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it may be depended upon. But whether it will bear every speculative conclusion that may be logically deduced from it is quite another question. Your father was building a vast superstructure upon the foundations furnished by the recognized facts of geological and biological science. In Physical Geography, in Geology proper, in Geographical Distribution, and in Pal ontology, he had acquired an extensive practical training during the voyage of the Beagle. He knew of his own knowledge the way in
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biological problem it had raised. By September, 1838, when his routine business was getting ready the scientific reports of the voyage of the Beagle, we find him half apologizing to Lyell for idling ; that is to say, working strenuously at a more engrossing subject. This idling had been going on for over a year, ever since the Journal was off his hands. In his own words: In July [1837] opened first note-book on Transmutation of Species. Had been greatly struck from about the month of previous March
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hardly have been the frequent sea-sickness on the Beagle, for the amount of work he got through during the voyage shows that he was habitually in full vigour, and remained the untiring and athletic youth that he had set out. His power of endurance must have been exceptional, for on one shore excursion, when all were suffering from want of water, he was one of the two who were better able than the rest to struggle on in search of it. The cause probably was a mysterious illness in South America
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them unheard; and so it happened that he was willing to test what would seem to most people not at all worth testing. These rather wild trials he called fool's experiments, and enjoyed extremely. In dealing with his written material he was most methodical a habit no doubt forcibly impressed upon him by the scantiness of the space at his disposal in his cramped quarters on board the Beagle. When he read a book he would mark and index all the passages bearing on his work, and finally make a rough
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young man of stealing away the affections of his sisters' pets, and at Cambridge of his cousin W. D. Fox's dog. Before he set out on the Beagle he had a surly dog, devoted to him, but unfriendly to every one else. When he returned after his five years' absence the dog remembered him, but in a curious way. He went into the yard and shouted in his old manner; the dog rushed out and set [page] 11
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A93
Periodical contribution:
Hickson, S. J. 1921. On Some Alcyonaria in the Cambridge Museum. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 20: 366-73.
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respect the Species differs from T. rubra in which the walls are also rigid, but do not soften or show the outlines of spicules clearly after prolonged boiling in potash. The colour is pale red. An interesting feature of these of these specimens is that they support a number of specimens of the rare entoproctous polyzoon Barentsia discreta. Leptogorgia sp.? The specimen was obtained by Charles Darwin in the Galapagos Islands during the voyage of the Beagle in 1835. It is evidently only a small
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A240
Periodical contribution:
Gulick, Addison. 1922. Charles Darwin, the Man. The Scientific Monthly 15 (2) (August): 132-143.
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generalizations for which he will ever be remembered. So we can stop tracing his biography, and concern ourselves with his outstanding traits. One of the traits which shows most vividly to the reader of Darwin's letters, and of his Journal of the Voyage of the Beagle, is his keen ability to place his finger precisely upon the unsolved mysteries of contemporary science, and his apparently instinctive sense as to which of these mysteries ought to be capable of solution. It is obvious what a depth
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A240
Periodical contribution:
Gulick, Addison. 1922. Charles Darwin, the Man. The Scientific Monthly 15 (2) (August): 132-143.
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realize, though I had read various scientific books, that science consists in grouping facts so that general laws or conclusions may be drawn from them. Darwin's appointment to H. M. S. Beagle, in 1831, when he was 22 years of age, was the beginning of his serious education. (Huxley, p, 271): While at sea, he diligently collected, studied, and made copious notes upon the surface fauna. But with no previous training in dissection, hardly any power of drawing, and next to no knowledge of comparative
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A555
Book:
Shipley, A. E. [1924]. Charles Darwin (1809-1882). In Cambridge Cameos. London: Jonathan Cape, pp. 118-147.
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North Wales. It was on returning from this trip that he found a letter from Henslow informing him that Captain Fitzroy was willing to give up part of his cabin to any young man who would volunteer without pay to act as naturalist on the classical voyage of the Beagle. Captain Fitzroy was going out to survey the southern coast of [page] 13
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A555
Book:
Shipley, A. E. [1924]. Charles Darwin (1809-1882). In Cambridge Cameos. London: Jonathan Cape, pp. 118-147.
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nose. He doubted whether any one with my nose could possess sufficient energy and determination for the voyage. But on acquaintance his doubts soon vanished, and the captain and his naturalist became close friends. I fear time hardly permits a detailed account of the voyage of the Beagle. As far as Darwin is concerned it took place at what is perhaps the period of life when the mind is most original. Many of the great creative ideas of thought seem to me to be engendered between the age of twenty
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A260
Book:
Fenton, Carroll Lane. [1924]. Darwin and the theory of evolution. Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius.
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greatly impressed. Yet in his later judgment of this book, he says, Nevertheless, it is probable that the hearing, rather early in life*, such views maintained and praised, may have favored my upholding them in a different form in my Origin of Species. It would not be hard to include Lamarck with Erasmus Darwin in this acknowledgment. It is plain, therefore, that Darwin was acquainted with the general conception of the evolution of life some years before he went upon the Beagle as naturalist. That he
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A260
Book:
Fenton, Carroll Lane. [1924]. Darwin and the theory of evolution. Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius.
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of the Bible, so that when he found an admirably written book, which showed, quite skillfully, that the dogmas of the church also were the everlasting truths of Christianity, his doubts were settled. That placid orthodoxy lasted almost throughout the Beagle voyage; the young man even got himself laughed at by the ship's officers for quoting the Bible as infallible evidence in argument. But the large number of things seen on the world-trip could not fail to undermine orthodox faith, and
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F2753
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1924. [Correspondence with Francis Galton]. In Karl Pearson ed. The life, letters and labours of Francis Galton. vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 156-202.
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getting up Paley's Evidences and Moral Phil, thoroughly well as I did, I felt was an admirable training, and everything else bosh. My education really began on board the Beagle. I must add that my son Frank said he could safely give as my character, sober, honest and industrious. And now I want to ask you a question: if I had 50 men of 2 different nations, and for some reason could not measure all, if I picked out the 10 tallest of each nation, would their mean heights probably give an
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F2753
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1924. [Correspondence with Francis Galton]. In Karl Pearson ed. The life, letters and labours of Francis Galton. vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 156-202.
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like to have heard about you all. I am very glad that your Mother bears up so well. I wanted too, to speak to you (as I have to Spottiswoode) about getting together available illustrations and memorial scraps of all kinds for a book of mementos for the Royal Society (like those of Priestley—do you know them?). There ought to be a picture of the 'Beagle' if one is procurable and copies (small) of all the pictures and photographs. You are no doubt collecting all available information of his early
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THE BEAGLE LAID ASHORE FOR REPAIRS AT RIVER SANTA CRUZ, PATAGONIA [page break
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CHRONOLOGY CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN Born, Shrewsbury, February 12, 1809. At Edinburgh University, 1826. At Cambridge, 1827 1831. Absent with the Beagle, 1831 1836. Married Emma Wedgwood, January 29, 1839. Settled at Down, in Kent, 1842. 'The Origin of Species' published, November 24, 1859. 'The Descent of Man' published, February 24, 1871. Died, Down, April 19, 1882. [page]
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love of them to a certain extent.26 His biographer remarks: 'His love of pictures as a young man is almost a proof that he must have had an appreciation of a portrait as a work of art, not as a likeness.'27 And the biographer adds, with entire justice: 'This way of looking at himself as an ignoramus in all matters of art, was strengthened by the absence of pretence, which was part of his character.'28 The immediate recognition of a Salvator Rosa scene in one of the Beagle experiences shows an
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feelings, are innate or truly expressive actions, and this could hardly have been expected, for it is very doubtful whether feelings, such as we should rank as devotional, affected the hearts of men, whilst they remained during past ages in an uncivilized condition.'67 Also, there are other occasional references to the external aspects of religious petition, as in the Beagle Journal: 'He prayed as a Christian should do, with fitting reverence, and without the fear of ridicule or any
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, Erasmus Darwin (translated from the German by W. S. Dallas, with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin). Krause. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Expression. The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms. Worms. Geological Observations. Geological Observations. Insectivorous Plants. Insectivorous Plants. Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Round the World. Beagle Journal. More
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ILLUSTRATIONS CHARLES DARWIN Frontispiece Photograph taken in 1881 by Elliott Fry, London, reproduced in More Letters of Charles Darwin CHARLES DARWIN AS A CHILD WITH HIS SISTER CATHERINE 4 From a chalk drawing reproduced in Emma Darwin: A Century of Family Letters THE BEAGLE LAID ASHORE FOR REPAIRS AT RIVER SANTA CRUZ, PATAGONIA 14 From Life and Letters of Charles Darwin DOWN HOUSE FROM THE GARDEN 44 From a woodcut in The Century Magazine reproduced in Life and Letters FACSIMILE OF A PAGE
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well as in his later was influenced by previous investigators is evident enough, for instance in touches like that in the 'Voyage of the Beagle': 'Nature by making habit omnipotent, and its effects hereditary, has fitted the Fuegian to the climate and productions of his miserable country.'3 Also, his frequent comments show that he knew what had been written before him and had profited by it, and in the later editions of the 'Origin' he took some pains to acknowledge the obligation. Yet his
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. There is the still intenser bit in the 'Beagle': 'Neither plant nor bird, excepting a few condors wheeling around the higher pinnacles, distracted my attention from the inanimate mass. I felt glad that I was alone: it was like watching a thunderstorm, or hearing in full orchestra a chorus of the Messiah.'55 And there is the striking touch in the early letter to Henslow: 'The delight of sitting on a decaying trunk amidst the quiet gloom of the forest is unspeakable, and never to be forgotten,'56
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and outdoor life. Above all, he liked animals and plants, liked to observe and to describe them, and to record his observations, and this interest grew more and more absorbing. In 1831, at the age of twenty-two, Darwin obtained the position of naturalist on the government ship, Beagle, and for five years he was absent from England, exploring the southern hemisphere and carefully recording his observations on every sort of scientific subject, which were later published in his printed journal. Soon
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was later increased from his books. He had a large family of sons and daughters, ten in all, and his life was half chronic invalidism and half intense devotion to scientific study and thought, or rather, the two elements were inextricably intertwined. As a result of his observations on the Beagle, Darwin became possessed with the idea, which of course had occurred to various thinkers before him, from the Greeks to Lamarck, that life had not been created in distinct manifold forms, but had
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II Of the numerous records of simple natural observation and experience few are more charming than Darwin's 'Journal of the Voyage of the Beagle,' in which he notes what he saw and heard by land and sea during those years of adventure in the southern hemisphere. All through this book, as indeed in all his books, it is evident that the instinct and habit of observing were inborn and constant, and all those who write about Darwin make this instinct at least the foundation of his scientific
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happy one if he had only to observe, and never to write.'13 It is evident, further, that Darwin's observation was by no means confined to natural science, but was quick, acute, and constant in all the different phases and interests of life. Naturally his books deal with little besides his scientific work, but the record of the Beagle shows interest and appreciation of many things outside of this work altogether. An eye so carefully trained could not fail to distinguish and perceive all sorts
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distorting exact and lucid vision. There is the danger of seeing what we are accustomed to see and therefore think we see. There is the danger of seeing what others have seen and described before us. There is the supreme danger of seeing what we wish to see, what 22. Beagle Journal, p. 282. [page] 2
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nature which beset most naturalists more or less. There are the difficulties that always attend extensive field and outdoor work. In a voyage such as that of the Beagle, in a small sailing ship a hundred years ago, there were the elements of actual danger. 48. To Hooker, 1847, Life, vol. I, p. 317. [page] 3
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Darwin was the last person to enlarge upon his courage in meeting these or in disregarding them. Of his childhood he says: 'I remember how very much I was afraid of meeting the dogs in Barker Street, and how at school I could not get up my courage to fight: I was very timid by nature.'49 But repeated experiences during the voyage of the Beagle make it evident that the timidity was overcome by a calm and intelligent comprehension of conditions and necessities. Perhaps the most interesting
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these has interested me, because it shows such a delightful mixture of human feeling and scientific curiosity. As we shall have occasion to amplify later, Darwin was remarkable for tenderness, for sympathy, for affectionate and kindly interest, not only in humanity generally and in 51. Beagle Journal, p. 78. [page] 3
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by the eternally active mind. As to the activity of Darwin's mind there can be no question whatever. He not only saw, but he thought incessantly. If you compare the Beagle Journal with the Journal of Thoreau, you see at once how much more quick and ready the English 11. Journal, March 23, 1853, vol. v, p. 45. [page] 4
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general methods of others. The excess of abstinence he indeed deplores, recognizing that a man's extreme caution may prevent him from theorizing enough: 'How many astronomers have labored their whole lives on observations, and have 23. Beagle Journal, p. 443. 24. Life, vol. I, p. 83. 25. Thiselton Dyer, in Life, vol. II, p. 431. [page] 5
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voyage on the Beagle and in the year 1837.12 In his earlier years he had been satisfied with the conventionally orthodox theological and scientific conception of 10. Marcus Herzog, introduction to Samuel Butler's Unconscious Memory, p. XII. 11. To Lyell, March 17, 1863, Life, vol. II, p. 201. 12. More Letters, vol. I, p. 37. [page break
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a poor short-sighted view.'10 But he has been brought up a Whig, a Liberal, and Whig prejudices are inherent in his system. This was true in the early days of the Beagle voyage: 'The Captain does everything in his power to assist me, and we get on very well, but I thank my better fortune he has not 9. To Hooker, December 21, 1859, Life, vol. II, p. 21. 10. To Hooker, September 27, 1865, Life, vol. II, p. 225. [page] 13
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slavery in any form. When he was in South America with the Beagle, he had plenty of opportunity to watch the working of human servitude, and it disgusted and repelled him beyond measure. 'To this day, if I hear a distant scream, it recalls with painful vividness my 15. To M ller, August 28, 1870, More Letters, vol. II, p. 92. [page] 13
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been glad to see him follow. He could not bear the sight of blood, and fled from an operation with disgust. Ill-treatment of animals was especially tormenting to him, and he interfered to prevent it, when he could: 'He returned one day from his walk pale and 16. Beagle Journal, p. 499. [page] 13
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favorite, and in my excursions during the voyage of the Beagle, when I could take only a single volume, I always chose Milton.'45 The solid evidence of this enjoyment is the frequent reference to poetical reading in Darwin's books. Even in connection with strictly scientific topics he is apt to introduce some citation from the poets which not only proves his point, but shows his familiarity. Yet in later years all this poetical interest disappeared, and Darwin bewails the disappearance deeply
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enough. I like particularly the reply he made to his Catholic friends in South America, who conjured him to see the light: 'Why do you not become a Christian for our religion is certain?' 'I assured them I was a sort of Christian.'60 A sort of Christian! Isn't that charmingly characteristic? You can imagine 58. Mrs. Darwin to Darwin, 1859, Family Letters, vol. II, p. 175. 59. Family Letters, vol. II, p. 201. 60. Beagle Journal, p. 263. [page] 15
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contact on his southern voyage. He was at first disposed to speak of them without enthusiasm, to say the least, and Admiral Sullivan, who was with him on the Beagle, tells of his scepticism about missionary work, 'his conviction that it was utterly useless to send missionaries to such a set of savages as the Fuegians.'61 Many years later Darwin was entirely converted, and, as usual, did not hesitate to say so: 'He wrote me that he had been wrong and I right in our estimates of the native character
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his interest went far deeper than a mere, though absorbing, curiosity as to their animal origin. II The drawback to Darwin's social life, as to his power of work, was in the limitations of health, and if we would fully appreciate not only the heroism of his achievement, but the charm of his character, we must understand how great and far-reaching those limitations were. The natural strength and vigor of his sturdily constructed frame endured through youth and in the main through the Beagle
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symptoms and the conditions to conjecture with great definiteness, though the enlarged medical knowledge of to-day might interpret matters that were then obscure. There was sometimes a disposition to attribute the whole recurring misery of later years to the Beagle sea-sickness. But Darwin himself rejected this explanation and his son points out that the settled illness came on only gradually some years after his return.28 Darwin believed that his bad health was due 'to the hereditary fault
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some basis of theory for guidance and elucidation, is foolish and profitless: 'I am a firm believer that without speculation there is no good and original observation.'10 The truth is, the importance of imaginative power in the equipment of a great scientist is 6. Life of Huxley, vol. I, p. 521. 7. To Wallace, August 28, 1872, Life, vol. II, p. 346. 8. To Balfour, September 4, 1880, More Letters, vol. II, p. 424. 9. Beagle Journal, p. 378. 10. To Wallace, December 22, 1857, Life, vol. I, p. 465
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ndel, had the natural instinct for the high and fine, in this as in other matters. Mrs. Darwin took him to classical concerts and he responded much more heartily than to the theater. He liked to have his wife and his sisters play to him, and when he was absent with the Beagle, he wrote: 'I hope your musical tastes continue in due force. I shall be ravenous for the pianoforte.'32 And the enjoyment was not merely perfunctory, but went deep, and took hold of the nerves. 'At the end of one of the parts
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zest. When he settled himself in Cambridge, after his return from the Beagle voyage, he complained that the only trouble was that life was too pleasant and some agreeable party every evening made morning labor rather difficult.13 And of the miscellaneous social gatherings of still earlier days he 11. September 5, 1862, More Letters, vol. I, p. 205. 12. To Hooker, April 23, 1861, More Letters, vol. I, p. 185. 13. To Fox, March 13, 1837, Life, vol. I, p. 249. [page] 17
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. Ambition, as trait, D. on it, 96. Amiel, H. F., self-dissection, 280. Animals, D.'s love, 135, 188. Appearance, D.'s, 168. Appreciation, D.'s trait, 79, 80; element in scientific spirit, 263. Architecture, D.'s attitude, 139. Ardor, element in scientific spirit, 264. Argument, D.'s attitude, 74. Aristotle, on experiment, 56; and evolution, 84. Arnold, Matthew, on Goethe, 271. Art, D.'s attitude, 138 40; evolution and realism, 225. Barnacles, D.'s study, 26. Bates, H. W., and nature, 12. Beagle
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Coral reefs, D.'s theory, 64 66. Correspondence, character of D.'s, 78, 145. Cowper, William, and nature, 149, 150. Creation, desire, 98. Criticism, D.'s attitude, 104 17. Cruelty, D.'s hatred, 135. Curiosity, element of scietific spirit, 248, 249; Sainte-Beuve and Goethe and, 268, 270. Darwin, Charles R., influence, 3; character, 3; birth, 3; ancestry, 3; education, 4, 45; interest in outdoor life and sport, 4, 174 76; Beagle voyage, 4, 14; marriage, home and children, family life, 4, 196 201
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A179
Book:
Ward, Henshaw. 1927. Charles Darwin: The man and his warfare. London: John Murray.
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Beagle Laid Ashore, River Santa Cruz From Fitz-Roy's Narrative [page break
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A179
Book:
Ward, Henshaw. 1927. Charles Darwin: The man and his warfare. London: John Murray.
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Mt. Sarmiento, Which is the Same Height and General Appearance as Mt. Darwin The artist has sketched the Beagle in the foreground From Fitz-Roy's Narrative [page break
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A179
Book:
Ward, Henshaw. 1927. Charles Darwin: The man and his warfare. London: John Murray.
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS CHARLES DARWIN, PORTRAIT BY JOHN COLLIER FRONTISPIECE FACING PAGE THE SHREWSBURY SCHOOL 4 THE MOUNT 12 GEORGES LOUIS LECLERQ, COMTE DE BUFFON 24 ERASMUS DARWIN, M.D. 32 PORTRAIT OF LAMARCK 40 CHARLES DARWIN AND HIS SISTER CATHERINE 46 SIR CHARLES LYELL, BART. 70 MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA 110 THE THREE FUEGIANS 114 MOUNT SARMIENTO 120 BEAGLE LAID ASHORE 138 THE COURSE OF THE BEAGLE ROUND THE WORLD 178 EMMA WEDGWOOD 194 SIR JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER 208 THE VILLAGE OF DOWNE 218 THE
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A179
Book:
Ward, Henshaw. 1927. Charles Darwin: The man and his warfare. London: John Murray.
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On August 15 Darwin dated and concluded his letter to Henslow: The box will go by the Emulous. Owing to bad weather and continual fighting on shore, we have scarcely ever been able to walk in the country. But today I have been out and returned like Noah's Ark with animals of all sorts. A week later the Beagle sailed south, entering upon the slow and monotonous occupation of examining the shore to the south of Montevideo. For some mysterious reason Darwin tells nothing whatever about his
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