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A505.3
Beagle Library:
Lyell, Charles. 1833. Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. 3 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 3.
Text
denudation, and where the Arno flows, blue clay is seen underlying the yellow sand. The shells are of fresh-water origin, but we shall speak more particularly of them when we discuss the probable age of this formation in the sixteenth chapter. We desire, at present, to call the reader's attention to the fact, that we have here, in an isolated basin, such a formation as would result from the waste of the contiguous secondary rocks of the Apennines, fragments of which rocks are found in the sand and
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A505.3
Beagle Library:
Lyell, Charles. 1833. Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. 3 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 3.
Text
dimensions. In some large tracts of yellow sand it is impossible to detect a single fossil, while in other places they occur in profusion. The Subapennine testacea are referrible to species and families of which the habits are extremely diversified, some living in deep, others in shallow water, some in rivers or at their mouths. I have seen a specimen of a fresh-water univalve (Limnea palustris), taken from the blue marl near Parma, full of small marine shells. It may have been floated down by the
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A505.3
Beagle Library:
Lyell, Charles. 1833. Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. 3 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 3.
Text
precipices are laid open on each side, varying from 200 to 600 feet in height, and composed of inclined beds of shingle, sometimes separated by layers of sand, and more rarely by blue micaceous marl. The pebbles in these stratified shingles agree in composition with those now brought down from the Alps by the Var and other rivers on this coast. The dip of the strata is remarkably uniform, being always southwards, or towards the Mediterranean, at an angle of about 25 . In summer, when the bed
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A505.3
Beagle Library:
Lyell, Charles. 1833. Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. 3 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 3.
Text
consist of sand, gravel, and blue or brown marl the shells imbedded in the sand and marl being, for the most part, broken and sometimes finely comminuted. In a few spots we find the deposit in the form of a soft stratified rock, composed almost entirely of corals, sponges, and echini*, an assemblage of species which probably lived in a tranquil sea of some depth. In other parts of our coast it consists of alternations of sand and shingle, destitute of organic remains, and more than 200 feet in
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A505.3
Beagle Library:
Lyell, Charles. 1833. Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. 3 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 3.
Text
mode of their original deposition; but there are signs of disturbance which can only be accounted for by subsequent movements. The same blue and brown clay, or loam, which is often perfectly horizontal, and as regularly bedded as any of our older formations, is, in other places, curved and even folded back upon itself, in the manner represented in the annexed diagrams. * Chap. xiv., Diag. No. 6. VOL. III. N [page] 17
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A505.3
Beagle Library:
Lyell, Charles. 1833. Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. 3 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 3.
Text
composed. The blue line of mountains in the distance are the Pyrenees, which are to the north of the spectator, and consist of primary and ancient secondary rocks. In front of these are the secondary formations described in this chapter, coloured grey. Different shades of this colour are introduced, to express various distances. The flank of the hill, in the foreground, called Costa de Pujou, is composed partly of secondary rocks and partly of volcanic, the red colour expressing lava and scori The
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A505.3
Beagle Library:
Lyell, Charles. 1833. Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. 3 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 3.
Text
mentions that he observed a large pebble in part of this information at Bromley, to which five full-grown oyster-shells were affixed, in such a manner as to show that they had commenced their first growth upon it, and remained attached through life*. In some of the associated clays and sand, perfect marine shells are met with, which are of the same species as those of the London clay. The line of separation, indeed, between the superincumbent blue clay last alluded to, and the Plastic clay and
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A505.3
Beagle Library:
Lyell, Charles. 1833. Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. 3 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 3.
Text
observed that the chalk terminates abruptly, and with a well-defined line towards the country occupied by those older strata. Within that line is a narrow band coloured blue, formed by the gault, and within this again is the Lower green sand, next the Weald clay, and then, in the center of the district, a ridge formed by the Hastings sands. Section of the Valley of the Weald. It has been ascertained by careful investigation, that if a line be drawn from any part of the North to the South Downs
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
ascertain, by direct experiment, the relative heating power of the sun's rays; this he did by exposing in a glass vessel, or large thermometer, at different times and places, a deep blue liquid, for a given time, to the direct rays of the sun, noting the increase of temperature, which was purposely rendered very small by properly adjusting the capacity of the instrument, then shading the sun's direct rays, and leaving it exposed for an equal time to the free influence of all the other heating and
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
distance, set on a base of charred cork, and placed on down in a pasteboard cylinder; the thermometer within, in clear sunshine rose to 230 , and once to 237 . (Black's Lect. i. 547. Thomson, i. 127.) Sir H. Davy took several small disks of copper of equal weight, size, and figure, on one side painted respectively white, yellow, red, green, blue, and black. A mixture of oil and wax, which became liquid at a temperature of 76 Fahr., was attached to the other surface of each disk; and on exposing
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
shine most by exposure to blue light. (Rozier, xx. 270.) Beccari, in a memoir de Phosphoris extracted in the Phil. Trans. 1746, p. 81, gives as one of his results, that the light emitted was brightest when the surface of the mass was of a rough texture; those which were smooth and polished, retained little or none, but (supposing the colour the same,) a rougher surface would evidently absorb more light than a smooth one, and therefore might emit more. Mr. T. Wedgewood compared two pieces of
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
(Berlin Trans.) first successfully discussed some of the more difficult and complex cases, as gypsum, felspar, epidote. Professor Moh's Treatise contains a vast treasure of such determinations, and has only left for more recent crystallometers the task of supplying special deficiencies. And of such contributions we have excellent examples in recent times, among which we may mention the examination of the crystallization of felspar by Hessel, and of the blue carbonate of copper by Zippe of Prague
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
by Sir David Brewster's experiments, when exposed to polarized light, transmitted different colours (blue and greenish white), as the axis of the crystal was perpendicular or parallel to the plane of polarization. Other species of mineral crystals were found to possess similar properties, and biaxal crystals exhibit it also with certain modifications. Sir David Brewster's list of cases is, as usual, considerable. He found also that many minerals absorb certain portions of common light, the
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
mass with water gives with muriatic acid the odour of sulphuretted hydrogen, and by the further addition of nitric acid, vapours of iodine which stain starch paper of a blue colour. It is often a matter of some interest to ascertain in what state the sulphur exists in hepatic waters. In the greater part of such springs it has been supposed to be merely in a state of solution, not of combination. An examination of some of the German springs has shown it to be generally present, partly in a free
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
saccharine matter, the copper is dissolved in whole or in part, and the solution is blue, yellow, or red, according to the quantity of sugar present. If the coloured solution be boiled, the copper remains in the state of protoxide; if cane sugar be present if it be sugar of milk boiling reduces the copper to the metallic state. Manna sugar (Mannite). Manna sugar has been analysed by Henry and Phsson and by Opperman, with the following results: Henry and Plisson = C = 38 77 H = 8 487,O = 52 743
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
, fibrin, and mucus, are dissolved in the cold by concentrated muriatic acid; and if kept at a temperature between 60 and 70 F. for 24 hours, gradually assumed a beautiful blue colour. This fact has since been controverted, but it has also been confirmed by several chemists. Robiquet observes that heat is not indispensable, but that a large quantity of acid is necessary to produce the effect. Nitric acid gives a yellow, and sulphuric acid a reddish brown. Dr. Hope has obtained from albumen in the
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
of common galena. Mr. Johnston has met with one specimen which in the cavities contained minute crystals of sulphate of lead. The specific gravity of a dark lead grey variety was 5 275. In the flame of a candle it takes fire and burns with a blue flame and smell of sulphur. Heated in a close tube, it gives off sulphur in large quantity. Oil of turpentine and boiling alcohol dissolve sulphur from the mineral when in the state of fine powder. The sulphur present, therefore, is not in a state of
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A904
Beagle Library:
Fitton, William Henry. 1833. Notes on the progress of geology in England. London: Richard Taylor.
Text
' with sections which I drew of the strata sunk through in the pit, confirmed my notions of some regularity in the matter of the hills above the red earth, which they were in the habit of sinking through; but, on this I began to think for myself. My observations on the superposition and continuity of' the strata were greatly extended in 1792; and in the following year, by taking levels for the proposed Somersetshire canal, I proved the red-marl, lias, blue-marl, and inferior oolite on the tops
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. [45-6] pages written perpendicular to the spine. [46] 9.4...51.4] written parallel to the spine. [47] page written perpendicular to the spine. 13...40] ink. 5.4...24] written parallel to the spine. [49] ink sketch written perpendicular to the spine. [53] Blue leg Vulture. Male.] underscored in ink. [55] Specimen...build?] ink. [56] Nov. 1834] not in Darwin's handwriting? [77-8] leaf excised, now in CUL-DAR35.297A. [101] [shore]] ink. [111] sketch perpendicular to the spine. [112] sketch
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] sketch continues across following page, large watercolour stain mirrored on both pages. [125a] sketch and caption written perpendicular to the spine. = R2] ink. [128a] sketch and caption written perpendicular to the spine. [135a] sketch and caption written perpendicular to the spine. [146a] sketch and captions written perpendicular to the spine. [176a] sketch and 'E white… rocks . ' written perpendicular to the spine. [179a] 37] crossed ink. [194a] there are stains of two shades of blue
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
sun or of artificial flames, consists of three simple colours only, Red, Yellow, and Blue, by the union of which all other colours are composed. [page] 9
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
From the experiments detailed in this paper, the author concludes that the second and leading proposition of Newton's theory of colours is incompatible with the ph nomena; and he infers the incorrectness of the first proposition by stating the fact, that he has found red, yellow, green, and blue media, which are absolutely incapable of reflecting or transmitting certain definite rays of the same colour with themselves. The paper was concluded with a brief statement of what the author regards
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
takes place, the luminous spaces between the broken lines become coloured, some with yellow and others with green and blue light. The ph nomena produced in these two experiments are obviously owing to rectilineal undulations propagated across the retina; and the interference and crossing of the undulations, by which the dark lines are broken into detached portions, and by which the colours are produced, arise from the unsteadiness of the head or the hand, which causes a want of parallelism in the
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A747
Beagle Library:
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1833. Report of the first and second meetings, at York in 1831 and at Oxford in 1832, including its proceedings, recommendations, and transactions. London: John Murray.
Text
upon the retina, in particular states of indisposition, occasion floating masses of light, visible in the dark, at first faint blue, then green, then yellow, and sometimes even red, all these colours being occasionally seen at the edge of the luminous mass. The preceding observations on the influence of dilatation in making the retina insensible to light, render it extremely probable that the disease in that membrane, called amaurosis, may sometimes arise from a general distention of the eye
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(a) 1834 .. Feb I ought to have stated, that I examined in many places the East coast of Navarin Isd found no difference in character of the slate, the general SSW dip. — During this visit, the NE point compact blue slate dipped 48° to the South: WSW of Picton Island, the slate in Beagle channel the slate, was contained planes of harder greyer varieties (which I have called jaspery). — in two sites they dipped within one degree to the SSW, or at an 72° — the other 59°. — The rounded summit of
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CUL-DAR39.94
Note:
[1833.02.12]
[geological specimens numbered 938-964, with descriptions]
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Image
The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [94] 975 — Feldspathic rock n of Orange Bay) a b c} 0 varieties of Slate E 938 Amphibolic rock Hornblende in long log crystals- somehow nearly 3 inch white feldspar green [illeg] mineral F 939 Same Hornblende feldspar in smaller crystals G 940 Finer grained greenstone hornbl light crystal H 941 Slate semi-sown hard — reddish to be somewhat [word excised?] scale of mica K 942 fine grained compact dark blue grey slate — slightly conchoidal fracture
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CUL-DAR39.123-124
Note:
[[1833]].02.25--[[1833]].03.01
[Wollaston Island, geological specimens numbered 1853-1873, descriptions]
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4 The connection of these rocks with the slate is shown by the WNW outer line of coast.─ C. Deceit I have no doubt is the same slate: semi amphibolic ─ with southerly dip.─ The ridge cross each other at 60˚∠. Line of hardness came over elevation other!?? (1873). A blue rock chiefly composed of feldspar small crystals.─ Slate passing into feldspathic rock. Summit of hill (2000) feet. rounded surface. WSW. of Picton Island: When ship anchored: (Feb. 27)─ ─ . NE end of Navarin Isd common blue
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with equal arms.— Maxillæ with the truncate spinous edge irregular: Mandibles with superior tooth not larger than others, than in regular proportion.— In other respects mouth agrees well with animal P 159.— Mouth, Trophi Cirrhi all coloured dark greenish blue.— This is the commonest sort, which at low water mark covers the rocks.— Synoicum 595 April 2d.— Aggregate body, oblate spheroid, seated on a footstalk, which tapers at root to a fine point: gelatino-membranous, external parts yellowish
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108 1833 March E Falkland Island 108 4 (X) are found in seams or beds between the sandstone strata. In some case the casts form the whole mass. in others they are imbeeded in sandstone, very often in a matrix of hard blue compact rock. From 1089 ... to 1128 1152 — The shells all belong to Terebratula its subgenera; there are also different species of Entrochites some vestiges of some other remains. the nature of which I could not ascertain. 1045: 46 1903 ... 1909 — Gorgoniae 939 ... ... 46
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CUL-DAR34.7-9
Note:
1833.04.17--1833.04.18
Geological diary: St Mathias Bay / St Josephs Bay
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resemblethose found near Tierra del Fuego coast in about 20 fathoms: also a Caryophillia: The shells did not blacken or emit smell in flame (b) much much more aluminous finer grained. much carb of lime: (c) These shells blackened emitted smell in fire on Mytilus encrusting corallina with paps: retained its blue colour a Balanus a faint red. the patella had lost its: In all probability these species now exist but from different locations not on this beach: How gradually suddenly has a perfect
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contained numerous patellae Mytili 1366, a few Bucanus Balani. — The Mytili Balani partly retained their proper colors of blue pink. (b) — All the shells emitted, when burnt an animal odor. — These shells are the same, with those, which at Port Desire are proved (a) both now exist on the coast to be lying on the elevated plain. — It is very interesting to read this account then that of P. Desire St. Julian, places 470 miles distant, with formations so exactly similar. — The modern superior shells
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yellow.— eyelid or cere blackish yellow: walks. (a) iris of eye yellow.— legs pale coloured. (d) Iris reddish orange, bill blue especially lower mandible; there are specimens in which the narrow black white bands on breast are scarcely visible, what is more remarkable the under feathers of the tail are only most obscurely barred.— as this absence varied in extent, I imagine it to be the effect of age not sex.— (e) When it alights on branch of a tree, not vertically but sits horizontally [criss cross
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(a) iris bright yellowish orange, legs with faint tint of blue.— (b) These numerous species numerous individuals seem to play the same part in Nature in this country which Sylvia does in England, feeding on small insects which are concealed amongst the bushes plants near the margin of water.— (c) the note of this bird is plaintive agreeable can be heard at long distance, is sometimes single, sometimes reiterated; flight heavy, is a much more solitary bird than most of its family.— I have since
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Maldonado 1833 May June Specimens collected by the Officers in Schooner, Coast of Patagonia. [in margin:] 'Copied all on this page' Agama 681 Copied General colour blueish grey with tinge of rust colour on back. broard transverse bands with white undulation behind them.— Agama 682 General colour not so blue, with pointed, bright yellow undulations in hinder part of brown band Agama 683 General colour rather darker; back dark brown with central light reddish longitudinal band with small
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(a), we passed through much imperfect gneiss, quartz a some clay-slate. This irregular mountainous track seems. to run East West. the rock is entirely a blue siliceous slate; often containing beds of quartz much iron. — The cleavage (b) was of that extreme tortuous character where almost every possible curvature was present. The forms resembled these forms. seen on dropping a heavy fluid into one of less specific gravity. A few years since Gold mines were opened in several places, in these
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blackish with white vein with the other usual characters. — It contains veins of quartz. Rhomboidal gypsum. likewise asbestus. Mr Mawe in his travels in Brazil 1 talks of two sorts of Limestone as occurring here; one of a dull blue colour overlaying the bases of the mountains the other as forming perpendicular laminae. — I could perceive no difference in the geological position of the different limestones which I saw, althoug varying much in colour. — The workmen at the Lime Kiln assured me the
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the two specimens: Are they varieties or species? (1256) Certhia: iris yellow reddish; legs pale with touch of blue (1257) Parus (?) in very small flocks, habits like Europæan genus [of tit]: there is specimen (650) in spirits, because the beak of this one is imperfect.— (1258) Sylvia, not very common (1259) Sylvia, uncommon, amongst reeds (a) (1260) (Furnarius. same genus as (1222)?) This is a common bird: is always easily distinguished by the double reddish bands it shows in its flight.— Note
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119 1833 May. June Maldonado 119 a pale blue slate; there is also in the neighbourhead much quartz. some white. but more generally reddish. — I believe Las Minas takes its name from some gold found in alluvial beds. — ( lead in Limestone. Mawe)1 dips NNE or to NWN To the NE of the town there is fine white marble joining (b) having same cleavage with clay-slate. At Lime Kiln, near to this, I saw a good deal of a bluish limestone, penetrated in every direction by white calcareous veins
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the blue slate forms a band about 10 miles broard: tortuous cleavage running about E W. — to the westward of this there is a little slate cleavage (about gold mine c) more NNE SSW from these to Pan de Azucas. — the confusion seen in hills in the more Western section arises perhaps ( tortuous cleavage for cle the two chains I believe to have been formed together. —) far from the crossing or junction of the Western NNE chain of hills. (where the slate granite join). — the course of water partly
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North of Cape Corrientes sketch in pencil on heavy white paperwith pale blue watercolour for the sea. 27
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[sketch] The elevation of beds is caricatured Proportional breadth nearly accurate High sand plain R. Negro High sandstone plain Valley of P. Raza Low do R. Colorado 20 miles from sea 50 Low Tosca plain 30 to 40 gneiss Sand-dunes Tosca rock ridge Tosca plain Sand dunes [illeg] or head of B. Blanca Great Tosca rock plain N B Blue 2
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(a) at the very edge or end of the cliff I hastily noticed a few muscles (with blue color) between the coarse sand Tosca. — I feel little doubt of truth of this if this was certain it would form a most interesting datum. — but I do not feel sure enough what will afterwards appear, it does not appear to be very improbable. — The muscles were 15 feet above level of constant fresh water of flooded river: muscles same as now existing at M. Video. — (b) I saw these relics at a padres Don Damasio
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feet high, they are mainly composed of a greyish-blue sandstone 1531 (a), which varies in hardness from almost loose sand to a pretty hard rock. It alternates with white soft sandstone in same bed the color changes in curious angular patches. There are narrow beds or layers of hard. true sandstone 1530. in one place these beds reposed upon a rosy glowed clay, which again was on a ferruginous sandstone. About 2/5 up the cliff, there is a bed of true red Tosca 1532 (b), above this a narrow layer
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60 foot lower, there is another plain with usual aspect: in the one section I obtained, there was the blue-grey soft sandstone some Tosca. * I did not however see any mortar, only loose pebbles, in fewer number, as on the low Tosca plain north of the Colorado. In about 12 miles, the plain gradually lowers, till it becomes more fertile with no bushes greener pasture. This extends, as already has been noticed to the SE is either alluvial or Tosca plain. Is the 19 vers
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the surface of the gravel on both the 240 300 feet plains in the valleys, there are very numerous Patellae muscles. — These, certainly are the same species which now exist on the rocks of the sea coast. — The muscles yet partially retain their blue colour the Patellae are curiously perfect. — They are more abundant in certain patches, but are very generally scattered about. — This is to me a certain proof, that these plains have been uplifted from the 238 vers
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A922
Beagle Library:
Somerville, Mary. 1834. On the connexion of the physical sciences. London: John Murray.
Text
a much greater portion k absorbed by the body Bodies that reflect all the rays appear white; those that absorb them all seem black; but most substances, after decomposing the white light which falls upon them, reflect some colours and absorb the rest. A violet reflects the violet raya alone, and absorbs the others; scarlet cloth absorba almost all the colours except red; yellow cloth reflects the yellow rays most abundantly, and blue cloth these that are blue; consequently colour is not a
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A922
Beagle Library:
Somerville, Mary. 1834. On the connexion of the physical sciences. London: John Murray.
Text
glass intermediate between the two, it will be found that the middle of the red space, the whole of the orange, a great part of the green, a considerable part of the blue, a little of the indigo, and a very little of the violet, vanisti, being absorbed by the blue glass; and that the yellow rays occupy a larger space, covering part of that formerly occupied by the orange on one side, and by the green on the other; se that the blue glass absorbs the red light, which, when mixed with the yellow
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A922
Beagle Library:
Somerville, Mary. 1834. On the connexion of the physical sciences. London: John Murray.
Text
next to black in their power of absorption. Of all the colours of the solar spectrum, the blue possesses least of the heating power; and since substances of a blue tint absorb all the other colours of the spectrum, they absorb by far the greatest part of the calorific rays, and reflect the blue where they are least abundant. Next in order come the green, yellow, red, and, last of all, white bodies, which reflect nearly all the rays both of light and heat. The temperature of very transparent
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There is a group of Peaks like Volcano here not known to be active General appearance of the hills singular peaks ridges are much connected together by ridges the whole valleys sides [gullies] sprinkled or dotted with evergreen trees bushes, the intervals are nearly bare. very little pasture. there is little wind blue sky clear very few birds excepting an [page 18
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A894.1
Beagle Library:
Webster, William Henry Bayley. 1834. Narrative of a voyage to the southern Atlantic Ocean, in the years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H.M. Sloop Chanticleer. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley. Volume 1.
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This was nothing more or less than a sucking fish, which they allowed to fasten itself to a fish, and thus drew them both out of the water together. At sunset, on the 4th June, we observed a radiated cone in the eastern horizon, the base of which extended towards the zenith. The general colour of the rays by which it was formed was pink, with intervening ones of bright blue, and those on the exterior of the cone were also blue of a green cast. At the time we observed this cone, the clouds in
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A922
Beagle Library:
Somerville, Mary. 1834. On the connexion of the physical sciences. London: John Murray.
Text
; three primary colours, red, yellow, and blue, each of which exists throughout its whole extent, but with different degrees of intensity in different parts; and that the superposition of these three produces all the seven hues according as each primary colour is in excess or defect. Since a certain portion of red, yellow, and blue rays constitute white light, the colour of any point of the spectrum may be considered as consisting of the predominating colour at that point mixed with white light
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A894.2
Beagle Library:
Webster, William Henry Bayley. 1834. Narrative of a voyage to the southern Atlantic Ocean, in the years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H.M. Sloop Chanticleer. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley. Volume 2.
Text
tals of olivine. The basalt is incrusted with gypsum on the beach; and the veins of it are occasionally filled with infiltrated gypsum. In the clay-pits on the hill, near the fort, there are packed aggregated masses of basaltic balls, or nodules, from one to two feet in diameter. It is of a light blue colour, like flint in appearance, or the lead blue obsidian: these masses obstruct the workmen. The phonolite, and felspar porphyry, or the blue compact crystalline lava, with crystals of felspar
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A894.1
Beagle Library:
Webster, William Henry Bayley. 1834. Narrative of a voyage to the southern Atlantic Ocean, in the years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H.M. Sloop Chanticleer. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley. Volume 1.
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In the course of our examination of the blubber, we picked up some blue globose substances, armed with lateral processes, which they cast off with great rapidity, and prevented our investigation of them. While trying the rate of the current, on hauling up the lead a small sucking fish was found adhering to it. The size of this was not more than four inches long; it was of a blue slate colour, and the oval disc or sucker on its head had seven serrated lamin . The tail of the fish was
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ship, and thus become an easy prey. It is said that they are good eating, and are frequently seen more than two thousand miles from the land. The procellaria nivea, or snowy blue-nosed peterel, is also common at Deception Island; and the procellaria gigantea, a large grey bird of voracious habits, more commonly known as the Nelly. It stands about sixteen inches high, and is about five feet across from wing to wing; and has a strong musky odour. The pelicanus graculus, or blue-eyed shag, and
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the instruments in safety. This process employed several days, in which interval Captain Foster proceeded to Cape Spencer, the southern point of Hermit Island, for the purpose of making observations for its position. Night came on, and his return was looked for in vain. The weather became stormy, with rain at intervals, and alarm was felt for his safety. Every necessary precaution was taken by Lieutenant Austin, to show our position. Blue lights were repeatedly burnt, and muskets were fired. A
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air adorns nature with the rosy and golden hues of the Aurora, and twilight. Even when the sun is eighteen degrees below the horizon, a sufficient portion of light remains to show that, at the height of thirty miles, it is still dense enough to reflect light. The atmosphere scatters the sun's rays, and gives all the beautiful tints and cheerfulness of day. It transmits the blue light in greatest abundance; the higher we ascend, the sky assumes a deeper hue, but in the expanse of space; the sun
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object, such as a red wafer, on turning the eyes to a white substance, a green image of the wafer with appear, which is called the accidental colour of red. All tints have their accidental colours: thus the accidental colour of orange is blue; that of yellow is indigo; of green, reddish white; of blue, orange-red; of violet, yellow; and of white, black; and vice versa. When the direct and accidental colours are of the same intensity, the accidentel is then called the complementary colour, because
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each side of the other a motion which could not be mistaken for that of a binary system, where one star describes an ellipse about the other. Such parallax does not yet appear to have been made out, so that the actual distance of the stars is still a matter of conjecture. The double stars are of various hues, but most frequently exhibit the contrasted colours. The large star is generally yellow, orange, or red; and the small star blue, purple, or green. Sometimes a white star is combined with a
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saw during the day much of the regular Breccia small dips 18.th [September 1834] Lizard1 above blackish tail very basking on stones in sun half of body brilliant greenish spot blue scales. anterior greenish. colors shade down till some individuals are simply brownish black with transverse black bars, the [formost] scale in head colored white breasted Creeper of Chiloe The Fungi2 on the Roble or oak tree footstalk longer. shape more irregular. color paler cups inside much darker color: fewer of
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Webster, William Henry Bayley. 1834. Narrative of a voyage to the southern Atlantic Ocean, in the years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H.M. Sloop Chanticleer. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley. Volume 2.
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, of a dark blue, or black colour, is the principal constituent, with clinkstone and compact blue lava. There are several instances of basaltic columns here, as displayed at the columnar pile called Asses Ears; and likewise Lot and Lot's Wife. At Stone Top, they are seen in tabular and columnar masses, twenty-seven feet high and nine and a-half in breadth. Most of the hills are intersected by vertical dykes, and traversed by veins of quartz. In the ravine near the burn, the vast strata of
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everything prepared for our troublesome visiter as before; and although we could not show so many teeth as he, yet in physical force we thought ourselves superior to him. We continued at quarters all night, but in the morning found no signs whatever of the schooner. At about eighty miles from the coast we observed a change in the appearance of the water, which from a deep blue colour became of a dull green. On the 13th July we made Cape Frio, and experienced the long wave termed by seamen ground
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Webster, William Henry Bayley. 1834. Narrative of a voyage to the southern Atlantic Ocean, in the years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H.M. Sloop Chanticleer. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley. Volume 1.
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change in the appearance of the water, which from a bright blue colour assumed that of a turbid and dull green, attended with a short breaking swell. The depth or height to which the waves rise and fall is still a matter of speculation, some attributing it to six feet rise and six feet fall, and others again according to their own individual observation, or their ideas of the bounds of probability. I have heard many experienced practical seamen estimate it at thirty feet, nor does this appear
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the great square, nearly in the very centre of the town. The devotional spirit of its founders had designed it for a magnificent structure, but the ruthless hand of war has checked its progress, and robbed it of its honours, for its present unfinished state bespeaks decay. It has a cupola and two towers; the former, being roofed with good plates and dishes of Staffordshire blue ware, has an odd appearance. They are intended, no doubt, as a substitute for the Dutch tile; the idea is said to
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Webster, William Henry Bayley. 1834. Narrative of a voyage to the southern Atlantic Ocean, in the years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H.M. Sloop Chanticleer. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley. Volume 1.
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watching it for some time; and it was highly gratifying to see the little fellow propel himself forward rapidly, by putting his oars, if I may so call them, into motion, and as suddenly stop himself when they ceased, and turn himself with ease, by working his oars in contrary directions. The motion of his oars imparted to them a succession of the most beautiful colours I ever witnessed: the deep bright emerald green, the beautiful rose colour, gold and crimson, blue and purple succeeded each other in
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clouds were of a steel-blue colour, a peculiar indication of lightning. The sea was rough; but we scudded before the gale, and ran over four hundred and fifty miles in the two days that it lasted. Swift o'er the waves we flew, the freshening gales Sang thro' the shrouds and stretch'd the swelling sails. This gale materially shortened our distance from the Cape, so that on the 15th of June we were only nine hundred miles from it. Nothing of any interest occurred on the passage, which, although
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Webster, William Henry Bayley. 1834. Narrative of a voyage to the southern Atlantic Ocean, in the years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H.M. Sloop Chanticleer. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley. Volume 1.
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those whom he might find breaking the laws. These priests were much gratified by their interview with the bishop, and highly impressed in favour of him: previous to his departure, and some time after, they offered up prayers and supplications in their mosques to Ali, that he would vouchsafe his blessing on the holy man, and grant him a safe passage across the blue waters. It was singular that a Christian bishop should have prayers offered up for him in a Mohammedan mosque, while the churches of
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formidable numbers, and so determined, that it would be impossible to pass them without the aid of some good stout cudgels. As soon as the summit is gained, the trouble of doing it is well repaid by the magnificent prospect around. The vast expanse of ocean, which here and there appears to mingle its waters with the clouds on the scarcely visible horizon; the distant mountains, the outlines of which are feebly pencilled on the ethereal blue of heaven; on one side Cape Town spread out at the
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, where there is a clear blue sky over-head, the wind rushes down with great impetuosity, occasioning a loud howling noise. All this [page] 32
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time a violent gale is passing over the heated plain of Cape Town. During the whole period of the south-east wind the sky is a beautiful Italian blue; not a vestige of a cloud is to be seen, excepting those resting on the mountains. The line of demarcation between the vapour rolling over the sides of the mountain and the clear atmosphere, is as distinct as if a huge table-cloth were thrown over its top, and hung down its sides. At the time of the general obscuration of the Table Mountain, the
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that Jack's notion after all may not be far from the truth. The sea in the vicinity of St. Helena is celebrated as being infested with sharks. The whole family of sharks are found here; the blue shark, the dog shark, the hammer-headed shark, the cooper-headed shark, and the mackerel shark, all herd together, hungry for prey. They are awfully voracious, and may be justly considered as the wolf or tiger of the deep. The stomach of this fish commences not far from the mouth, and extends nearly
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Venus attired in the habit of one; but a great fat, unwieldy female, on the advance of forty, a woman of a gross habit and still grosser manners, one on whom retirement had produced no beneficial effect in the shape of refinement, humility, or modesty of deportment. She was lounging and swinging in a hammock, and seemed not to heed our entrance, although her position might have been improved on the score of decency. What was still worse, she squinted, and her large blue eyes were wandering after
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, near the observatory, had large strata of it. It was dispersed upon the beaches, and lay in large fragments upon the hills; it prevailed in every quarter of the island, and gave great relief to the dull scenery. It was both cellular and compact, and some contained crystals. The principal rock was blue volcanic whinstone, more or less compact and crystalline. Basalt was found only in one part; it was dark, compact, of a fine lustre, imbedding numerous crystals of felspar; and in many parts finely
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Somerville, Mary. 1834. On the connexion of the physical sciences. London: John Murray.
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following order; black, very faint blue, brilliant white, yellow, orange, and red. They are quite different in the other rings, and in the seventh the only colours are pale bluish-green and very pale pink. That these rings are formed between the two surfaces in apparent contact may be proved by laying a prism on the lens, instead of the plate of glass, and viewing the rings through the inclined side of it that is next to the eye, which arrangement prevents the light reflected from the upper
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, such as iridescent metals, peacock's feathers, c., and others from the unequal absorption of the rays of white light, such as vermilion, ultramarine, blue or green cloth, flowers, and the greater number of coloured bodies. The ethereal medium pervading spacers supposed to penetrate all material substances, occu [page] 19
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the system of rings produced by a plate of quartz, whose surfaces are perpendicular to the axis of the crystal, the part within the interior ring, instead of being void of light, is occupied by a uniform tint of red, green, or blue, according to the thickness of the plate. Suppose the plate of quartz to be 1/25 of an inch thick, which will give the red tint to the space within the interior ring; when the analyzing plate is turned in its own plane through an angle of 17 1/2 , the red hue vanishes
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ization only one of them will be reflected, and therefore no interference can take place; but in all other positions of the analyzing plate, both rays will be reflected in the same plane, and consequently will produce coloured rings by their interference. It is evident that a great deal of the light we see must be polarized, since most bodies which have the power of reflecting or refracting light also have the power of polarizing it. The blue light of the sky is completely polarized at an
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visible the red, yellow, and blue; each of the five varies in refrangibility and intensity throughout the whole extent, the visible part being overlapped at one extremity by the chemical, and at the other by the calorific rays. The action of the chemical rays blackens the salts of silver, and their influence is daily seen in the fading of vegetable colours: what object they are destined to accomplish in the economy of nature remains unknown, but certain it is, that the very existence of the
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least calorific part of the spectrum, which is at the violet extremity, an analogy which appeared to be greater, by all flame being at first violet or blue, and only becoming white when it has attained the greatest intensity. Thus, as diaphanous bodies transmit light with the same facility whether proceeding from the sun or from a glow-worm, and that no substance had hitherto been found which instantaneously transmits radiant caloric coming from a source of low temperature, it was concluded
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layer of water contained between two plates of glass, it will be found that these rays suffer a loss in passing through the liquid as much greater as their refrangibility is less. The rays of heat that are mixed with the blue or violet light pass in great abundance, while those in the obscure part which follows the red light are almost totally intercepted. The first, therefore, act like the heat of a lamp, and the last like that of boiling water. These circumstances explain the phenomena
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warm, for example, a fire, it gives more caloric than it takes. The phenomena of dew and hoar-frost are owing to this inequality of exchange, for the caloric radiated during the night by substances on the surface of the earth into a clear expanse of sky is lost, and no return is made from the blue vault, so that their temperature sinks below that of the air, from whence they abstract a part of that caloric which holds the atmospheric humidity in solution, and a deposition of dew takes place. If
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of the telescope. But there are a vast number of instances where the colours are too strongly marked to be merely imaginary. Sir John Herschel observes in one of his papers in the Philosophical Transactions, as a very remarkable fact, that, although red stars are common enough, no example of an insulated blue, green, or purple one has yet been produced. Besides the revolutions about one another, some of the binary systems are carried forward in space by a motion common to both stars, towards
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planetary nebul . These bodies have exactly the appearance of planets, with sensibly round or oval discs, sometimes sharply terminated, at other times hazy and ill defined. Their surface, which is blue or bluish-white, is equable or slightly mottled, and their light occasionally rivals that of the planets in vividness. They are generally attended by mi 2 D [page] 40
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CUL-DAR34.179-180
Note:
[1834]
Geological diary. The more I reflect on Stratification & Cleavage the more difficulties I
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SSW dip: (a) The direction of cleavage is also that of grand mineralogical change, for instance, the northern arm of Beagle Channel runs WNW separate. an escarpement of clayslate. from a blue great lofty one of mica slate, which probably rests on granite: (mention it in evidence on moonstone supposition) 180 vers
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. in close proximity. — ossiferous gypsum at Paris no shells: In Sicily Blue clay with do without shells Lyell. Vol. III. P. 64. — Crystals of selenite some shells base of Etna. P 77. Compare the certain recent Elevations of Patagonia with Mr. Lyell map. of under water parts of Europe. — for extent size. — The gravel over R. Negro plain is one of the re-depositions after some elevations: therefore much posterior to Shingle bed gr oyster: formation. — Tosca plain coeval with it. — Yet St. Fe
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crystals of quartz or felspar, c. 2. Compact, dark, heavy, augitic basalt. 3. The volcanic whinstone, a sub-species of blue-grey basalt, is the prevailing rock, and forms the substratum. The tanks and buildings are excavated in this; it forms a [page] 31
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tinged with blue, and are rather handsome specimens. The foregoing is a list of the principal volcanic products of Ascension; there are many varieties, which it would be difficult to describe, and when so done it would be a useless task. There are two subjects which remain to be discussed, but they are accessory or secondary products, and are in [page] 31
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rocks in the woods appear vesicular, but they are merely water-worn; they are of the compact blue lava, with crystals of olivine and hornblende. Rat and Booby islands are composed of limestone; they are of moderate elevation, with a fertile soil and open downs. Salt crystallizes abundantly on the windward side. On the windward side of the Island of Fernando, near South-west bay, there are cliffs and beds of limestone of an altitude of one hundred and sixty feet; they appear in the upper part
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Webster, William Henry Bayley. 1834. Narrative of a voyage to the southern Atlantic Ocean, in the years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H.M. Sloop Chanticleer. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley. Volume 2.
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in its enormous abdominal vein. On opening the abdomen to inspect the viscera, we perceived on the right side a blue shining surface, which we thought to have been an inflated intestine, but we were astonished to find it to be a vein filled with a vast volume of blood; and we were still more surprised, on prosecuting our research, to find this vein spreading from side to side, lying beneath the arch of the diaphragm, vaulting up the stomach, and floating the liver on its surface, spreading
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my attention was attracted by one creeping on the soil, and the leaves sending down filamentous radicles from the midrib or the under surface. The leaves were five-tenths of an inch in length; edges slightly waved. The upper surface of a bright blue green; along the centre of the leaf, corresponding with the midrib below, are the little clusters of seeds, each leaf bearing about four or five, with small intervening spaces. The leaves of the plant are crowded together, covering the ground for
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articles in. The whole plant abounds with gallic acid, and strikes a fine blue-black with salts of iron; the colour is extremely good, and might be used in conjunction with galls for dyeing. The merits of the banana as a food are great; it offers a simple and a wholesome diet in part, but to extol it so far beyond all others is undue praise. The male flowers are pendent at the lower part of the spadix, and much below the females; they not only flower last, but also are in the most unfavourable
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Webster, William Henry Bayley. 1834. Narrative of a voyage to the southern Atlantic Ocean, in the years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H.M. Sloop Chanticleer. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley. Volume 2.
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, no food in the stomach or intestines; air bladder of a moderate size. The colour of the pectoral fins of an olive green, richly varied with bright blue spots, while the tail is of a pale violet. The structure and build of the fish is very remarkable, its general conformation is like that of the flying fish; its flat bottom and large pectoral fins, keep it towards the surface, and adapt it for flying. But of what use are its nail-like processes? the strong elastic webbed fins seem to have some
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, crajaru, or the juice of a plant (bignonia) formed into cakes of a bright red. It is prepared by the Indians, and is a capital and very durable oil colour. The amomum sylvestris yields a blue. Among the spices and aromatics, they have turmeric, ginger, black pepper, cayenne, native nutmeg, laurus cinna-momoides; it is a very agreeable aromatic, but inferior in strength to the true nutmeg. The clove bark (the bark of a tree) with precisely the flavour of cloves, and used as such, and sold for cloves
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, which is a capacious pouch larger than the stomach, celled and banded internally. The c cum ends in the rectum, which contains pellets of herbaceous f ces. The liver large, of a deep blue colour; spleen very small. I observed no lymphatic or mesenteric glands; brain small, size of a cherry. In opening the abdomen, the first thing that presents itself is the vast chain of eggs, distending the oviducts on each side. There are thirty-six or forty eggs in general the larger ones an inch in length
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De La Beche, Henry Thomas. 1834. Researches in theoretical geology. London: Charles Knight
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habitually employ. Without this retardation of water by friction, the fish would be swept out of rivers by freshes, as actually took place from the effects of a hurricane, and therefore an extraordinary cause, in Jamaica. The fall of rain was so great in the hurricane of 1815, that it swept all the fish out of the Yallahs river, one which descends rapidly from the high land of the Blue, St. Andrews, and Port Royal Mountains; and it was considered, ten years afterwards, that there were no fresh
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De La Beche, Henry Thomas. 1834. Researches in theoretical geology. London: Charles Knight
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calcareous matter occurs as the zechstein does, we should discover organic remains more plentifully in it than in the other associated deposits, always excepting plants, which, viewed generally, are more abundantly detected in shales and sandstones than in limestones. A series of beds of sandstone or marl covers the zechstein: it is of various tints of red, blue, white and green, thence known as the variegated sandstone (gres bigarre, bunter sandstein.) It must not, however, be considered that
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De La Beche, Henry Thomas. 1834. Researches in theoretical geology. London: Charles Knight
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the latter. Above the muschelkalk there is an accumulation of marls mixed with subordinate sandstones, which have received the name of variegated marls, from the various alternating tints of blue, green, white, or red, which they present. The organic remains as yet detected in them have been principally discovered in Wurtemburg, Alsace, Lorraine, the neighborhood of Boll, and the countries situated in that part of Europe. Two genera of saurians, not yet discovered in the inferior rocks
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vary more than 20 : whereas the composition of the different prisms cannot be essentially different, for the bed from which they were taken exhibits an almost perfect uniformity of composition, consisting of blue plastic clay without any lime: though the same bed sometimes contains calcareous nodules. The specimen of New Red Sandstone from Hartford has been converted almost into siliceous slate by its contiguity to trap, and not improbably the prism was produced by heat. The argillaceous and
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many Mytili (2 species) with their blue colour, Patellae c proving that it was at the bottom of the sea with great gravel plain. — Was this near the embouchure of some river in the old continent (or fisible elevated to land) when the large quadrupeds flourished? — It is the first time. I have upper part of the page excised 246 vers
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CUL-DAR34.186-187
Note:
1834.01.26--1834.01.30
Geological diary: C. Virgins, Tierra del Fuego
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Darwin, C. R. Geological diary: C. Virgins. (1.1834) CUL-DAR34.186-187 Edited by John van Wyhe (The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, http://darwin-online.org.uk/) 186 C. Virgins Jan. 26th. [1834] Lower 5/8 of cliff blue-grey fine grained substance. Above earthy white matter curved tortuously interstratified as also it is with the lower bed the brown earthy looking bed of twisting white lines with shells or pebbles I could see no gravel Plain very level 150 (?) 200 feet high Mt Aymond
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CUL-DAR34.188-189
Note:
1834.01.31--1834.02.01,1834.02.11--1834.02.12
Geological diary: Magdalen Island & Cape Negro, Tierra del Fuego
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large block which had evidently fallen from the alluvium gravel same as Elizabeth Island. (Cape Virgins not much whiter). Mr Stokes thinks that gravel bed extends to St. Cruz but not to Gallegos. ? (Feb: 1st) [1834] From Shoal Harbor to Skyring water. all alluvium, a highish bed not affected with alluvial. Beagles hills I should think. true Patagonia: I could see a blue broken lines from them towards Gregory Hills. Pinto Land, high rough mountains High land does not come very close on SW coast
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