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cells, which fill up the mass.— Could perceive no currents.— Adhæres to sea-weed.— Hab: same as above.— Crust. Mac: 860 March 1st.— East end of Beagle Channel.— Roots of Fucus G. Back Hyacinth brownish red with oblong marks spots of gem-like ultra-marine blue . one white transverse mark longitudinal one on tail; 1st great legs, same color as body, but penultimate limb centre part white edged with do blue . anti-penultimate ringed with white, do blue do red . other limbs legs with basal limbs
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CUL-DAR34.194-195
Note:
1834.02
Geological diary: At C Espirito Santo high cliffs commence which abound with horizontal
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to South 20°. — the upper beds which are more ferruginous, have repeatedly cut away replaced the lower in with basin strata: — The inclination of these strata is entirely owing to currents. — ( lower are horizontal where upper contorted). On the ground above were blue Mytili. — (some of the ground in the neighbourhead must be near 400 feet high). — I should conjecture, that this bay useless had once been joined?). — These beds are clearly of same age with Magellan St alluvium, but the finer
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(a) On the East coast of Tierra del Fuego single ones Pairs may generally be seen flying about. (z) The Petrel (1782) I saw between Falkland Islands Patagonia. Mr Stokes says they build on the Landfall Islands, in holes about a yard deep, even 1/2 a mile, on the hills, from the sea.— somewhat like Puffins.— If a person stamps on the ground, many will come out of one hole: eggs elongated white, about size of pidgeon.— I find I am mistaken. this observation of Mr Stokes applies to the small blue
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CUL-DAR34.129-130
Note:
[1834.02.06]
[list of specimens collected Mount Tarn, Port Famine, Tierra del Fuego, numbered 1801-1830] / Passage of Animals &
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coarse slate North of P. St Anna Rocky Point 1811 Greenish blue coarse slate with fragments of a bivalve 812 Grewwacke angular greenish fragment, with last (829) (Fish pale yellowish brown. muscles on sides pale coppery. [sketch] about mouth, branchial covering tips of Pectorals Ventrals reddish orange. Hook caught Port Famine first time seen. iris brown1 1 Specimen in spirits 829 in Zoology notes. page in pencil 129 vers
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CUL-DAR34.157-176
Note:
1834.02.14--1834.03.03
Geological diary: E Coast of T[ierra] del Fuego
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curvilinear generally inclined; but no two sections of 20 yards remained the same. a common dip to the S. 20°. the upper beds which are more ferruginous, have repeatedly cut away replaced the lower with basin shaped strata. I have represented one section on the other page (a): they overlie some horizontal beds. On the plains, behind the cliffs there were some muscles. yet retaining their bright blue color. On the SE. side of the bay ( therefore protected from the most violent weather) there were many
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arms of the sea. — The rock is coarse blue slate, sandstone much transition rock: the cleavage. is speaking roughly E W: in very many cases it is hard to say whether the rock is divided by cleavage laminae, in stratification, so confused is the structure: The schooner brought me a specimen of coarse blue slate from Eagle Island. South coast: At the western extremity of the central chain. the laminae of slate ran NW by W. ... nearly vertical on N. dip, this was in the plain, the hills above of
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insensibly becomes finer finer, till in ¼ of a mile we have (E); which shortly shows seams of compact blue slate (F): There is then for some miles greenish coarse slates (G): after this, the earthy quartz, the passage rock, (H) is seen; again becomes purer (L) rather suddenly passes into Pale Slate, which extends for several miles: in a distance of 20 yards All these specimens passed by the finest gradations into each other: as here seen are only steps in the series Stratification of Transition P 112 In
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surface in generative organs, so must be male or more probably young female — (bones rather soft, but feathers completely developed). Perhaps this bird, among the females does not acquire full plumage for 2 years, which together with males will account for larger proportion of blue grey legs over orange.— 23
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(a) This bird if at all found in La Plata must be very rare.— for I have never seen one.— (b) Cop North of B. Blanca, I saw ( believe one or two others) a Caracara in figure shape like the Carrancha, but differing entirely in color; legs skin about bill blue: whole body light brown, excepting crown of head round eyes which are dark brown.— I believe this to be Caracara shot at R. St Cruz (2028). (c) All these particulars refer to the Carrancha of M: Video Tharu of Molina (d) Cop From the
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the main central quartz range a smaller one to the north, I observed the following appearance fact: In an extent of some hundred yards, there was found a common blue slate with the usual strike dipping N by ½ E, 50°-60°; within this there were included numerous parallel layers of varying thickness, of a sandstone, precisely similar in every respect, except in not containing remains to the fossiliferous kind strata at the town; it had the same the layer were of various thickness the had the exact
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CUL-DAR33.165
Note:
1834.03.01--1834.03.31
Geological diary: (annotated maps and diagrams relating to Berkeley
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dip might also be moved in the cross valleys: but I have only put them down where best seen. — Main range 1400 ft? many 90 S Further in this direction. hills turn up in NW by W lines quartz dips to SW by S. 40 pencil and ink sketch, with blue watercolour. [verso blank] 165A[.2-4
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CUL-DAR34.76-86
Note:
1834.03.10--1834.04.06
Geological diary: From old observations I think hills north of Berk S[ound]
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(2) The valleys generally run parallel to main chain, but they are intersected in every direction by arms of the sea. The rock is generally a coarse blue slate: there is much sandstone; I believe such rocks to form all the southern parts. I have a specimen from the W end of Eagle Isd brought by the schooner. the outlying S. islands I believe generally to be coarse quartz rock. at Cape [Mardilla] It seems universal that in the lower intermediate country between the quartz ranges the rock is
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CUL-DAR34.76-86
Note:
1834.03.10--1834.04.06
Geological diary: From old observations I think hills north of Berk S[ound]
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(7). There is one very curious fact I noticed for 2 or 3 100 yards in the valley. where the quartz hills bifurcate. we have a common blue slate. with the usual dip N 1/2 E. 50°-60°. with this there were parallel layers of slaty sandstone, which in color every other character is similar to that near the town. these inclined layers of sandstone were tracing by very irregularly horizontal to water lanes of brown iron. Now we have seen a slate with the exact usual exact cleavage overlying under
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CUL-DAR34.87-92
Note:
1834.03.10--1834.04.06
Geological diary: Observations on the bottom of the sea between the Falkland Islands & St
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water seems in shade perpendicularly stay very pale blue, was of a remarkable colour: Verditter blue with tinge of green milk. Depth 55 fathom sandy bottom. In the ensuing year Decemb 16th [1832] in same place sky cloudy remarked very same peculiar color. Speculation R N p 97, p. 98 Martin White on soundings in Channel 1 Beechey on pebbles R.N. Yankee edition R.N. p. 972 Compare transport of gravel from Cordilleras to Alp or Wales Roussin on soundings R.N. p. 913 1 Captain Martin White (1779
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CUL-DAR34.74-75
Note:
1834.03.10--1834.04.06
Geological diary: Re-examination of the Transition fully confirms very thing I then said
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). becoming leaner finer till in about 1/4 of a mile we have (1896). where slaty structure cleavage first became apparent. lastly (1897). when blue slate is apparent. We afterward have [illeg] green clay slates. I hammered every inch of this mile of coast. where there was no sign of superposition. but endless one of lateral clea transition. Again proceeding. we come to such as (1893) ( more of 1895) which in the span of 20 yards pass into pale slate. which then extends for some distance 74v [blank] 7
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also pretty common.— lastly a beautiful Caracara (Rancanea?) (2029): is abundant some distance up the river, but rare at coast.— I never saw it any-where else.— Skin about beak, yellow.— bill blue, black lines: Legs pale yellow.— Caracara (or Chimango) 1772, not uncommon at P. Famin
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(3) bone bed: (without tosca rock) Perhaps 15 feet thick Does it represent E. T. del F. [East Tierra del Fuego] alluvium? On the surface there were many modern shells, chiefly blue striated Mytilus. Also one Buccinum. Plain level: irregularities caused by the earth. Some miles South other set of plains; considerably more elevated with sloping cliff. (Z) Features of country as before. From inspection of chart, doubtless these formations extend to N. shore of Gallegos. The relation of E. T.del F
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. Desire 330. extending for my count. N. Gen P 330. Falk Land bay 350 S. of new Bay N of S. Julian plain 2 or 300 Plain sort of Coy. 200 to 300. Port Desire 245 to 255. C. Blanco 250. north George 250. S. of New Bay 200 to 220. North of St Joseph plain 200 300. Plains about 220 Rio many 200 at 200. Bahia Blanca 200 to 300. Bird Isd 500 great Plain within 590. 100 ft Plain 90 St Julian Port Desire 100: 100 mile apart All about St. Joseph Bay New Bay. [A leaf of smaller blue paper, pin holes at the
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show the junction of the arms.— Under surface white; papillæ excessively numerous round mouth; adheres to tidal rocks, in stomach great quantities of small Balanidæ.— Actinia 1035 Whole body (tentacula mouth rather paler) most intense, brilliant, beautiful China blue , when contracted, rounded globular.— Is remarkable from outer surface being densely coated with little short, soft crests; these crests are either slightly convoluted or simple, they are placed so closely together that the real
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, posterior half of body with numerous small scarlet dots.— 1017 Beneath brilliant white; head back clouded with purplish Carmine R , longitudinal transverse irregular bands of do.— 1018 Whole body silvery, back fins with few clouds of leaden color. grows to 3 4 feet long.— 1019 Crust [mac] Crust. Macrouri: sold in market; whole body legs with Arteri Hyacinth R ; intermediate spaces paler; yellow pale blue dots.— 27
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them according to the season.— Frequents the thickest hedges thickets.— It is very odd that Molina takes no notice of this genus.— Emberiza (2175) with serrated bill (2175.2176) called Rara from its scarceness.— which however does not appear to be the case.— it is a quiet solitary bird: is very injurious to buds of trees.— iris of eye bright scarlet. Phytotoma vera of Molina. (c) Blue sparrow (2177) called Diuca , also of Molina.— habits have been described at Chiloe as very like (a) the Sparrow
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(2375) Kingfisher of T. del Fuego. (2122) Fringilla of S. Cruz (2015) rare Fringilla (blue orange) of T. del F. S. Cruz (2017). Not uncommon. 2298 Tufted Tit found in Patagonia T. del Fuego is here tolerably common: found small soft simple nest at latter end of August.— 2198 Muscicapa, called Silgaro In my passage of the Andes, I noticed at heights which could not be less than 8000 ft; the following birds — the common Sparrow: Fringilla (2015): The black Furnarius of T. del Fuego shores
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open.— convex, when firmly adhæring conical.— Above blueish blackish blue, with pale projecting points pale halo round each; edge with narrow alternate square spaces of white blue; the latter color appearing Vascular: beneath white, excepting mouth.— Tentacula short with terminal black eye; beneath which a bifurcate membrane hood over mouth.— Inhabits in great numbers the tidal rocks where confervæ grow, amidst Balanidæ the shells (2364).— Isd of Tanqui Doris (1091) Surface of animal almost dry
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Shells on surface on other parts or Islands Best river course Limestone Rocks of Lima, same as Isld. Petrified wood, Gypsum Salt: Shell-fish Dredgers Blue Beads c c for Indians. [page 11b
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Saturday 2d or 3? [May 1835] On the North Slope of valley of Longotomo to the height of I should think 200 ft plenty immense quantities of shells excepting in road not much broken, chiefly Donax; showing that even side ravines are formed by sea; after passing over some more granitic we come to green crystalline rock even in one case porphyritic with Feldspar: altered slate. we then come to true Blue [page 9
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springs (is there rain enough for even these few springs?). || Tosca Rock on the Road. All the mines from description specimens, appear to lie in the slate formation || In some the vein is associated with Foleaceous rocks even Soapstone with thin plates of metallic copper = Soapstone good sign much Carb of Copper some beautiful blue vitriol. Saturday 6th [June 1835] Rode down to the Port1 miserable rocky desert little hole. = Contradanca map [and] atlas the most learned Limenian lady2 King of
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F1
Pamphlet:
Darwin, C. R. [1835]. [Extracts from letters addressed to Professor Henslow]. Cambridge: [privately printed].
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with their original colour and shape noted down, will be more valuable to naturalists than six with only dates and place. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At this present minute we are at anchor in the mouth of the river: and such a strange scene it is. Every thing is in flames the sky with lightning the water with luminous particles and even the very masts are pointed with a blue flame. _______________ MONTE VIDEO, Nov. 24, 1832. WE arrived here on the 24th of October, after our first
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one plain is developed in one spot dies away leaving line of knobs till no evidence remains I saw Mem. yesterday Tosca rock in my journey Saltpetre produced in mouth of furnace. All these hills highly auriferous Carrancha T[h]enca Loyca1 (Black Gold finch) Dinca2 Chingolo3 Furnarius Avecassina little Grey Bird of mountains Blue finch with white dot in tail no Chingolo C[aracara]. Raucanca4 white tail Callandra Sunday 7th [June 1835] Staid to rest animals. Ascended hill behind town. Beside
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F1
Pamphlet:
Darwin, C. R. [1835]. [Extracts from letters addressed to Professor Henslow]. Cambridge: [privately printed].
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muscles have not lost their blue colour. At Port St Julian I found some very perfect bones of some large animal, I fancy a Mastodon: the bones of one hind extremity are very perfect and solid. This is interesting, as the latitude is between 49° and 50°, and the site far removed from the great Pampas, where bones of the narrow toothed Mastodon are so frequently found. By the way this Mastodon and the Megatherium, I have no doubt, were fellow brethren in the ancient plains. Relics of the
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1835 Guasco 111 ampelite, other brown glossy ones some blue clay slate. The cleavage irregular, perhaps N S. the ordinary mean direction. V. before. The constitution of the rock is identical with the formations of Concepcion, Chiloe Chonos. Archipelago. When in the morning, a horizontal stratum of white mist winding amongst the mountains represented an ocean. I might have believed that there were islands in that latter Archipelago of Chonos. Near Freyrina an extensive trappean formation. At
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CUL-DAR39.147
Note:
[1835]
[geological specimens numbered 2598-2716, descriptions, maps of valley of Uspallata]
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.— 9 640 Blackish Feld. rock crystalline 10 641 Chesnut brown ferruginous do — do.— 11 642 Greystone Lava harden with much olivine 12 643 do. curious in veins with do. speck of black mica circular crystal of glass F.— 13 644 Blackish do— wad olivine Zeolite? 14 645 Fine cellular red Scoria.— 15 646 White light friable aluminous stone.— 16 647 greenish grey greenwacke quartz bits of slate 17 648 True laminated micaceous blue Clay Slate 18 649 Compact hard Conglom greens of quartz Feldspar pebble of
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CUL-DAR39.147
Note:
[1835]
[geological specimens numbered 2598-2716, descriptions, maps of valley of Uspallata]
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— Gold ores. (38 669 said to be Phospart of Lime). (670 contains copper). 672 like Yaquil in slate of earth.— Green Brown {673 679} various curious crystalline rocks (677 like Toadstone) do 680 imbedded mass of Carb of Lime do 42} 681 682} I am nearly certain belong to the same crystalline bad, cannot describe nature 43 683 Lowest part of bed by junction indescribable. 44 684 45 685} Compact blue grey rock perhaps same nature as 2654 with impression of vegetables.— 46 686 Blackened rock 47 687
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(Chapels) Castro late in the evening — after dining with commandante.– 27th [January 1835] Returned on road to S. Carlos– All first half maybe considered as tertiary plain = Splendid, farewell views of Cordilleras, Corcovado table [plain] forest deep valley — stately well grown trees: few blue summits:– Guid-guid builds on ground — amongst sticks1 1 The guid-guid is also known as the black-throated huet huet, Pteroptochos tarnii. It was described by John Gould in Birds, p. 71. [328jv
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equal to the square of .001 of an inch. Their numbers are infinite, the smallest drop of water, which I could remove, containing very many.— We passed through in one day two masses of water thus stained, to day of which the latter of the two must have been several miles in extent. B the edge of the blue water red water was quite perfectly defined.— What infinite numbers of these microscopical animals! — The weather had been for some days calm cloudy.— The color of the water as seen at some
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Vicencia (a), a true blue much laminated micaceous clay slate is most abundant 2045, is associated with some beds of a coarse greywacke containing bits of quartz slate. 2647 The laminae of slate are traversed by numerous transverse veins of quartz. The whole formation strictly resembled the common strata of the outskirts of North Wales. The clay slate greywacke 502 vers
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associated with harder more compact kinds, sometimes containing extraneous particles 2654, of a faint green color. These pass into a blueish greenish rock, which are closely connected to othe in nature with clay. slate. Also above the coarse conglomerate I met in one spot some true but compact blue clay. slate. In this section the beds are confused pass into each other, in another they are clearly stratified. In the higher land to the West it is seen to be an enormous formation: I picked up numerous
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otherwise, I saw at the base of the hill the nearly vertical slate above the white beds sandstone. I took much trouble to find a good section, but did not succeed of coming within some feet of the junction. In ascending thinly laminated blue slate, became rotten, the cleavage being slightly curvilinear crossed by another system of planes of division. Hence the whole was a mass of splinters; here the color had changed into a brown greenish tinge the vertical cleavage scarcely perceptible, this was
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1835 Uspallata Pass 41 inclination of which was small conformable to the superior beds. As this is a point of some consequence I will describe part of a section in the common road. from V. Vicencia to los Hornillos. we first had the clay slate greywacke dipping at 80° to S SSW. as the first of the other strata dip 30° to W. nothing can appear more unconformable yet. near to the junction the slate obtains an irregular cleavage (a) is associated with a red greywacke, in another section some blue
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porhyritic with felspar 2862. Other paps consisted of imperfect greenstones 2860 or feldspathic rocks sometimes well porphyritic with glassy common felspar. 2861 Again we have a conch.fract. dark purple jaspery rock, containing iron pyrites in threads. 2863. Or lastly very quartzose rock. The intermediate kinds only varied from the above in being less hard crystalline more frequently common blue clay slate, some of which was glossy others siliceous. In all parts, excepting in the hummocks an
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granitic, they occur chiefly in a very decomposed state, amongst which syenite some very quartzose granites can be discovered. Leaving then these rocks we ascend on to green semi-crystalline feldspathic stones; which in some cases are even porphyritic with feldspar. These I believe are altered slates. We then come to true blue clay slate. Beyond Guachen, on the beach such is seen to alternate with a compact, fine grained sandstone, a compact purple slate a pale coloured rotten stone: all these
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CUL-DAR39.152
Note:
1835.05.31
This expresses the height of plain where quarries are (calculation) / Coquimbo and Arqueros mine
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of the tosca, where barometric measurement was made, was covered by fragments of blue Mytilus pieces of Conchlepas; now Conchlepas is very rare in the tosca, as is Mytilus never blue: yet shells in tosca are I certainly believe, recent: In the conglomerate, which cover the little [foliage] of plain in Herradura. [152v
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1835 (2) Iquique Hence I believe the The silver mines of Guantajaya, which are situated a little way to the interior just at the back upon this escarpement. The main rock is a laminated very pale purple aluminous limestone 3037, which I believe is associated with a fine purple sandstone. The numerous metallic veins are either siliceous or of Carb of Lime with pure muriate ( the blue Lead-like) silver. They have produced immense quantities have long been worked. The mountain is covered with a
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1835 4 Lima Ciencias Naturales; it appears that on the Granites there reposes [illeg] blackish hardened slate, with little mica. Quartz ones Pyrites (which in one case in close proximity to granite appears converted in a green feldspathic compact rock greenstone) (2 ). Red sandstones, alternating with red green Porphyries (which sometimes have brecciated structure), also with white blue. conchiferous Limestone, white sandstone, quartz, black shale conglomerate. In these beds are numerous
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[Traced coloured map of southern South America in black ink on white wove paper.] [colour key:] [blue:] Tertiary strata of all epochs [pink:] Granite. gneiss. mica. slate. quartz r clay slate [purple:] Subaqueous aerial lavas their tufas detritus: chiefly porphyries.— Also any substance which has proceeded from volcanic origin: such as the gypseous strata [west coast:] Tropic of Capricorn. Lat. 22.33 / Copiapo / Valparaiso / Concepciòn / Chiloe / C. Tres Montes / Sts of Magellan [east coast
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CUL-DAR41.24a-24b
Figure:
[1835.08.00]
Water-coloured geological map of southern South America
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [24a] [colour key:] [blue:] Tertiary strata of all epochs [pink:] Granite. gneiss. mica. slate. quartz r clay slate [purple:] Subaqueous aerial lavas their tufas detritus: chiefly porphyries.— Also any substance which has proceeded from volcanic origin: such as the gypseous strata [west coast:] Tropic of Capricorn. Lat. 22.33 / Copiapo / Valparaiso / Concepciòn / Chiloe / C. Tres Montes / Sts of Magellan [east coast:] St Catherines / R. Grande
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Darwin, C. R. Geological diary: T: del Fuego (appendix). (11.1835) CUL-DAR34.177-178 Edited by John van Wyhe (The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, http://darwin-online.org.uk/) 177 1835 November Appendix. p 94. T: del Fuego I have coloured a chart to represent form of land directions of mountain chains laminated structure of the slates. The blue band indicates, as far as I have been able to form any judgment, the separation between the hard rocks the horizontal strata of the tertiary
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with their original colour and shape noted down, will be more valuable to naturalists than six with only dates and place. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At this present minute we are at anchor in the mouth of the river: and such a strange scene it is. Every thing is in flames the sky with lightning the water with luminous particles and even the very masts are pointed with a blue flame. _______________ MONTE VIDEO, Nov. 24, 1832. WE arrived here on the 24th of October, after our first
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muscles have not lost their blue colour. At Port St Julian I found some very perfect bones of some large animal, I fancy a Mastodon: the bones of one hind extremity are very perfect and solid. This is interesting, as the latitude is between 49° and 50°, and the site far removed from the great Pampas, where bones of the narrow toothed Mastodon are so frequently found. By the way this Mastodon and the Megatherium, I have no doubt, were fellow brethren in the ancient plains. Relics of the
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A6700
Periodical contribution:
Lyell, Charles. 1836. [Comments on Darwin's Letters to Professor Henslow, F1] Address 19 February 1836. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 2: 367-389.
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the sea, and among them mussels which retained their blue colour, and emit a strong animal odour when thrown into the fire. [page] 38
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here there Farm Houses: on the Nepean pretty scene, escarpment of Blue mountains, contemptible edge of great plain. cultivated land: Party of black men, beautiful precision in throwing darts: speak English Merry [page 4a
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On a grand scale as seen from Cascade Horizontal strata Sandstone grains of quartz much ferruginous matter, plates, hollow balls, Claystone Iron line of small Quartz pebbles; rare at edge of Blue Mountains, common [page 14a
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of opposite valleys: not present causes: forms that of marine bays. Sea could not excavate? Sand banks, mem current cleavage stratification edge of Blue Mountains? Cracks too large? Elevation [page 25a
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there was the Blue Slate with impressions of leaves (8) in another good stratum of coals as before (7): Also Conglomerates Sandst. the ordinary sandstones. Strata all nearly = tal: Valley of Wolgan: large [page 31a
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with former weather: Perhaps good for me, Jobs comfort nice [girl] rain for three weeks 26th [January 1836] Capt King Edge of Blue Mountain dip to sea; from irregular thinning. I think current deposition on [page 52a
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Appears to descend to valley by steps: plain at base composed of fine Alluvial [strongly] sandy soil stratified, lying on a coarse conglomerate of above pebbles; great Escarpement of Blue Mountains Black men, see marks of Oppossum's feet. chief food: no home: [page 7a
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Sunday 17th [January 1836] Started 6 oclock ferry. ascent of Blue Mountains. great fine woods. Then plain, uneven, many valleys; gradually rises great deception, when the elevation is considered of nearly 3000 ft [Barren] woods: poles pale peculiar green [page 8a
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decidedly a sterile country: Forgery or gambling [always] attempt a sporting character. (1) Greenstone. Vale of Clwyd (2) 3 White Sandstone white cement. (4) Bluish (Calc?) clay slate (5) Black Carbonaceous do (6) Coal (7) Coal other locality (8) Blue Calc Clay S. [illeg] [page 28a
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banks, not elevation: above plain to Paramatta which is inconsiderable Sandstone plain higher than granitic country No = granite (much Quartz rock South of Bathurst King) Sandstone of Blue Mountain 4000 ft Blackheath [either] grains of quartz, fine cemented by [page 53a
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NHM-405052-1001
Note:
[1836]
[List of reptiles and amphibians from the Beagle] 'Reptiles in spirits of wine'
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Maldonado. Sand Dunes 672 [ditto] 715 Maldonado ash grey orange blue splashes 378 Bahia Blanca Sand Hillocks 386 [ditto] 461. Grey orange coloured, blue lateral streak 718. Monte Video, gorge lateral streak orange
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Monday 18th [January 1836] Early in morning went to East side about 2 ½ miles to Govetts Leap the same absolute º precipices in form of cones not affected by streams; horizontal strata; grand valley full of blue mist from rising sun: Descended Mt Victory; an extraordinary undertaking. Old soldier of Blackheath who had travelled1 account of the women: 1 Possibly Andrew Gardner. [page 17a
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CUL-DAR33.166-216
Note:
[1836]
Geological diary: Falkland Islands 'My observations on the geology of the Falkland Islands.'
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29 Falkland Isds would arise, in such a case, parallel lines of waves; in each line, there would be points of unequal height. in each such point or wave smaller undulations. To the southward of the main chain the country when viewed from a height, appears level, its is however furrowed by many small valleys ridges, which generally run parallel to the greater ranges: These furrows are however intersected by many irregular winding arms of the sea. The rocks are either coarse blue clay. slates
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NHM-405052-1001
Note:
[1836]
[List of reptiles and amphibians from the Beagle] 'Reptiles in spirits of wine'
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yellow lines and patches; and red punctures. 1061. 1062. Lizards. 1063. 1064. Lizards. The latter, above blackish; posterior half of body with many scales mottled with brilliant blue; anterior half with do greenish blue; these brilliant colours are nearly absent, by degrees in different individuals, (excepting a few scales on the head
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CUL-DAR33.166-216
Note:
[1836]
Geological diary: Falkland Islands 'My observations on the geology of the Falkland Islands.'
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valleys: but I have only put them down where best seen. — Main range 1400 ft? many 90 S Further in this direction. hills turn up in NW by W lines quartz dips to SW by S. 40 pencil and ink sketch, with blue watercolour. [verso blank] 165A[.2-4
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NHM-405052-1001
Note:
[1836]
[List of reptiles and amphibians from the Beagle] 'Reptiles in spirits of wine'
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Blanca.- [377-383 in Darwin's handwriting] 384. Amphisbena; in sandy hillocks near the sea; same colour as earth worms. Bahia Blanca. 385 Iguaniens, same as (373) Septr Do. 386. 387. Same genus as (385) but different species. Differs in having orange coloured gorge, faint lateral stripes of blue; and general markings. B. Blanca. Septr. 389 Bufo. Marshes, the Fort. Body oil
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CUL-DAR33.166-216
Note:
[1836]
Geological diary: Falkland Islands 'My observations on the geology of the Falkland Islands.'
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. — To begin with the low country: The clay-slates are generally of a pale brown color sometimes blue 1082 1083; the stone is rather soft; in one locality there was a harder kind of a black color containing scales of mica. 1085 The slate is much laminated, the layers have their surfaces slightly undulating but quite smooth, but not quite even, or slightly undulating. Cleavage Whereever I examined the cleavage, I found the laminae directed with few exceptions from (W or W by N) to (E or E by S
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CUL-DAR33.166-216
Note:
[1836]
Geological diary: Falkland Islands 'My observations on the geology of the Falkland Islands.'
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frequently instead of being a sandstone, is frequently changed into a compact hard blue siliceous clay slate. I could not perceive any trace of calcareous matter in the casts, or in the imbedding rocks. — there are a few pencil insertions on this page 167 vers
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CUL-DAR33.166-216
Note:
[1836]
Geological diary: Falkland Islands 'My observations on the geology of the Falkland Islands.'
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observed the following fact: In an extent of some hundred yards there is found a common blue slate, with the usual strike of N by 1/2 W dipping at an angle between 50° 60°; within the laminae there are a several pencil insertions on this page 170v [blank] 17
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CUL-DAR33.166-216
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[1836]
Geological diary: Falkland Islands 'My observations on the geology of the Falkland Islands.'
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14 Falkland Isds (6th) A few seams of a compact blue slate are included. 1897 (7th) It becomes converted into a greenish, rather coarse but true clay-slate. I have marked these seven stages, as so many distinct steps, but it must be remembered that such is not really the case; the changes with some trifling oscillations always being gradual. — Having passed over a beach of a couple of miles in length during all which space the same greenish slate, or the (7th) step, was continued, we again come
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CUL-DAR33.166-216
Note:
[1836]
Geological diary: Falkland Islands 'My observations on the geology of the Falkland Islands.'
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15 Falkland Isds structure is perfect. — In another part of Berkeleys Sound, near to the settlement, I found the ferruginous earthy quartz rock, described as intermediate in character, first alternating several times, in nearly horizontal beds, with a coarse blue slate, then insensibly passing into it. At a short distance, the same stone gradually changed itself, into a sandstone, precisely similar to that which contains the organic remains; indeed in one spot, although there it did not there
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NHM-405052-1001
Note:
[1836]
[List of reptiles and amphibians from the Beagle] 'Reptiles in spirits of wine'
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placed on turf made no attempt to escape, but on soft mould soon (like a worm) forced its way into it. Do. Do. 271 Rana. (forest) Do. Do. 272 Lacerta, Do. iridescent with blue. Do. Do. 289. Bufo (Bombinator). Back: deep orange and Chesnut brown beneath pale, with dark mark between front legs, behind
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NHM-405052-1001
Note:
[1836]
[List of reptiles and amphibians from the Beagle] 'Reptiles in spirits of wine'
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scales are coloured brown, white, yellowish red, and blue, all dirty, and the brown forming symetrical clouds. Beneath white, with regular spots of brown on the belly. Habits singular, lives on the beach, on the dry sand, some way from the vegetation. Colour of body much resembles that of the sand. When frightened, it depresses its body and stretching out its legs closing its eye tries to avoid being seen; if pursued will bury itself with great
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Note:
[1836]
[List of reptiles and amphibians from the Beagle] 'Reptiles in spirits of wine'
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1832. Reptiles in Spirits of Wine. M. Video Novemb. colour; abdomen and 2 dorsal longitudinal bands pale orange.- 463. 464. Bufo, in the marshes B. Ayres; belly dirty yellow, with Do dorsal line; note very high; odour singular fetid. 468. Ameiva. Back emerald green, with black patches and white lines; lateral ventral scales bright blue. M. Video. 469 Lacerta. (common on Mount) Do. 474 Amphisbœna, under stones in ground. M. Video
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Note:
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[List of reptiles and amphibians from the Beagle] 'Reptiles in spirits of wine'
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. General colour blueish grey with tinge of rust colour on back. broad transverse bands, with white undulation behind them. 682B. 683B. 684B. 685B. different species and specimen of Agama. coast of Patagonia [Darwin] 682B. Agama. General colour not so blue, with pointed bright yellow indentations in hinder part of brown band. 683B. Agama. General colour rather darker; back dark brown with central light reddish longitudinal band with small transverse ones branching off
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Note:
[1836]
[List of reptiles and amphibians from the Beagle] 'Reptiles in spirits of wine'
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. Coluber same as (623) large specimen. 705. Coluber same as (639). 706:8 Amphisbœna 708. 710. [3 lines crossed] 713. Bipes. 715. Lizard. ash grey, with dark brown mark and specks of orange and blue. 716. Bipes. 718. Lizard
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Note:
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[List of reptiles and amphibians from the Beagle] 'Reptiles in spirits of wine'
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side. Crest coppery. Before arm jet black fold. Head and throat very dirty blue. Belly do yellowish, under lowest side of do white. 1279. Lizard. above cream coloured and pale brown. 1280. Lizard. (both common
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[List of reptiles and amphibians from the Beagle] 'Reptiles in spirits of wine'
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tail; collapses its front legs, close to body and posteriorly. — Stomach capacious full of pieces of a white mushroom, and a few large beetles (8) inactive such as Curculios and Heteromerous gana:- Hence partly Herbivorous! — Not uncommon on sunny grassy hills:- Tongue coloured fine dark blue. — 1363. Snake. Above coloured Hair Brown with much Liver Brown. — beneath mottled grey. The abdomen being burst in catching the animal; a small snake, appeared from the disrupted egg
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F1577
Periodical contribution:
Barlow, Nora ed. 1963. Darwin's ornithological notes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (7): 201-278. With introduction, notes and appendix by the editor.
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1247 Fringilla in small flocks, amongst bushes, females with very little yellow. 1248 cop Certhia, legs blueish. 1249 cop Certhia, iris bright yellowish orange, legs with faint tint of blue. | Maldonado MS. 15 1250 cop Certhia. These three latter species together with (1226 1228) are very similar in their habits general appearance. The genus is both numerous in individuals. as well as in species: they all frequent conceal themselves amongst the rushes aquatic plants on the borders of lakes
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4. Coral Islands many of the lofty ones. When viewing Eimeo from the heights of Tahiti the isle of Eimeo I was forcible struck with this opinion identity of structure. The mountains abruptly rise out of a glassy lake, which is separated on all sides, by a narrow defined line of breakers, from the dark blue wave of the ocean open seas. [in pencil in margin in third hand:] X without the soil—trees c c— Remove the central group of mountains, and there remains a lagoon island. I ground this
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CUL-DAR42.86-87
Draft:
[1836]
Essay fragment on the geology of King George's Sound. sheets numbered [16]-17
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stone, but the structure of the latter, I believe is deceptive. In the sandstone of the Blue Mountains, (near Sydney) thin seams of ferruginous matter, which appeared to be the remains veins of segregation, and not of subsequent infiltration, were common. These in some parts became so numerous, that the ordinary sandstone merely filled up the intersticial spaces in, and the rock, which from being weatheringed had in these parts assumed an angulo-vesicular surface. If the seams of iron had been
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F1577
Periodical contribution:
Barlow, Nora ed. 1963. Darwin's ornithological notes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (7): 201-278. With introduction, notes and appendix by the editor.
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horizontally. like any common bird, on the branch of a tree: but occasionally I have seen it clinging to a post vertically. are rather wild, frequent the open plains. generally three or four together. The old male has scarlet tuft on the head. a [bill del.] few same coloured feathers at the corners of the mouth. The tongue is preserved in spirits (620). | Maldonado MS. 14 1239 cop Lanius: not common, cry rather loud, but plaintive agreeable: iris reddish orange; bill blue especially lower
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Periodical contribution:
Barlow, Nora ed. 1963. Darwin's ornithological notes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (7): 201-278. With introduction, notes and appendix by the editor.
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(1706) sparrow (1704) do 1752 cop Lanius. amongst bushes. Port St. Julian. Lat: 49° 1753 cop Sylvia Hab. do 1754 cop Furnarius same as (1702). do 1756. cop Cormorant. skin round eyes. campanula blue cockles at base of upper mandible saffron gamboge yellow mark between eye corner of mouth orpiment orange builds in numbers on low cliff. legs scarlet (? do |) MS. 28 1757 cop Larus. Beak coloured palish arterial blood red legs vermilion red . Port St. Julian 1758 cop Hawk, iris light brown, legs
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A73
Periodical contribution:
FitzRoy, R. 1836. Sketch of the Surveying Voyages of his Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle, 1825-1836. Commanded by Captains P. P. King, P. Stokes, and R. Fitz-Roy, Royal Navy. Journal of the Geological Society of London 6: 311-343. (Communicated by John Barrow)
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blue of the sea, combined to form a most enchanting view. But few days were passed at this delightful island. What little we saw of the missionaries, and what we heard of their labour, and its effects, highly gratified us. But we were yet more gratified by hearing of the number of native missionaries who had gone into other distant islands (having been educated at Tahiti), and of the beneficial effects produced by them. Wherever the missionary succeeds in obtaining even a slight influence, there
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F1577
Periodical contribution:
Barlow, Nora ed. 1963. Darwin's ornithological notes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (7): 201-278. With introduction, notes and appendix by the editor.
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-perdrix. Callandra 1220. Charadrius 1623: each in small numbers. 1834 St. of Magellans. Feb. 1834 1778 cop: Two species of Ducks. fresh water. C. Negro 1779 cop. 1780 cop Grebe, iris scarlet red, do. do 1781 cop Hawk, iris brown. male do 1782. cop Petrel legs flax flower blue : This bird in its habits is a complete diver; it frequents the deep quiet creeks inland seas of T. del Fuego; is common, I saw many in the Beagle channel other parts. they were present in similar situation in the Chonos
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Periodical contribution:
Barlow, Nora ed. 1963. Darwin's ornithological notes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (7): 201-278. With introduction, notes and appendix by the editor.
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to October) clearly not that years bird: it is probable they do not attain full [size omitted] at least till two years old. Naturalists appear to have considered all the grey-legs as young birds. Caracara (2029). (Raucanca?) Specimen female; I do not believe the male is essentially different in its plumage, for I saw several pair[s] such as this together. Skin about the beak yellow, bill blue, with black lines; legs pale yellow. This bird was shot near the last at S. Cruz; Lat 50°. in Patagonia
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Periodical contribution:
Barlow, Nora ed. 1963. Darwin's ornithological notes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (7): 201-278. With introduction, notes and appendix by the editor.
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, descending ascending without once flapping. [flapping, del; closing their wings, del; flapping added.] As some of them glided close over my head, I intently watched, from an oblique position, the separate terminal feathers of the wing; if there had been the least vibratory motion, the outlines would have been blended together, but they were seen distinct against the blue sky. The head neck were moved frequently apparently with force; it appeared [would del., seems del.] as if the extended wings
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Periodical contribution:
Barlow, Nora ed. 1963. Darwin's ornithological notes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (7): 201-278. With introduction, notes and appendix by the editor.
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no other breeding place is known of. They all arrive very regularly in September leave again in the Autumn. That the Albatross alone stay the Winter. The small Blue Petrel cop is found from Lat. 33° to 35° (agrees with Capt Cook's statements) over whole Southern Ocean. Is wild, flight very rapid, solitary, or not many together. [See Lesson, written in margin.] Mr. Stokes informs me that, these birds build in holes on the Landfall Isd. in T. del Fuego. These burrows are about a yard deep; they
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Periodical contribution:
Barlow, Nora ed. 1963. Darwin's ornithological notes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (7): 201-278. With introduction, notes and appendix by the editor.
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they can distinguish them apart from a long distance. MS. 85A [intended for 83A] The eggs [of the small species added] appeared however more generally known, and it was remarked with surprise that they were very little less [than those of the Rhea added] but of a slightly different form with a tinge of pale blue. Some eggs picked up on the plains of Patagonia agree pretty well with this description, and I do not doubt are those of the Petise. This species occurs [most added] rarely on the plains
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F1642
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1836. Geological notes made during a survey of the east and west coasts of S. America, in the years 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835, with an account of a transverse section of the Cordilleras of the Andes between Valparaiso and Mendoza. [Read 18 November 1835] Proceedings of the Geological Society 2: 210-212.
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extended bed of Muscles, which still retain their blue colour, and emit an animal smell when thrown in the fire. From these facts, he thinks the tertiary deposits of Patagonia may be separated into distinct periods, somewhat similar to those derived by Mr. Lyell from a comparison of the newer deposits of Europe: and in making the transverse section, he thought that he saw traces in the valley of Santa Cruz of an ancient channel, which must have traversed a great portion of the south part of the
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1836 New S. Wales 3 the level of the river. On one side they therefore lie on the flanks of the Blue Mountains. The parent rocks of the pebbles are not found in the immediate neighbourhead: they consist of compact siliceous sandstones various Trap rocks. One kind is so remarkable pretty, that I have brought specimens. 3442 Have these sandstones been the ordinary ones altered by the contact of the Trap rocks? The present river could never have placed this gravel in its present position; it
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1836 New S. Wales 10 The sandstone in this neighbourhead is carboniferous. At Wolgan the head of the valley of Wolgan, beneath many strata of a sandstone, composed as before of grains of quartz 3428 3429, white aluminous powder ferruginous matter there are repeated alternations of pale Blue compact clay-slate, carbonaceous Shales. Coal Sandstones. 3430 3431 3432 One layer of coal was a foot thick. I believe the whole rested on ordinary sandstones. In another spot, I found pale blue clay-slate
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January 1836 New South Wales. 1 My observations on the Geology of this colony are wholly confined to a line from the coast, passing through Sydney, Paramatta to Bathurst. The distance is rather more than 100 Geographical miles the direction about W 15 N. I believe however this section give a good general idea of the structure of the country for some degrees both North South of it. The first marked feature in the configuration of the country which is met with, is the escarpement of the Blue
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horizontal; on the coast, a small dip inland was perceptible. At Prospect hill the sandstone country is intermitted by a mass of Trappean rocks: the quarry which I said consisted of a black Basalt (?) 3441 the structure of which was roughly prismatic. I imagine, but have no proof, that this substance has burst through the sandstone. At Illawarra it is stated there is a great Trappean formation (a); the soil from which supports a most luxuriant vegetation. Structure Blue Mountains escarpement In the
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Trap in Both. relations unknown Form of mountains Escarpment pebbles Part cause of steepness Stratification dip seaward Original deposition, should have drilled had it not been edge of platform horizontal generally evidence currents careful examination. [illeg] of alteration Nature of rocks in escarpment patches of shale p. 7 Rocks Blue mountains. pebbles. false stratification Ferruginous plates thickness uniform nature comparison sentence [illeg] p. 10 at Wolgan carboniferous comparison with
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for any length the same inclination. The appearance was if the beds of sand had accumulated on a steep bank, which supposition agrees with the existence of those currents. as already proved shown to have been so active. I do not doubt, that the escarpement has been modelled to a great degree, by the sea, when it occupied the valley of the Nepean deposited the shingle; The river, of the Nepean itself. cannot have effected much, for although it flows for some length the escarpement of the Blue
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1836 New S. Wales 7 as I have said, I consider it highly probable from the form of stratification, that the form of the Blue mountains face of this elevated platform originally existed as a steep bank of sand, beneath the Ocean. With the exception of irregularities of this class, the strata over the whole extent are horizontal. In many places on the Eastern side, I observed those inclined masses of beds inclined at various angles up to 50 . The point of dip was not constant within a very short
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1836 New. S. Wales 23 platform was originally accumulated, so beneath a part of the sea, where strong currents brought together its materials. Might we not then expect an irregular form, deep hollows steep sides? this idea appears to agree with my conjecture about the escarpement of the Blue Mountains, with the very frequent inclined pseudo-stratification. When the series of upheavals had commenced, the sea
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are scattered a very few rounded pebbles of pure Quartz, Quartz rock some of a Micaceous Clay-Slate. — The occurrence of a very few pebbles in the strata of this formation, is generally common. — Such happens in the Limestone following cases. — On the flank of M. Wellington I noticed amongst similar kinds, 1st a pale blue coarse speckled clay Slate 3473 which perhaps would be called Greywacke), 2d white compact, uneven fracture aluminous stone 3474 another similar one mottled blue yellow 3475
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colored fine dark blue.— 34
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the strata, that I am very doubtful, whether some of the Quarrys, especially those at some height, are not worked in this rock. — Beneath this older Sandstone we have a very singular assemblage of rocks; they may be described as graduating in character between compact hard blue Clay-Slates, white Cherty or Flinty rocks, white aluminous fine Sandstones (or Claystones) Limestones; each kind is occasionally met distinct tolerably perfect; but the greater part has is of an intermediate nature. 842v
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1836 Hobart town 9 town, there are white strata an excessively fine grained aluminous Sandstone (?) 3447 with an uneven fracture, which in parts becomes more sandy in other passes into a Porcelain rock with conchoidal fracture 3448; the whole series graduates into an underlying blue stone partaking of the characters of Clay Slate. — In both are found rarely casts of Terebratulae pebbles. (a) — Near New Norfolk a similar white stone, passes into a very hard brittle sonorous siliceous one
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