fragmentary notes made at the time or immediately afterwards, amplifying them with detailed descriptions of specimens, and material obtained from books in the extensive library aboard the Beagle. Many dozens of accounts of the voyages of previous mariners and explorers, and important scientific texts, were but an arm's length away from the great table at
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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proved sufficient to assist the young naturalist in the identification of rocks and minerals, and to train him in the rudiments of stratigraphy. By the time the Beagle had reached Cocos these skills would have been honed by over four years of experience in the field. It is possible that the miserable time at Medical School in Edinburgh also paid dividends in strengthening Darwin's powers of observation, and indeed there are times when evidence of the medical training shines rather strongly from
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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stronger of producing watery pustules. Here again is a strong comparative treatment, as well as fine level of detail. But the experimental approach, the use of terms such as pustules (small absesses on the surface of the skin) and the detailed notes on the sensations and their longevity, probably reflect the days of medical training in Edinburgh, or assisting his father, Dr Robert Darwin, with patients. At the time HMS Beagle was engaged in her hydrographic survey, Britain's naval power was at a
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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Although the term Malays , or more recently Malay people or Cocos Malays has consistently been used for the Cocos islanders, from before the time of the visit of H M S Beagle, the ethnic origins of the original settlers were, as Darwin's account suggests, quite complex. The community was formed as the result of the melding of the fugitives from Hare's despotic regime, together with those that arrived with Ross, who, apart from the members his own and Liesk's family and the apprentices, seem to
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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impression that goats would not eat the rank herbage of the island; but the settlers were surprised to find that one of these animals left on the islands by Capt. Fitzroy preferred the native to the introduced species. The Beagle, like many other ships, had goats on board for fresh milk, and it looks as though one of them was tethered on one of the islands for a while to feed it up. Covington's diary says that there were plenty of poultry (Chinese breed) , and both Darwin and FitzRoy mention ducks
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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coral island's structure is even more clearly demonstrated in the diary entry made a few days later (6 April): The ocean throwing its waters over the broad reef appears an invincible all-powerful enemy, yet we see it resisted even conquered by means which would have been judged most weak inefficient. The struggle between land and ocean will be disscused further in Chapter 6. Although the establishment of the science of ecology lay many decades in the future, Darwin's notes from the Beagle period
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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faunas of remote islands was in the upper part of his mind. It should be remembered that the Cocos visit came about six months after the sojourn on the Galapagos, and that HMS Beagle had called at several other oceanic islands and island groups, including Cape Verde, St Paul's Rocks, the Falklands (twice) and Tahiti: Darwin by now knew what he was looking for. While he was on the islands Darwin was impressed by the apparent lushness of the vegetation, despite the poor soil: In such a loose, dry
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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publication as the Voyage of the Beagle, originally A Naturalist's Voyage, Darwin noted that the Florula (list of the flora) of the islands had quite the character of a refuge for the destitute . This statement implies not only of the poverty of the flora, but the idea of a long and difficult journey for those that eventually became successfully established. Elsewhere in the same passage Darwin wrote: As the islands consist entirely of coral, and must at one time have existed as mere water-washed reefs
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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thinking that Darwin did in the years following his return, on the subject of the poverty of the Cocos Islands' biota and the mechanism of its dispersal, can be gained by setting the diary account of his visit beside that in the Voyage on the Beagle, particularly later editions. Such a comparison shows that one result of Darwin's cramming up was the inclusion of a number of other examples from the literature. For instance he quotes the following from Holman's Travels vol 1, page 378, an account
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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Island, in the Indian Ocean. The Climate is dry and hot. The rats are known to have come in a vessel from Mauritius, which was wrecked on one of the islets, which is known as Rat Island [Direction Island]. They appeared stunted in their growth, and many of them were mangy. They are supposed to live chiefly on cocoa-nuts, and any animal matter the sea may chance to throw up. They have not any fresh-water; but the milk of the cocoa-nut would supply its place. (Zoology of the Beagle, vol II, page 32
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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their Habits shows his concern for invertebrate as well as vertebrate behaviour. Naturalists of the early and mid nineteenth century were not very greatly concerned with the behaviour of organisms: the science of ethology lay far in the future. The typical zoological work of Darwin's generation emphasised the morphology and classification of the animals. It is therefore all the more remarkable that the young naturalist aboard the Beagle so frequently included notes on the behaviour of the creatures
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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framed engraving, where the frame represents the breakers, the marginal paper the lagoon, the drawing the island itself. Darwin's first draft of his coral atoll theory was probably written a few weeks later, while the Beagle was en route from Tahiti to the Bay of Islands in New Zealand. A 23 page, hastily-written manuscript in Darwin's hand, headed Coral Islands 4 includes almost every detail of the final theory that emerged in Volume 1 of The Geology of the Voyage: The Structure and
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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archipelago some ten days later he must have felt extremely satisfied. He had seen nothing to contradict his theory, substantially erected on theoretical grounds, and a good deal that he felt confirmed it. In both his diary, and in a letter written a little over a fortnight later to one of his sisters, he wrote enthusiastically about the stay at the Cocos-Keeling Islands. In his diary entry for 12 April 1836, after the Beagle had stood out of the Lagoon Darwin wrote: I am glad we have visited these
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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and Distribution of Coral Reefs, Part 1 of The Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle gave the polished, complete version of the theory when it appeared in 1842. That volume concludes as follows: Finally, when the two great types of structure, namely barrier-reefs and atolls on the one hand, and fringing-reefs on the other, are laid down on the map, they offer a grand and harmonious picture of the movements which the crust of the earth had undergone within a late period. We there see vast areas
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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manner in which the young Darwin worked. An insight is to be gained from a letter to his sister just a couple of weeks after leaving Cocos, from Port Louis, Mauritius (the Beagle had just arrived and Darwin had presumably not seen the name written; he heads his letter Port Lewis ; later he spells the place-name correctly): Whilst we are at sea, the weather is fine, my time passes smoothly, because I am very busy. My occupation consists in rearranging old geological notes: the rearrangement
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. Beagle, under the Command of Captain Fitzroy R.N. from 1832 to 1836 (London: Henry Colburn, 1840; usually cited as 1839). Naturalist's Voyage (1845 ed.) C. Darwin. Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Various Countries Visited During the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Bound Round the World (London: John Murray, 1845). Orchids C. Darwin. The Various Contrivances by Which Orchids are Fertilised by Insects, 2d ed. (New York: D. Appleton, 1886). Origin C. Darwin. On the Origin of
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Periodical contribution:
Herbert, Sandra. 1991. Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 159-192.
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sorts of magnetic measurements that Humboldt favoured and that were in fact gathered assiduously and successfully by FitzRoy and other officers during the voyage.24 (Indeed the Beagle delayed its departure from S o Tiago as the 'Captain is so much engaged with experiments on Magnetism '.25) Despite his lack of direct involvement with the taking of magnetic measurements or their interpretation, Darwin did on occasion speculate as part of what John Cawood has termed the 'cosmical tradition' in
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Periodical contribution:
Herbert, Sandra. 1991. Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 159-192.
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CONCLUSION Darwin's manuscripts from the voyage of HMS Beagle attest to his seriousness of intent as a geological author. With allowance for the difference in circumstances afforded to the travelling geologist, the sample of his early notes from the Cape Verde Islands demonstrates the consistency of his practice with that of his peers in England. Stratigraphy was studied, fossils attended to, questions of dynamics raised, and specimens collected about 4000 by the end of the voyage.134 This
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Periodical contribution:
Herbert, Sandra. 1991. Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 159-192.
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of the 'Beagle', London, 1945. 13 The four geological specimen notebooks are on deposit at Cambridge University Library. The bulk of Darwin's geological specimens are held by the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge. [page] 16
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Periodical contribution:
Herbert, Sandra. 1991. Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 159-192.
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, London, 1826, p. 162. Darwin frequently cited this work while aboard the Beagle. Correspondence, op. cit. (2), i, pp. 557, 559. [page] 17
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Periodical contribution:
Herbert, Sandra. 1991. Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 159-192.
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. cit. (5), p. 239. For reproductions of Conrad Martens's sketches of scenes from the expedition see R. Keynes (ed.), The 'Beagle' Record, Cambridge, 1979, pp. 200 13. 60 DAR 34.1:57. The figure has been traced from the original, which is in ink drawn over a partial sketch in pencil. 61 GSA, op. cit. (3), p. 18. Published figures for some of the plains differ from those contained in 'Elevation of Patagonia'; however, all but the 60 plain at Port Desire/St George's Bay arc mentioned in the text
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Periodical contribution:
Herbert, Sandra. 1991. Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 159-192.
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the Gal pagos Islands. He considered the possibility that the quantity of calcareous matter was deficient in the region, but his primary suggestion, for which he credited FitzRoy, was that the sea surrounding the islands was too cold for reef-building corals, 'a tribe of Animals, which seem only to flourish where the heat is intense. '.121 To this remark he attached a long entry, part of which was added after the Beagle had visited Tahiti, in which he recorded sea temperatures from the
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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it is not hard to imagine the Beagle on the brilliant blue-green lagoon, a couple of hundred metres out from that island. As Darwin noted that it was [page] 1
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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particularly novel idea. It is stressed in Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology3, a copy of each of the three volumes of which Darwin had with him in the poop cabin of HMS Beagle. (Ironically one of these was gifted and signed by FitzRoy, who in later years was to make himself appear ridiculous by adhering to fundamentalist and extreme creationist views long after they had largely been discarded by others.) A little surprisingly Lyell writes particularly fluently about the relationship that exists
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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monument raised by myriads of tiny architects, to mark the spot where a former land lies buried in the depths of the ocean. Mauritius – the missing link Yet despite the satisfaction that Charles expressed both in his diary on 12 April, and when he wrote to Caroline about his theory a fortnight later (see page 6), there remained a significant gap. Darwin had not yet seen a fringing reef. By good fortune the next port of call on the voyage of the Beagle was St Louis, Mauritius. Between 29 April
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Book:
Armstrong, Patrick. 1991. Under the blue vault of heaven: A study of Charles Darwin's sojourn in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Nedlands: Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies.
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Epilogue It was explained in Chapter 2 that Captain John Clunies Ross, proprietor and self-proclaimed ruler of the Cocos Islands was absent on a trading voyage when HMS Beagle called in April 1836, his wife, being left in charge, with Mr Liesk to assist. Captain Ross was disappointed not to meet the members of the crew of one of His Majesty's ships, and felt strongly that Liesk had not conveyed a favourable enough impression of the little isolated community. Moreover, he seems to have been
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1832 to 1836. 5 vols. (London: Smith, Elder, 1839-1843). The geological theme overlaps most with that of natural history. Works are here assigned to the geological group only when they relate to one of Darwin's theoretical systems of geology. These include three books based on the voyage of the Beagle: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842); Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands Visited During the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (1844); and Geological Observations on South America
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underlie many attacks on Darwin's theories, and such problems will be a recurrent theme in later chapters. Darwin's many other contributions to geology include a substantial body of data from his years on the Beagle, his novel theories on the formation of volcanic bombs and on cleavage and exfoliation, his papers on glacial phenomena, his demonstration that the fossil record is far less complete than had previously been thought, and his insights into the mechanism of soil formation. As these
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Periodical contribution:
Herbert, Sandra. 1991. Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 159-192.
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view on the key subject of the action of elevation; and, third, towards the close of the voyage when the prospect of publication stood before him as an immediate objective. As is well known, Darwin's geological work eventually issued in not one but three separate books: Coral Reefs in 1842, Volcanic Islands in 1844, and Geological Observations on South America in 14 H. Gruber and V. Gruber, 'The eye of reason: Darwin's development during the Beagle voyage', Isis, (1962), 53, p,. 189. 15 The
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Periodical contribution:
Herbert, Sandra. 1991. Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 159-192.
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parts becoming either a 18 C. Darwin, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the First Part of the Geology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle', Under the Command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. During the Years 1832 1836, London, 1842 [hereafter CR]. VI, op. cit. (3); GSA, op. cit. (3). 19 DAR 32.1:18. The underlining of 'partial sinking' is a later pencil addition, as is marginal scoring that appears in the manuscript next to the second sentence quoted. In transcriptions from Darwin's notes
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Periodical contribution:
Herbert, Sandra. 1991. Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 159-192.
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Remarks. 1832 1836, by C. Darwin], [volume also published as Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. 'Beagle', Under the Command of Captain FitzRoy, R.N. from 1832 to 1836, London, 1839; hereafter JR], pp. 621 5. 42 R. Laudan, op. cit. (22), pp. 36 41, 110. 43 Secord, op. cit. (6), n. 10; 'Edinburgh Lamarckians: Robert Jameson and Robert E. Grant', J Hist. Biol. (1991), 24. 44 S. Herbert 'Between Genesis and geology: Darwin and some
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Periodical contribution:
Herbert, Sandra. 1991. Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 159-192.
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position, being both assertive to the point of challenging Lyell's authority and tentative and open-ended in its treatment of the question of the relation of elevation of the plains to that of the Andes and of retaining the lowering of sea level as at least a logically possible, though unlikely, explanation for the phenomena of the plains.55 Another interesting feature of the essay is that it shows Darwin working closely with officers of the Beagle in the activities of measuring the height and
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Periodical contribution:
Herbert, Sandra. 1991. Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 159-192.
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In a sense the subject of coral reefs was Darwin's only direct assignment as a geological author. Beaufort's memorandum of instructions for the voyage was unusually detailed regarding the inspection of coral reefs.111 Extending this point, advance notice of the voyage in the Athenaeum characterized proposed work on reefs as 'the most interesting part of the Beagle' s survey' affording 'many points for investigation of a scientific nature beyond the mere occupation of the surveyor'.112 As the
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Periodical contribution:
Herbert, Sandra. 1991. Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 159-192.
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, formed with 'bottom land coming near the surface', and calcareous deposits formed with 'the land sinking'.118 Darwin's next comments on reef formation, hitherto unremarked, occur in his notes for the Gal pagos Islands. The Beagle stopped in the islands from 15 September to 20 October 1835, and the bulk of the notes in question appear to have been written between the date of departure from the Gal pagos and 15 November, the date of arrival at Tahiti. In these notes Darwin tested the received
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Many of Darwin's efforts in the early part of his voyage on the Beagle were devoted to the analysis of stratigraphical relationships in South America. This research is of great interest, in that it would seem to have provided a clue which led Darwin to develop a new theory explaining the origin of coral reefs. His Geological Observations on South America is primarily concerned with an attempt to demonstrate that there has been a widespread, extensive, and recent elevation of the entire
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The discovery of widespread elevation in South America had a profound effect on Darwin's conception of geological processes in general. He realized that, although some areas had risen, others must have subsided, and that both rise and fall should have widespread consequences. He developed his ideas, and by the time he had returned from the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin was able to present Lyell with the first of his great syntheses, the theory of coral reefs. Elegant, yet simple, and wholly
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to refute a number of marginal thinkers (including Paley), he did so only after The Origin of Species had been published. It appears that Darwin's original intent with respect to the barnacles was only to describe a single species, as a small, personal contribution to the body of taxonomic literature based on collections from the Beagle voyage, much as he had done for a few flatworms that had interested him. * C. Darwin, Brief Descriptions of Several Terrestrial Planariae, and of some
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1992. Darwin's desolate islands: A naturalist in the Falklands, 1833 and 1834. Chippenham: Picton Publishing.
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The Beagle ashore on the South American Coast. [page] 13
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1992. Darwin's desolate islands: A naturalist in the Falklands, 1833 and 1834. Chippenham: Picton Publishing.
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The Beagle ashore on the South American Coast. [page] 13
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1992. Darwin's desolate islands: A naturalist in the Falklands, 1833 and 1834. Chippenham: Picton Publishing.
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Darwin in middle-life, some 20 years after his return from the Beagle voyage. Photograph: Copyright Down House and the Royal College of Surgeons. [page vi
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1992. Darwin's desolate islands: A naturalist in the Falklands, 1833 and 1834. Chippenham: Picton Publishing.
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Darwin in middle-life, some 20 years after his return from the Beagle voyage. Photograph: Copyright Down House and the Royal College of Surgeons. [page vi
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1992. Darwin's desolate islands: A naturalist in the Falklands, 1833 and 1834. Chippenham: Picton Publishing.
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The South Atlantic: Showing the position of the Falkland Islands. Note: Cape Town, St Helena and Ascension Island were visited by IIMS Beagle on the return voyage towards England in 1836. [page viii
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1992. Darwin's desolate islands: A naturalist in the Falklands, 1833 and 1834. Chippenham: Picton Publishing.
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Figure 1.3 Chlorospiza? melanodera , from the Zoology of the voyage of the Beagle, Part III. (The modern scientific name of this species is Melanodera melanodera, The black-throated finch.) [page] 1
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Armstrong, Patrick. 1992. Darwin's desolate islands: A naturalist in the Falklands, 1833 and 1834. Chippenham: Picton Publishing.
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Figure 2.2. Sketch-map of the western end of Berkeley Sound, showing places mentioned in the text. The anchor symbols show the anchorages of HMS Beagle. [page] 2
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