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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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1839 and 1841 donations of at least nine birds were mainly triggered by Darwin asking George Robert Gray of the BMNH for help in finishing the bird chapters of the Zoology of H.M.S. Beagle (Gould and Darwin 1838, p. IX). Gray re-classified three of these birds for the book. In 1855, the Zoological Society Museum was broken up. The BMNH had the first choice of specimens. George Robert Gray, then the assistant curator of zoology, was entrusted with the selection of important material for the
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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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not. This might have been due to the fact that he was not actually able to tell the difference in the field, but it may more charitably be believed that his collection of small series33 of the same species was actually inspired by his intense nterest in biogeography and geographic variation. Darwin may often have been thwarted, though, by the space problem in the tiny cabins and store rooms of H.M.S. Beagle ,34 which probably did not permit constant access to his collection when he wanted to make
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Darwin's Other Islands of others. The Beagle cabin was filled with books - the accounts of the great voyagers of the past.3 He was self-critical too, and time and again reread his notes, revising, and sometimes completely rewriting them as new information came to hand: in this way he compared his ideas of one time and place with those of another. Darwin's notes from the voyage, and from later decades, have largely been retained in the order in which he left them, and thus the modern enquirer
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Darwin's Other Islands Isla Darwin) and Wenman (Isla Wolf), about 100 miles (160 km) to the north of the main archipelago. On 20 October Darwin recorded, 'the Ship's head was put towards Otaheite [Tahiti] we commenced our long passage of 3,200 miles'. Darwin's pattern of work, with a small group of companions, was entirely typical of many island visits. When he was not using his cabin on the Beagle as a base, he set up a temporary camp ashore from which he made daily excursions. We see him
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always a supernumerary), but the amount of observations he undertook does not seem to have been great. Perhaps assisting the young philosopher provided an opportunity to redress the balance a little. 13. Diary, p. 342. 14. Diary, 12 October 1835, p. 342. 15. C. Darwin, The Geology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle, Part 2, Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands (London: Smith, Elder Co., 1844), pp. 109-11. (Hereafter Geology of the Voyage.) 16. DAR 31.2/341-2. 17. Diary, 9 October 1835, p
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Beagle voyage. Darwin's diary adds a few details: The Abrolhos consist of 5 small rocky islands, which although uninhabited are not infrequently visited by fishermen. Two parties landed directly after breakfast. I commenced an attack on the rocks insects plants: the rest a more bloody one on the birds. Of these an enormous number were slaughtered by sticks, stones guns; indeed there were killed more than the boats could hold ... Whilst pulling back to the ship we saw a turtle; it immediately
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relationships, this time from the Nothofagus forest ecosystem. This extract, partly based on his contemporary observations, was reworked for the Voyage of the Beagle. There is one vegetable production deserving notice from its importance as an article of food to the Fuegians. It is a globular, bright-yellow fungus, which grows in vast numbers on the beech-trees. When young it is elastic and turgid, with a smooth surface; but when mature, it shrinks, becomes tougher, and has its entire surface deeply
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word meaning a staircase. The terms were formerly used to describe volcanic rocks, which present a step-like topography. 13. Although he described his observations on the island as 'unimportant': Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, Part 3, p. 151. 76 [page
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by J. Gould. See also Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 5 (1837): 35-6; Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, Part 3; and Red Notebook, pp. 127, 130, 153. The use of the plumes may be part of a display. 25. Diary, 27-29 December 1832, p. 126. 16. An alternative name for the steamer. 27. Origin of Species, Chapter 6, 'Difficulties of the Theory'. 28. W. Paley, Natural Theology: Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity collected from the Appearances of Nature (London
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seen along the Beagle Channel, Darwin does not seem to have commented on this phenomenon in Tierra del Fuego. 13. DAR 32.2/125 (capitalization and punctuation slightly edited). 14. Darwin handed over the fossils to two Geological Society colleagues, John Morris and Daniel Sharpe, who wrote an account of them in a paper in the Proceedings of the Geological Society, 2.1 (1846). 15. DAR 33/167 (reverse). 16. DAR 32.2/147-8. 17. Voyage, p. 189. 18. Letter, Charles Darwin to James Geikie, 13 December
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10. Chiloe: A Fine Island The 27 and 28 June 1834 were not good days aboard the Beagle. The voyage from Santa Cruz on the east coast of South America, through the Straits of Magellan and northwards along the islet-strewn west coast of southern South America, although broken by occasional landings, had lasted 47 days. Anchoring places were hard to find. Once the vessel had to 'stand off on during a long, pitch-dark night of 14 hours ... in a narrow channel'. The landscape was in places desolate
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Chiloe: A Fine Island 'charming island'; and while he hints at the dark side of the Chiloe people's nature and deplored their poverty, he found something 'very attractive in the simplicity c humble politeness of all the cottagers'. In his geological summary he uses the term 'fine island'. Notes 1. Log of Beagle; PRO ADM 51/3054-5. 2. Syms Covington's Diary; Mitchell Library, Sydney, NSW, MS No. 2009/108/ item 5. 3. Diary, 24 November 1834, p. 250. 4. Neither do D. Y. Levy and E. C. Le-Fort, in
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on the Chonos Islands was described: I caught in a trap a singular little mouse (Mus brachiotis); it appeared common on several of the islets, but the Chilotans at Low's Harbour said it was not found in all. What a succession of chances, or what changes of level must have been brought into play, thus to spread these small animals throughout this broken archipelago!9 In the Voyage of the Beagle he adds a footnote: It is said that some rapacious birds bring their prey alive to their nests. If so
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Darwin's Other Islands frequently attacked, that I have mentioned my opinion of the three who reside in this vicinity.12 He described the human sacrifices, 'the bloody wars where the conquerors spared neither women nor children' and the infanticides that had allegedly formerly occurred. He went on to declare that 'dishonesty, intemperance licentiousness have been greatly reduced by the Introduction of Christianity'. In view of the fact that the young Darwin, when he stepped aboard the Beagle
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that Darwin climbed to the mast-head. The careful description, including the use of the term 'half drowned' is interesting, for he had been doing a good deal of thinking about coral reefs and atolls while the ship was heading south-westwards from Tahiti. Before we try to penetrate Darwin's thought processes, at this point, as he sat in the poop cabin of the Beagle poring over his books and notes, we should perhaps backtrack a little and consider what he had been thinking about some months before
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subsidences have taken place; of which no one exceeded in depth the number of ft at which . . . polypi [sic] will flourish: tk. [where] the successive steps were sufficiently long to allow their growth.'28 He concluded, once again by speculating that the rise in the level of South America was compensated for by depression in the Pacific. Darwin and FitzRoy did not land on the island of Aitutaki, but the Beagle seems to have sailed quite close to it, and the Captain, having taken a sounding or two
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Zealand). Just over a week later the ship was within sight of the hills of New Zealand's North Island, but because of contrary winds it was another two days (21 December 1835) before HMS Beagle stood into the Bay of Islands. Notes 1. Captain FitzRoy, in his Narrative, p. 506, refers to a 'black tern', possibly the sooty tern (Sterna fuscata) - one of the few species of tern often seen far from land - and tropic birds (genus Phaethon). 2. FitzRoy refers to Honden Island: Narrative, pp. 507-8. 3
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recent action.9 In a later passage he combines his own observations with information he obtained from talking to the local missionaries, and from books and charts that he had aboard the Beagle: Crystalline or Volcanic rocks in the neighbourhood of the Bay of Islands would appear to be the most prevalent kinds. In the Southern main part of the island the land becomes very mountainous ... In the interior it is confidently asserted there is an active volcano. It is certain that in this part Earthquakes
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the nature of the biota of a remote island. Just over two weeks later, on the morning of Friday, 29 April 1836, the Beagle rounded the 'northern extremity' of the island of Mauritius (Cape Malheureux), and in the days that followed, Darwin was able not only to fit the forms of another set of coral shorelines into his model but also to combine this with observations on another volcanic island. Mauritius was therefore one of the few islands that he visited that contributed to the development of his
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Mauritian Interlude seems only to have collected a specimen of a frog, identified by Thomas Bell as Rana mascariensis and figured in Part 5 of The Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle. Darwin found this 'pretty species ... on swamps near the sea'. Always interested in the behaviour and locomotion of organisms, he remarked on 'the extraordinary height of its leaps'. He could not have known it at the time of the frog's collection, but Bell wrote: 'It [the frog] has also been found in the
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soundings done from the Beagle herself, noted the depth beyond the reef at which coral occurred: [T]o the depth of 8 fathoms I sounded repeated[ly] with a lead, the face of which was formed like a saucer . . . The arming [presumably with a wax-like substance] invariably came up deeply cut by the . . . corals . . . marked with the impressions of Astreas . . . From 8-15 fathoms occasionally there was a little sand. He continued sounding outwards from the coast until no coral material or impressions
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transported, or change in habits of stercovorous16 insects'. There were two species, one of which seemed to be new. In a lengthy footnote in The Voyage of the Beagle he compared the habits of the dung-beetles in St Helena, Chiloe and Tasmania, into all of which sheep and cattle had been introduced recently. He wondered if the beetles had been introduced with the stock, or whether they had simply adapted: When the island was discovered it certainly possessed no quadruped, excepting perhaps a mouse: it
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the Beagle, whilst at sea, he had noticed parts of the island had a mottled white appearance. Later he was 230 [page
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consist of irregularly rounded mountains of no great elevation, composed of trachyte, which closely resembles in general character the trachyte of Ascension . .. This formation is in many parts overlaid, in the usual order of superposition, by streams of basaltic lava, which near the coast comprise nearly the whole surface.14 While still aboard the Beagle he wrote in his notes of the Terceira trachytes: 'These lavas appeared the most ancient; their circumstances present the old case of the Trachytic
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small mammiformed hills, each of which has sometime been an active volcano.21 A whale-boat was sent ashore to enquire for letters (there was none) and to make navigational and magnetic measurements. At 4.00 p.m. on 23 September, getting a good offing from the land, the Beagle 'steered, thanks to God, a direct course for England'. Notes 1. Letter to Susan Darwin, 4 August 1836, DAR 223, Correspondence, Vol. 1, p. 503. 2. ADM 51/3055. 3. Diary, p. 21. Darwin's diary dates seem in error at this point
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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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), who worked on these specimens, sometimes added a species name to the original label. All Darwin's birds would have carried these labels originally, but later owners of the bird collection did not appreciate the importance of these reference numbers, replacing Darwin's labels with proper museum labels after the sale of the Zoological Society Museum in 1855. Thus, most of Darwin's data was used only once, in the writing of the section of the Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle which deals with
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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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), who worked on these specimens, sometimes added a species name to the original label. All Darwin's birds would have carried these labels originally, but later owners of the bird collection did not appreciate the importance of these reference numbers, replacing Darwin's labels with proper museum labels after the sale of the Zoological Society Museum in 1855.18 Thus, most of Darwin's data was used only once, in the writing of the section of the Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle which deals with
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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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preliminary conclusion. Authorships of the species accounts of the Zoology of H.M.S. Beagle need further studies. [page]
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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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Licht. Loc.: Uruguay: Maldonado near Rio Plata. May-June 1833. Material: skin/mount. Status: missing. *Coturnicops notata notata (Gould, 1841). [? CD 1453 / 1424, see below]. Z. p. 132: Zapornia notata Gould. Holotype Zapornia notata Gould, 1841. Loc.: Argentina: Rio Plata: shot on board of the Beagle near Buenos Aires. 1833. Material: skin, ad. Status: BMNH 1964.44.1. Cat. XXIII: 129: a. [page]
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A161
Periodical contribution:
Steinheimer, F. D. 2004. Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836. Journal of Ornithology 145(4): 300-320, 4 figures (appendix [pp. 1-40]).
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British Museum (Natural History). Historical series 2 (7): 201-278 Chancellor G, DiMauro A, Ingle R, King G (1988) Charles Darwin's Beagle Collections in the Oxford University Museum. Archives of Natural History 15(2): 197-231 Gould J (1837a) Remarks on a group of Ground Finches from Mr. Darwin's Collection, with characters of the New Species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 5: 4-7 Gould J (1837b) Observations on the Raptorial Birds in Mr. Darwin's Collection, with characters of
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Sedgwick and went in a straight line by compass and map across the mountains to Barmouth, never following any track unless it coincided with my course. I thus came on some strange wild places and enjoyed much this manner of travelling.7 In his explorations during the Beagle voyage Darwin used almost every aspect of what he had learned from Sedgwick and what he had taught himself that summer in the Welsh Borderland and North Wales. These included the direct transect-line across country, the inspection
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Introduction: The Origins of the Darwin Voyage, and an Overview between Tierra del Fuego and the South American mainland, was traversed, and the expedition set out northwards, to Chiloe (visited three times in 1834 and 1835), and the scattering of islands that constitute the Chonos Archipelago. Surveys along the coast of Chile and Peru allowed Darwin the opportunity of making a number of excursions inland in South America. In September 1835 the Beagle set out across the Pacific, calling first
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with him on the Beagle) and what were the physical effects of a sea-creature's sting on a human. Such a curiosity was linked to excellent powers of observation. Here is a quotation from his zoological notebook on a type of coral from the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean. 1836 April Keeling Is. Madrepora 3560 This stony branching elegant coral is very abundant in the shallow still waters of the lagoon: it lives in the ... parts which are always covered by water to a depth of 15 ft perhaps
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quite happy to allow his own appraisal to intrude on objective description; he frequently made clear in his writings what he regarded as an attractive view: the fields are well cultivated, but the burned-up stubble had given the landscape an unpleasant appearance - views that to some extent reflected upper-middle-class English tastes of his day. In the final few pages of The Voyage of the Beagle he wrote: . . . there is a growing pleasure in comparing the character of the scenery of different
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The Mystique and Myth of the Galapagos - and the Reality eastern side of the island, which he noted seemed to have more surface streams than other parts, and indeed he described a 'small cascade'; the valleys were a brighter shade of green. On 21 September the Beagle returned to Stephen's Bay. Darwin and his servant, Syms Covington, were again landed for studies of the small volcanic cones that dot the area, and that day and the next they 'collected many new plants, birds shells insects'
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island had flowed from these craters. On the morning of the 28 September HMS Beagle sailed from Charles Island to the southern tip of Albemarle (Isabela) Island, Captain FitzRoy surveying its southern approaches. As the ship came to anchor in Iguana Cove, Darwin recorded that this island was 'the highest boldest' they had seen. The volcanic landscape continued to fascinate him; he noticed onshore a landscape 'studded with little truncated cones'; the craters were 'very perfect' and generally had
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, hideously seasick, while the Beagle passed Madeira, although he had glimpsed the tiny islet of Porto Santo, a little to the north, on the morning of 3 January 1832, and two days 34 [page
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(including Humboldt) whose books were aboard the Beagle. It is almost as though St Jago in the Cape Verde Islands formed a template. Time and again when he was writing his notes about the geology and natural history of other islands, he makes a comparison. Later still, when writing up his observations for the book that he vowed to write that hot, hot day, he compared features of St Jago and Quail with those of Mauritius, St Helena and the Galapagos. He compared across time too: when he revisited St
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, unlike any which I have met with, and which I cannot characterise by any name and must therefore describe.'11 The 'mineralogical constitution' of St Paul's rock 'is not simple', he stressed in the Voyage of the Beagle. But, he emphasized strongly, 'It is not of volcanic origin.' Only 'this little point of rock' and the Seychelles (which he did not visit), of all the remote islands that he knew were not of volcanic or coralline origin.12 Darwin did not grasp the full importance of this fact
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the same nature .. . Near the base of this, I observed beds of white tuff, interspersed with numerous dikes, some of amygdaloidal basalt and others of trachyte.18 Denudation, he thought, must have been on an enormous scale, to reveal the pinnacle, which had originally been injected as a fluid. The Beagle sailed in the evening of the same day that she had arrived: landing in the surf was difficult, and FitzRoy, though he had managed to land with instruments to take a few observations, did not
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Ecology of Saint Paul's Rocks (Equatorial Atlantic)', journal of the Zoological Society of London, 200 (1983): 51-69; G. S. Tuck, Guide to the Seabirds of Britain and the World (London: Collins, 1978), pp. 68 and 120-1. 5. In Zoology of the Voyage, Part 3, Darwin adds 'to feed on during the labour of incubation', p. 145. 6. C. R. Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle, Chapter 1, p. 10. (Hereafter Voyage.) The insects Darwin found on St Paul's Rocks are discussed by K. G. V. Smith in 'Darwin's Insects
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Darwin's Other Islands which in most places formed the cliffs. He commented also on the 'many sloping vallies' [sic], with grassland and scattered thickets. Far to the south could be seen mountains 'the summits of which glittered with snow'. As always, he was observing all aspects of the environment carefully. They ran 50 miles south, and anchored just south of St Paul's Head. For the next two-and-a-half months the Beagle explored the many islets and inlets around Tierra del Fuego, sometimes
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peculiar habits and structure.' Although ideas were incompletely formed (while he was aboard the Beagle), certain lineaments were already developing in Darwin's mind; both his approach, at once remarkably integrated 73 [page
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stone-runs in the Voyage of the Beagle reads thus: . . . never did any scene, like these 'streams of stones', so forcibly convey to my mind the idea of convulsion . . . yet the progress of knowledge will probably some day give a simple explanation to this 95 [page
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observations appeared as a footnote in the Voyage of the Beagle. The observations on checks in the numbers of feral animals in the Falklands appeared in the 'Big Species Book', of which the Origin of Species was a 'digest'. Two chapters of the Origin of Species are on the subject of 'Geographical Distribution', and an important theme is the distinctiveness of island biotas in comparison with those of mainland environments, and also the existence of differences between the 'living beings' on islands with
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), that the behaviour of animals can be satisfactorily described in terms of human emotions and characteristics. However, this matters less than the fact that they contributed to his intellectual development as they were reworked and revised, during the Beagle voyage and later. 104 [page
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a guide, sometimes without. For 10.00 a.m. on the morning of 4 February, the log records, 'His Majesty's Surveying Sloop Beagle weighed anchor and made all sail.' On leaving Chiloe Darwin noted that he had now 'well seen' the island, having both circumnavigated 117 [page
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: there was a similarity in which humans selected particular strains in such organisms, and the natural selection that powered evolution. His book Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication appeared in 1868. While on the Beagle Darwin did not develop the connection between the importance of vegetative propagation and the absence of seeds (seeds being the result of sexual reproduction and therefore essential for variation from generation to generation, the seed receiving genetic material
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Across the Wide Pacific: To Tahiti and Beyond have been lost. He got on well with the Tahitians that accompanied him, and was impressed by their piety: they offered morning prayers each day in an entirely natural, unselfconscious way. With an early start he returned to the shore at noon on 19 November, to find that the Beagle, in order to more easily obtain supplies of good water had moved to Papawa (Papoa) a few miles to the west, 'to which place I immediately walked', he wrote. Many of his
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.'18 Darwin may also have examined the reef and the inner lagoon by wading, or perhaps using a 'jumping pole'; some additional material, including crude cross-sections and sketches, appears in his Geological Notes. He also had access to the hydrographic survey data gathered by the Beagle. Although he does not make as much of the Tahiti experience in the later Coral Reefs book as one might have expected, he is clearly combining material from a range of sources in the following note: A depth of 25
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