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plumage blue, beak feet red — they cannot fly run so fast dogs can hardly catch them. There are many pidgeons parrakeets other birds at Bourbon: a Bat, — no reptiles except Tortoises When Dubois was at Bourbon only 100 inhabitant including women children it was from 1671 to 1672 — nearly two years. p. 199. Nothing but sticks in wanting to go hunting, kill as many birds as wanted. except the Flamingoes Geese which it is necessary to kill with a gun.— how like the Falkland.—!! p. 197 There are
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Vol 2 p. 6 p. 25 Sitta canadensis flew on a ship 300 miles from land p 42 Cathartes aura assemble in parties of 8 or 10 males females exhibiting the strongest desire to please mutually. p. 51 Cathartes jota the gesticulations parade of the males at the beginning of the love season are extremely ludicrous p. 55 Corvus or garrulus Canadensis or Canada jay male female alike, young unlike both (different from rest of families). p. 87 Sylvia sialis or Blue bird. Female leaden above. Hence sexes
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been caught 300 miles from land in a ship. p. 66 Ardea Caerulea breeds at a year old, so that white mottled blue birds may be seen paired several analogous cases have been given. p 68 Totanus Melanoleucus is very noisy, its cries are generally supposed to be uttered to warn other birds of danger hence has been called the Tell-tale but when by itself no other species being present is equally noisy. [210
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A128
Periodical contribution:
Waterhouse, G. R. 1840. Descriptions of some new species of Carabideous insects, from the collection made by C. Darwin, Esq., in the southern parts of S. America. Magazine of Natural History 4: 354-362.
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; they are from Valparaiso, the same locality as that given by Mr. Curtis. Sp. 2. Odon. cyaneus. Cnemacanthus cyaneus, Brull , as above, page 376. Much larger than the last and of a blue colour: its length is 10 lines (French measure), whilst Odon. Tentyrio des is about 8 lines. Inhabits Chili. Sp. 3. Odon. Desmarestii. Cnemacanthus (Cnemalobus) Desmarestii, Guerin-M neville, Magasin de Zoologie, Ann e 1838, livraison 2me, page 9, plate 226 of class ix. A very large species, from 26 to 30 'millem
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A276
Book:
Herschel, John Frederick William. 1840. A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy. Part of Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green; John Taylor.
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to its adoption, as evidence on the other side; for, when the differently coloured prismatic rays are thrown, in a dark room, in succession upon any object, whatever be the colour we are in the habit of calling its own, it will appear of the particular hue of the light which falls upon it: a yellow paper, for instance, will appear scarlet when illuminated by red rays, yellow when by yellow, green by green, and blue by blue rays; its own (so called) proper colour not in the least degree mixing
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F8.12
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1840. Fish Part 4 no. 1 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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the first dorsal. Ventrals reaching a little beyond the pectorals, but falling short of the anal by a space equalling half their own length. D. 8—9; A. 7; C. 15, c.; P. 16; V. 1/5. Length 8 inches. COLOUR.—"Vermilion, with streaks of iridescent blue."—D. In spirits, the colour appears of a uniform dull reddish yellow, without any indication of spots or other markings on the fins or body. Habitat, Porto Praya, Cape Verde Islands. I suppose this to be the U. Prayensis of Cuvier and Valenciennes
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A585
Book:
Lindley, John. 1840. The theory of horticulture; or, an attempt to explain the principal operations of gardening upon physiological principles. London: Longman.
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plants grow in a soil more wet than suits them is well known to be not only a production of leaves and ill-formed shoots, instead of flowers and fruit, but, if the water is in great excess, of a general yellowness of appearance, owing, as some chemists think, to the destruction, by the water, of a blue matter which, by its mixture with yellow, forms the ordinary verdure of vegetation. If this condition is prolonged, the vegetable tissue enters into a state of decomposition, and death ensues. In
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CUL-DAR73.1-6
Abstract:
[Undated]
1 / Candolle `Mem Society Phy &c de Geneve' 1: 214. [and Vaucher] [with important comparison of the evolution of species and languages]
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] Here then we have a character generally generic, not varying in the different species Lilac in one instance in one of the individual species. (Q) p. 443. Sur les plantes rares c Par. M. Decandolle. Has a var. of Geranium pratense, in which the two upper petals are very often white, whilst the rest 3 lower ones retain their ordinary blue colour, on retrouve ici meme dans les Geraniees (Q) Ch 7 [in margin:] must view it as indirect effect of those aggregate characters which make the two families 2
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CUL-DAR84.1.170
Note:
[Undated]
Mr Ford / Draw the smaller & more elongated of the 2 peacock's feathers
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of natural size, carefully drawn by Mr. Ford. The transparent zone is represented by the outermost white zone, confined to the upper end of the disc. ] (Fig. 2.) One of the tail-covert of Polyplectron Chinquis to shew the double eye. Attend to zones [In Descent 2: 90, fig. 51.] (Fig. 3.) One of the tail-covert of P. Hardwickii to shew the two eyes partially confluent. (The specimens are loose skins in box) Shew the metallic green or blue-black central part of eye or disk by the same kind of
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F8.12
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1840. Fish Part 4 no. 1 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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white spots; there are also portions of a paler tint, probably the remains of a fine blue. I see no distinct trace of the large deep black spot, said by Cuvier to occupy the seventh and eighth rays on the posterior face of the fin. Taken in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. The only respect in which it differs from the description of the T. kumu by Cuvier and Valenciennes, is its having one more spine in the first dorsal. 1. PRIONOTUS PUNCTATUS. Cuv. et Val. Prionotus punctatus, Cuv. et Val. Hist
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F8.14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1840. Fish Part 4 no. 2 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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projecting vertical scale or lamina, as in the last species. Ventrals immediately beneath the pectorals, also pointed, but shorter. COLOUR. Above, and the fins, obscure greenish; sides obscure coppery, passing on the belly into salmon-colour. Pectorals edged with dull blue. Iris yellowish brown: pupil black-blue. D. The skin has dried to a nearly uniform brown. Habitat, Chatham Island, Galapagos Archipelago. I feel but little hesitation in referring this species, which is one of the many new ones
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A276
Book:
Herschel, John Frederick William. 1840. A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy. Part of Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green; John Taylor.
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number of which he cannot divest himself without ceasing to think. But he could never tell, by any effort of reasoning, what would become of a lump of sugar if immersed in water, or what impression would be produced on his eye by mixing the colours yellow and blue. (67.) We have thus pointed out to us, as the great, and indeed only ultimate source of our knowledge of nature and its laws, EXPERIENCE; by which we mean, not the experience of one man only, or of one generation, but the accumulated
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A585
Book:
Lindley, John. 1840. The theory of horticulture; or, an attempt to explain the principal operations of gardening upon physiological principles. London: Longman.
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well to observe that the effect of decomposing carbonic acid and exhaling oxygen is the production of a green colour, the intensity of which is, in general, in proportion to the decomposing cause, that is to say, to light: but that, if from any circumstances water is not given off, but is retained in the system and allowed to accumulate, the green colour is altered and changes to yellow; as if the vegetable blue, which must exist in combination with yellow in order to form green, were discharged
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A585
Book:
Lindley, John. 1840. The theory of horticulture; or, an attempt to explain the principal operations of gardening upon physiological principles. London: Longman.
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Transparent Orange. Red. Blue. Purple. Green. Luminous rays 7 6 4 4 3 5 Calorific rays 7 6 5 3 4 2 Chemical rays 7 4 0 6 6 3 M. Decaisne found, during some experiments to ascertain the effect of light in causing the production of colouring matter in the Madder plant, that when the lower parts of a plant were enclosed in cases glazed at the side with transparent green, red, or yellow glass, the leaves and stem of the part surrounded by red glass became pallid, and exhibited signs of suffering
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A128
Periodical contribution:
Waterhouse, G. R. 1840. Descriptions of some new species of Carabideous insects, from the collection made by C. Darwin, Esq., in the southern parts of S. America. Magazine of Natural History 4: 354-362.
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greenish tint is observable near the margins of the thorax and outer margin of the elytra, and there is a faint blue tint on the under parts of the insect. Total length, 11 lines; length of thorax 3 lines; width of ditto 4 2/3; lines; length of elytra 6 lines; width of ditto 4 lines. The specimens described are females. Brought from Port Desire, Patagonia, by Mr. Darwin. Sp. 6. Odon. striatus. Odon. mediocrit r latus, niger, subt s levit r c ruleo-viridi tinctus; elytris distinct striatis; striis ha d
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F8.12
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1840. Fish Part 4 no. 1 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. Head marked with lines of dull red and green. Ventral and anal fins dark greenish blue."—He does not notice the vertical bands alluded to by Cuvier and Valenciennes, which are sufficiently obvious, and which accord with the figure and description of the authors just mentioned. Habitat, Maldonado Bay, Rio Plata. [page] 17 FISH
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F8.14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1840. Fish Part 4 no. 2 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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) beneath, with faint indications of five or six dark transverse bands, similar to those in the common perch. Inside of the ventrals blue. Second specimen. Smaller than the above, measuring six inches and a half in length, but differing from it in no respect, as regards form, excepting in having the profile not so oblique, and the snout in consequence not so obtuse; the jaws also are exactly equal. Fin-ray formula the same. COLOUR. Beneath brilliant white; head and back clouded with purplish and carmine
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F8.12
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1840. Fish Part 4 no. 1 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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COLOUR.—The specimen above described appears, in its present state, greyish brown, with zig-zag lines in different directions of a darker tint. A second individual is stated by Mr. Darwin to have been, when alive, "above salmon-coloured." A third is described as "above aureous-coppery, with wave-like lines of dark brown, which often collect into four or five transverse bands; fins lead-colour; beneath obscure; pupil dark blue." Both these last specimens appear now, like the first, greyish
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F8.12
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1840. Fish Part 4 no. 1 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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more. B. 6; D. 6/28; A. 1/25; C. 17, c.; P. 19; V. 1/5. Length 11 inches. COLOUR.—(In spirits.) Back and sides deep brown, with the exception of two rows of pale spots along the sides, very faint and ill-defined. Underneath altogether paler. The dorsal and anal appear to have been bluish, with the basal portion of each fin pale, but without any edging of white above. Inside of the ventrals blue; pectorals the same, but paler. The caudal shows some trace of a dark round spot on the base of the
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F8.14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1840. Fish Part 4 no. 2 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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, which, however, are not very obvious. Pectorals narrow and rather small, being scarcely more than half the length of the head. Ventrals placed a little further back, and rather shorter than the pectorals. B. 7; D. 10 1/20; A. 1/8; C. 17; P. 16; V. 1/5. Length 9 inc. 9 lines. COLOUR. Silvery white, above iridescent with violet purple and blue. D. Mr. Darwin has not noticed the dark transverse lines, which descend from the back obliquely forwards, as repre- G [page] 42 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF THE
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F8.14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1840. Fish Part 4 no. 2 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. 2. COLOUR. Silvery; above, shaded with brown and iridescent with blue; fins and iris sometimes edged with blackish brown. Flap of the gill-cover edged with black. D. Habitat, Galapagos Archipelago. This species, which is undoubtedly new, may be known from most of those described by Cuvier and Valenciennes by its greater number of soft rays in the anal fin. The only ones which equal it in this respect are the P. Conceptionis and * The third spine is broken, and may have been as long as the
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F8.14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1840. Fish Part 4 no. 2 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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brown much interrupted bands, giving a mottled appearance; head coloured with the same; top of the head, ridge of the back, edges of the dorsal, caudal and ventral fins, tinted with fine azure blue. D. Habitat, Chatham Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Mr. Darwin's collection contains a single specimen of a species of Chrysophrys from the Galapagos Archipelago, not in a sufficiently good state of preservation to admit of a very detailed description being given of it, but, nevertheless, evidently
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CUL-DAR139.8.1
Printed:
1840
Darwin, C. R. 1840. On the connexion of certain volcanic phenomena in South America; and on the formation of mountain chains and volcanos, as the effect of the same powers by which continents are elevated. [Read 7 March.] Transactions of the Geological Society of London 2d ser. 5 (3): 601-631, pl. 49, 3 figs. (annotated offprint)
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The volcano of Osorno had been in a state of moderate activity for at least forty-eight hours previously; Minchinmadom in much the same gentle action as for the last thirty years; and the Corcovado had been quiet during the whole previous twelve months. At the moment of the shock, Osorno threw up a thick column of dark blue smoke, and directly that passed, a large crater was seen forming on the S.S.E. side of the mountain; it boiled up lava, and threw up burning stones to some height, but the
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F1656
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1840. On the connexion of certain volcanic phenomena in South America; and on the formation of mountain chains and volcanos, as the effect of the same powers by which continents are elevated. [Read 7 March] Transactions of the Geological Society of London 2d ser. 5 (3): 601-631, pl. 49.
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The volcano of Osorno had been in a state of moderate activity for at least forty-eight hours previously; Minchinmadom in much the same gentle action as for the last thirty years; and the Corcovado had been quiet during the whole previous twelve months. At the moment of the shock, Osorno threw up a thick column of dark blue smoke, and directly that passed, a large crater was seen forming on the S.S.E. side of the mountain; it boiled up lava, and threw up burning stones to some height, but the
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [109] Webb Berthelot Phytographie Iles Canaries. Tom Sect.— 3 p 172 The red Anagallis rare in Canary Isld the blue very common. The Red a more northern form than the Blue.— Ch 4. In Britain Blue rare Watson Cybele Brit Barker-Webb, Philip and Sabin Berthelot. 1840. Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries. vol. 3, part 1. Géographie botanique. Paris: Béthune. outsize CUL-DAR.LIB.26 PDF Watson, Hewett Cottrell. 1847-1860. Cybele Britannica; or British
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CUL-DAR5.B70-B71
Abstract:
[1840.03.02]
[Abstract of Agassiz, Etudes sur les glaciers, 1840]
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [B70] p. 22 deposit of Mer de Glace p 45 where moraine rise to surface is [lined] between glaciers les névés p 58 blue from crosses — compact ice bluest as we ascend blueness diminishes with compactness 59 névé not blue p 62 to 75 on organisms of glaciers Agassiz p 100 on angular rounded blocks only surface Rocks angular 102 in usage part or fragments on surface 104 no stone in Glacier do at certain height near summit boulder began to surface
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A302
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1840. The Lagoon Islands of the Pacific Ocean. The Penny Magazine of the society for the diffusion of useful knowledge 517 (25 April): 156.
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illuminated by a vertical sun, of a most vivid green. This brilliant expanse, several miles in width, is on all sides divided, either from the dark heaving water of the ocean by a line of snow-white breakers, or from the blue vault of heaven by the strips of land, crowned at an equal height by the tops of the cocoa-nut trees. As a white cloud here and there affords a pleasing contrast with the azure sky, so in the lagoon dark bands of living coral appear through the emerald-green water. The next
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A100
Periodical contribution:
Waterhouse, G. R. 1840. Description of a New Species of the Genus Lophotus, from the Collection of Charles Darwin, Esq. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 (July): 329-32.
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each side of the thorax, one on the trochanter of each of the 4 anterior legs; a longitudinal row of spots adorns the under side of the abdomen, one to each segment, and the two basal segments have moreover a spot on either side; a large patch is situated on the apical portion of each elytron, and all the femora have a pale ring near the apex: the colour of these spots is sometimes white, sometimes yellow, and occasionally some brilliant pale blue scales margin the white ones, especially on
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(32 p. 156 (B) which according to Wilkes (U.S. Exploring Expedition Vol. IV. p. 277) is nine miles in length: coloured p. 157 (A) Hull island is situated 60 miles to the west of Sydney island is described by Wilkes (U.S. Exploring Expedition. Vol. 3. p. 369) as a lagoon-island: coloured blue. p. 158 (A) ; note Dana here saw hardly any reefs p 159 (A) subsidence one had balanced the rising of another.) p. 145 (A) ; this is one of the most interesting conclusions to which we are led by the study
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F9.3
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. My specimen was obtained at Maldonado, where it is not very common. It generally frequents hedge-rows. Cry rather loud, but plaintive and agreeable. Iris, reddish orange; bill, blue, especially base of lower mandible. I observed individuals (females ?) in which the black and white bands on the breast were scarcely visible, and even those on the under tail-coverts but obscurely marked. [page] 59 BIRDS
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till they nearly cover the bed, when the flowers will be produced so numerously as to form one mass of intense blue. I have seen the honey-bee extracting honey through a hole in the tube of this flower, in the way described by Mr. Darwin
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F8.16
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Fish Part 4 no. 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. Ventrals about the same size as the pectorals, but attached a little further back. A slight elevation at the sides of the tail, but no distinct keel, properly so called. D. 6—1/24—I; A. 1/16—I; C. 17, c.; P. 20; V. 1/5. Length 18 inc. 3 lines. COLOUR.— Band on the side azure blue; above a duller greenish blue; beneath two greenish metallic stripes: lower half of the body snow white. —D. No trace of the longitudinal stripes remains in the dried skin. Habitat, Keeling Island, Indian Ocean. A tolerably
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F8.16
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Fish Part 4 no. 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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caudal, which Mr. Darwin's notes, taken from the recent fish, state to have had a pink tinge. In the same notes it is added,— belly silvery white mottled with brownish black; sides bluish with dusky greenish markings; iris yellow, with dark blue pupil. The fin-ray formula is as follows: D. 10—1/27; A. 3/27; C. 17, c.; P. 17 or 18; V. 1/5. Though these specimens are small, they have the appearance of being nearly full-sized. Cuvier and Valenciennes state that their specimens of the P. leucurus do
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A130
Periodical contribution:
Waterhouse, G. R. 1841. Carabideous insects collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., during the voyage of Her Majesty's ship Beagle. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology 6: 351-355.
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, pedibus, pectoreque ferrugineis; genubus nigris; antennis fuscescentibus; articulis primo et secundo ferrugineis, tertio quartoque nigris: elytris subcostatis. B. crepitanti fer similis, at dupl major. Long 6 lin.; lat. 2 lin. In form and appearance this species greatly resembles the Brachinus crepitans, but its size is much larger; the eyes are rather more prominent, the etytra are black, and in the specimen before me, destitute of the blue or green tint usually observable in that species, and
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F9.3
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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ANUMBIUS RUBER. D'Orb. and Lafr. Anumbius ruber. D'Orb. Laf. Mag de Zool, 1838, p. 18. Furnarius ruber. Vieill. Ency. Meth. 514. Anumbi rouge. Azara, No. 220. Frequents reeds on the borders of lakes near Maldonado. Habits very similar to those of Synallaxis maluroides, and likewise of the two species of Limnornis; to one of which L. curvirostris, it is most closely allied in structure. Iris bright yellowish orange; tarsi, with faint tinge of blue; tongue divided on each side a little below the
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F9.3
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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coverts, and the margins of the primaries, secondaries, and tail feathers, blue grey; the remainder of the primaries, secondaries, and tail feathers, greyish-black; back yellowish-chestnut; under tail coverts light-grey; rump, breast, abdomen and flanks, deep wax-yellow; bill bluish horn-colour; feet light brown. Habitat, Tierra del Fuego (December and February). This finch is common on the outskirts of the forests in Tierra del Fuego. Mr. Gould remarks, that it is nearly allied to F. Gayi
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F8.15
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 no. 5 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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of describing the singularly bright colours of the naked skin about its head. Skin round the eyes campanula blue; cockles at the base of the upper mandible, saffron mixed with gamboge-yellow. Marks between the eye and the corner of the mouth, orpiment orange; tarsi scarlet. U [page] 146 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE
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F9.3
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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an oblique position, the separate and terminal feathers of the wing; if there had been the least vibratory movement, their outlines would have been blended together, but they were seen distinct against the blue sky. The head and neck were moved frequently, and apparently with force. If the bird wished to descend, the wings were for a moment collapsed; and then, when again expanded with an altered inclination, the momentum gained by the rapid descent, seemed to urge the bird upwards, with the
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F9.3
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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known as a summer visitor in our island. 2. HIRUNDO FRONTALIS. Gould. H. vertice, plumis auricularibus, dorso et lunulâ pectorali nitidè cæruleo viridescentibus, notâ albâ supra nares, gulâ corporeque subtus albicantibus, crisso niveo, alis caudâque fuscis viridi tinctis, rostro nigro, pedibus intensè fuscis. Long. tot. 4 3/4 unc. alæ, 4 3/4; caudæ, 2; tarsi, 1/2. Upper surface, with a greenish blue metallic gloss; which can faintly be perceived on the primaries and on the tail feathers. The
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F9.3
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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of feathers of a buff colour spotted with dark brown; breast and all the under surface tawny indistinctly blotched with white; tarsi with a very pale blue tinge. Habitat, Maldonado, north bank of La Plata. (June). This bird is not very common. Those which I saw lived on the ground in dry and open places, and did not frequent the neighbourhood of lakes abounding with rushes or thickets, like the greater number of species of Synallaxis, and the allied genus Limnornis. The flight of this bird is
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F9.3
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. Sphenura ruficeps. Licht. Ver. p. 42. My specimens were obtained at Maldonado, (June) where it was rare, and at Buenos Ayres. Near Santa Fè, in Entre Rios, 3° northward, it was common: Spix found it near the Rio San Francisco in Brazil. Iris yellowish red; legs with faint tinge of blue; tongue terminated in bristly points, not deeply bifid. This Synallaxis approaches in character Anumbius ruber. Habits similar to those of S. maluroides. * Molina, in his account of Chile, attributes this nest, I
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F9.3
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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of describing the singularly bright colours of the naked skin about its head. Skin round the eyes campanula blue; cockles at the base of the upper mandible, saffron mixed with gamboge-yellow. Marks between the eye and the corner of the mouth, orpiment orange; tarsi scarlet. U [page] 146 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE
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Periodical contribution:
Waterhouse, G. R. 1841. Carabideous insects collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., during the voyage of Her Majesty's ship Beagle. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology 7: 120-129.
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Plata. It is easily distinguished from other Patagonian Feroni hitherto discovered by its comparatively depressed form, the small size of its head, cordiform thorax, black colouring, and the want of wings. By candle-light the elytra display a beautiful iridescence (steel-blue being, the prevailing colour), as in the Pterostuchus brunnipes or iridipennis of Stephens; in size it very nearly agrees with that insect; but the F. cordicollis has a much, smaller head and thorax, and the latter is
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A129
Periodical contribution:
Waterhouse, G. R. 1841. Carabideous insects collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., during the voyage of Her Majesty's ship Beagle. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology 7: 120-129.
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impunctate: elytra oblong-ovate, distinctly striated; the stri punctate, but the punctures are not very distinct: antenn with the three basal joints blackish in the middle, but with the extremities red; the remaining joints brown: palpi pitchy red: legs pitchy black; the tarsi pitchy red. The upper parts of this insect are black, but I fancy I can trace some slight shades of blue, and think it probable it is a dark variety of a species having metallic colouring like the F. unistriatus. I have named
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A130
Periodical contribution:
Waterhouse, G. R. 1841. Carabideous insects collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., during the voyage of Her Majesty's ship Beagle. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology 6: 351-355.
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are smaller in proportion to the head end thorax, rather more convex, the stri are deeper, and the interstices are rnore convex, than in Ch. velutinus: the puncturing in the interspaces of the stri is moreover rather more distinct, and the punctures are far less numerous. In one of the two specimens brought by Mr. Darwin the upper surface of the body is of a beautiful steel blue, and the thorax is violet; in the second specimen the whole of the upper parts is violet: the under parts of the body
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 no. 5 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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tinge of pale blue. Some eggs which I picked up on the plains of Patagonia, agree pretty well with this description; and I do not doubt are those of the Petise. This species occurs most rarely in the neighbourhood of the Rio Negro; but about a degree and a half further south they are tolerably abundant. One Gaucho, however, told me he distinctly recollected having seen one, many years before, near the mouth of the Rio Colorado, which is north of the Rio Negro. They are said to prefer the plains
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 no. 5 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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wing, if undisturbed. They are not very wild: if they had been so, from their habit of diving and flying, it would have been extremely difficult to have procured a specimen. The legs of this bird are of a flax-flower blue. 2. PELECANOIDES GARNOTII. G. R. Gray. Puffinuria Garnotii, Less. Voy. de l'Coqu. pl. 46. Procellaria urinatrix, Gm. ? My specimen was obtained at Iquique (lat. 20° 12'), on the coast of Peru. M. Lesson, who first described this species, says (Manuel d'Ornithologie, vol. ii. p
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Fish Part 4 no. 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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; silvery on the abdomen and lower half of the sides, passing above the middle, and on the back, into pale lead blue, tinged with gray and brownish: fins pale greyish brown. No conspicuous markings, except the usual spot on the notch of the opercle, which, however, is small, and confined entirely to the membrane. Habitat, Tahiti. This species belongs to the second section adopted by Cuvier and Valenciennes in this genus; or that in which the form of the body resembles that of the C. trachurus, but in
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Fish Part 4 no. 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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notes taken from the recent fish:— COLOUR.— Whole body silvery; upper part of the back iridescent blue, lower greenish; spotted with coppery-lead circular patches. —D. This specimen measures ten inches and a half in length. It will be observed that the colour of the spots is still said to have been lead, though inclining to coppery. It was not taken at the same place as the other, but at Port St. Julian, in central Patagonia; if therefore they are both referable to the S. maculatus, this species
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Fish Part 4 no. 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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length of the oval of the body. Ventrals attached a little further back, sharp-pointed, and terminating in the same vertical line with the pectorals, both being laid back. D. 9/23; A. 3/23; C. 16, c.; P. 16; V. 1/5. Length, to the end of the caudal lobes, 7 inches. COLOUR.—The colours appear to have been exactly as described in the Histoire des Poissons. Mr. Darwin's notes taken from the recent fish state, splendid verditer blue and green; but do not enter into the details of the markings
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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tinge of pale blue. Some eggs which I picked up on the plains of Patagonia, agree pretty well with this description; and I do not doubt are those of the Petise. This species occurs most rarely in the neighbourhood of the Rio Negro; but about a degree and a half further south they are tolerably abundant. One Gaucho, however, told me he distinctly recollected having seen one, many years before, near the mouth of the Rio Colorado, which is north of the Rio Negro. They are said to prefer the plains
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1841. Birds Part 3 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. by John Gould. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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wing, if undisturbed. They are not very wild: if they had been so, from their habit of diving and flying, it would have been extremely difficult to have procured a specimen. The legs of this bird are of a flax-flower blue. 2. PELECANOIDES GARNOTII. G. R. Gray. Puffinuria Garnotii, Less. Voy. de l'Coqu. pl. 46. Procellaria urinatrix, Gm. ? My specimen was obtained at Iquique (lat. 20° 12'), on the coast of Peru. M. Lesson, who first described this species, says (Manuel d'Ornithologie, vol. ii. p
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [1] Maer / June / 41/ Purple = Common Blue Polygalum growing close to each other on high dry grass-bank— One of the Blue Poly. has considerably broader leaves than any other, either blue or pink
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [1] Shrewsbury July/47/ Blue Salvia. — two abortive stamens Coral tree; Papilionaceous to show abortive wings
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [C17] Sept 15th 1841. Zoolog Gardens in a great tall scarlet Lobelia, same and-gam Dichogamous structure as observed at Maer.— does Pollen drop from the upper flowers on the lower? In Siphocamphylus two coloured species next genus to Lobelia — same structure, though the anthers were far from cleanly brushed out (as Lindley terms it by the cup-like fringe) In Lobelia begonifolia some small blue species same structure.— Here pollen cannot drop from
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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Plate 3.—SHEWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CORAL REEFS, TOGETHER WITH THE POSITION OF THE ACTIVE VOLCANOS IN THE MAP. (SEE NOTE IN LEFT HAND CORNER) Note Bright blue....Atolls or lagoon Is.ds Pale blue....Barrier Reefs Red....Fringing Reefs Vermilion spots streaks active volcanoes N.B. For futher particulars see beginning of Chap. VI. and Appendix. [page iii
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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Bellinghausen's atlas to be encircled; as do some other small islands to the south; coloured pale blue: near Ono, there is an annular-reef, quite similar to the one just described in the words of Capt. Cook; coloured dark blue. Rotoumah, 13° S. 179° E.—From the chart in Duperrey's atlas, I thought this isl. was encircled, and had coloured it blue; but the Chev. Dillon assures me that the reef is only a shore or fringing one; red. Independence Isl. 10° S. 179° E., is described by Mr. G. Bennett
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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.); discovered in the Pandora (G. Hamilton's Voyage, p. 75): it is said, in running along the land, we saw several canoes crossing the lagoons; as this island is in the close vicinity of other low islands; and as it is said, that the natives make reservoirs of water in old cocoa-nut trees, (which shows the nature of the land) I have no doubt it is an atoll, and have coloured it blue.—York Isld. (8° S., 172° W.) is described by Commodore Byron (chap. x. of his Voyage) as an atoll; blue.—Sydney Isld. (4
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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coloured dark blue. In the space between Australia and New Caledonia, called by Flinders the Corallian Sea, there are numerous reefs. Of these, some are represented in Krusenstern's atlas as having an atoll-like structure; namely, Bampton shoal, Frederic, Vine or Horse-shoe, and Alert reefs; these have been coloured dark blue. LOUISIADE: the dangerous reefs which front and surround the western, southern, and northern coasts of this so-called peninsula and archipelago, seem evidently to belong to
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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Lutké assures me this is not the case: they form a regular atoll; coloured blue. Gouap (Eap of Chamisso,) is a high island with a reef (see Chart in Voy. of Astrolabe,) more than a mile distant in most parts from the shore, and two miles in one part. Capt. D'Urville thinks that there would be anchorage (Hydrog. Descript. Astrolabe Voyage, p. 436.) for ships within the reef, if a passage could be found; coloured pale blue.—Goulou, from the chart in the Astrolabe's Atlas, appears to be an atoll
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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The dark blue colour represents atolls and submerged annular reefs, with deep water in their centres. I have coloured as atolls, a few low and small coral-islands, without lagoons; but this has been done only when it clearly appeared that they originally contained lagoons, since filled up with sediment: when there were not good grounds for this belief, they have been left uncoloured. The pale blue colour represents barrier-reefs. The most obvious character of reefs of this class is the broad
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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fringing-reefs on the coast of Brazil, not included within the limits of the map,) and of their arrangement into the three great classes, which, though necessarily very imperfect from the nature of the objects classified, have been adopted by most voyagers. I may further remark, that the dark blue colour represents land entirely composed of coral-rock; the pale blue, land with a wide and thick border of coral-rock; and the red, a mere narrow fringe of coral-rock. Looking now at the map under
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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these preliminary remarks, I will consider first how far the grouping of the different kinds of coral-islands and reefs is corroborative of the truth of the theory. A glance at the map shows that the reefs, coloured blue and red, produced under widely different conditions, are not indiscriminately mixed together. Atolls and barrier-reefs, on the other hand, as may be seen by the two blue tints, generally lie near each other; and this would be the natural result of both having been produced
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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Wallis's Voyage, (4to. edit) it is evidently encircled by a reef; coloured blue: it is however remarkable that Boscawen Island, immediately adjoining, has no reef of any kind; uncoloured. Wallis Island, 13° S. 176° W., a chart and view of this island in Wallis's Voyage, (4to. edit.) shows that it is encircled. A view of it in the Naut. Mag. July 1833, p. 376., shows the same fact; blue. Alloufatou, or Horn Island, Onouafu, or Proby Island, and Hunter Islands, lie between the Navigator and Fidji
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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Bolabola lies the atoll of Toubai (Motou-iti of the Coquille's Atlas), which is coloured dark blue; the other islands, surrounded by barrier-reefs, are pale blue: three of them are represented in Figures 3, 4, and 5, in Plate I. There are three low coral-groups lying a little E. of the Society Arch., and almost forming part of it, namely, Bellinghausen, which is said by Kotzebue (Second Voyage, vol. ii. p. 255,) to be a lagoon-island; Mopeha, which, from Cook's description (Second Voyage, Book
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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° S., 150° W.) is described by Mr. F. D. Bennett (Geograph. Journ. vol. vii. p. 225) as containing a fine lagoon; coloured blue.—Flint Isld., (11° S., 151° W.); Krusenstern believes that it is the same with Peregrino, which is described by Quiros (Burney's Chron. Hist. vol. ii. p. 283) as a cluster of small islands connected by a reef, and forming a lagoon in the middle; coloured blue.—Wostock is an isld. a little more than half a mile in diameter, and apparently quite flat and low, and was
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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; coloured red.—In the sea north of these islands, we have Guedes, (or Freewill, or St. David's,) which from the chart given in the 4to edit. of Carteret's Voyage, must be an atoll. Krusenstern says the islets are very low; coloured blue.—Carteret's Shoals, in 2° 53' N., are described as circular, with stony points shewing all round, with deeper water in the middle; coloured blue.—Aiou; the plan of this group, given in the atlas of the Voyage of the Astrolabe, shows that it is an atoll; and, from a chart
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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the sea runs high, there are breakers mostly all round, but the water within seems pretty deep in some places; although steep to in most parts outside, there appears to be several parts where a ship might find anchorage outside the breakers; coloured blue.—The Paracells have been accurately surveyed by Capt. D. Ross, and charts on a large scale published: but few low islets have been formed on these shoals, and this seems to be a general circumstance in the China Sea; the sea close outside the
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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coloured it blue.—Fanning Isld., (4° N., 158° W.) according to Capt. Tromelin, (Ann. Maritim. 1829, p. 283,) is an atoll: his account, as observed by Krusenstern, differs from that given in Fanning's Voyage, (p. 224) which, however, is far from clear; coloured blue.—Washington Isld. (4° N., 159° W.) is engraved as a low isld. in D'Urville's chart, but is described by Fanning, (p. 226,) as having a much greater elevation than Fanning Isld., and hence I presume it is not an atoll; not coloured
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. Near here, also, lies Circular-reef, (Horsburgh Direct. vol. I. p. 691. 4th edit.) three or four miles in diameter, having deep water inside with an opening at the N.N.W. part, and on the outside steep to. I have from these data, coloured the group pale blue, and circular-reef dark blue.—The Anachorites, Echequier, and Hermites, consist of innumerable low islands of coral formation, which probably have atoll-like forms; but not being able to ascertain this, I have not coloured them, nor Durour
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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magnificent lagoon, into which there did not appear a single opening (Horsburgh, vol. i. p. 151); coloured blue. Thirdly, Aldabra; it consists of three islets, about 25 feet in height, with red cliffs (Horsburgh, vol. i. p. 176), surrounding a very shallow basin or lagoon. The sea is profoundly deep close to the shore. Viewing this island in a chart, it would be thought an atoll; but the foregoing description shows that there is something different in its nature; Dr. Allan also states that it is
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F8.17
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 no. 4 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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on the posterior part of the body, in front of and above the anal, are darker; while they alternate with four white ones, which are particularly conspicuous. Possibly these white bands may have been originally blue, as the narrow stripes descending from the eyes to the pectorals, which evidently were of that colour, are nearly faded to a white. There is also a white stain on each side of the tail, where the spines are, which appears to have been blue originally: the spines themselves are deep
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F9.4
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. by Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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on the posterior part of the body, in front of and above the anal, are darker; while they alternate with four white ones, which are particularly conspicuous. Possibly these white bands may have been originally blue, as the narrow stripes descending from the eyes to the pectorals, which evidently were of that colour, are nearly faded to a white. There is also a white stain on each side of the tail, where the spines are, which appears to have been blue originally: the spines themselves are deep
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; (part 2:) 838-850, p. 842 (hydrophobia), p 846 (tetanus).] [Clipping from The Times 20 October 1862:] A Test for Arsenic Dr. Letheby recommends the following method of detecting the presence of arsenic in wreaths and dresses: Put a drop of strong liquid ammonia (liquor ammonia, the druggist calls it) upon the green leaf, or dress, or paper, and if it turns blue, copper is present; and copper is rarely, if ever present in these tissues and fabrics without arsenic being also present—the green compound
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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smallness of the scale of the map, the parallels of latitude being 900 miles apart, we see, that none of the large groups of reefs and islands supposed to have been produced by long-continued subsidence, lie near extensive lines of coast coloured red, which are supposed to have remained stationary since the growth of their reefs, or to have been upraised and new lines of reefs formed on them. Where the red and blue circles do occur near each other, I am able, in several instances, to show that there
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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encircling barrier-reef. On the absence of active Volcanos in the areas of subsidence, and on their frequent presence in the areas of elevation.—Before making some concluding remarks on the relations of the spaces coloured blue and red, it will be convenient to consider the position on our map of the volcanos historically known to have been in action. It is impossible not to be struck, first with the absence of volcanos in the great areas of subsidence tinted pale and dark blue,—namely, in the
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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are rising areas: the central spaces of the great Indian and Pacific oceans, are mostly subsiding; between them, north of Australia, lies the most broken land on the globe, and there the rising parts are surrounded and penetrated by areas of subsidence,* so that the prevailing movements now in progress, seem to accord with the actual states of surface of the great divisions of the world. The blue spaces on the map are nearly all elongated; but it does not necessarily follow from this, (a caution
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Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. I feel compelled to believe that the foundations of these reefs have subsided, and that the corals, during their upward growth, have given to these reefs their present forms: I may remark that the subsidence of narrow and irregularly-shaped peninsulas and islands, such as those existing on the coasts of the Red Sea, would afford the requisite foundations for the reefs in question. The west coast from lat. 22° to 24°:—this part of the coast (north of the space coloured blue on the map) is fronted
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 no. 4 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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COLOUR. Not noticed in the recent state. In spirits, it appears silvery, with the back and upper part of the sides deep dusky blue, the two colours separated by a well-defined line. Habitat, Iquique, Peru. This is probably an undescribed species of Engraulis; nor am I aware that authors have hitherto noticed any from the west coast of America. Mr. Darwin obtained two specimens which are precisely similar to each other. The species closely resembles the common European Anchovy,* differing
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F8.18
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Reptiles Part 5 no. 1 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Thomas Bell. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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this species that they have an orange-coloured gorge, and faint stripes of blue," also ash-grey with dark brown marks and specks of orange and blue." DIMENSIONS. Inches. Lines. Length of the head........................ 0 5 of the body ..................... 1 5 of the tail ........................ 2 2 Total length...... 4 2 Length of anterior extremity............ 1 1 of posterior extremity ......... 0 8 This species was found by Mr. Darwin at Bahia Blanca and at Rio Negro, on the northern confines
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. by Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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the first dorsal. Ventrals reaching a little beyond the pectorals, but falling short of the anal by a space equalling half their own length. D. 8—9; A. 7; C. 15, c.; P. 16; V. 1/5. Length 8 inches. COLOUR.— Vermilion, with streaks of iridescent blue. —D. In spirits, the colour appears of a uniform dull reddish yellow, without any indication of spots or other markings on the fins or body. Habitat, Porto Praya, Cape Verde Islands. I suppose this to be the U. Prayensis of Cuvier and Valenciennes
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Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. by Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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COLOUR. —Not noticed in the recent state. In spirits, it appears silvery, with the back and upper part of the sides deep dusky blue, the two colours separated by a well-defined line. Habitat, Iquique, Peru. This is probably an undescribed species of Engraulis; nor am I aware that authors have hitherto noticed any from the west coast of America. Mr. Darwin obtained two specimens which are precisely similar to each other. The species closely resembles the common European Anchovy,* differing
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is easily accomplished by steeping the article for a minute or so in a mixture of about a teaspoonful each of water and liquid ammonia. Next invert a wine-glass and place on it one or two drops of the deep blue liquid; then introduce a fragment, about the size of a mustard seed, of nitrate of silver, when, if arsenic is present, a yellow spot will be obtained, which is arsenite of silver. I am yours, c. John Horsley, F.C.S. Cheltenham, Oct. 21
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F271
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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hundred yards; coloured red. Pitcairn Island in the immediate neighbourhood, according to the same authority, has no reefs of any kind, although numerous pieces of coral are thrown up on the beach; the sea close to its shore is very deep (see Zool. of Beechey's Voyage, p. 164); it is left uncoloured. Gambier Islands (see Plate I. fig. 8,) are encircled by a barrier reef: the greatest depth within is 38 fathoms; coloured pale blue. Aurora Island, which lies N.E. of Tahiti close to the large
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F271
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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surmounted by many low coral-islets. Although within the reef the water is exceedingly shallow, not being more than a few feet deep, as I am informed by the Rev. J. Williams; nevertheless, from the great extension of this reef into a profoundly deep ocean, this island probably belongs, on the principle lately adverted to, to the barrier class, and I have coloured it pale blue; although with much hesitation.—Manouai or Harvey Isld. The highest point is about 50 feet: the Rev. J. Williams
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F271
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. F. D. Bennett discovered (Geograph. Journ. vol. vii. p. 229,) a low extensive island in nearly the same latitude, about three degrees westward of the longitude assigned to Rotches, but very probably it is the same island. Mr. Bennett informs me that the man at the mast-head reported an appearance of lagoon-water in the centre; and, therefore, considering its position, I have coloured it blue. Pitt Isld., at the extreme northern point of the group, is left uncoloured, as its exact position and
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F271
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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islands, now left uncoloured, ought to be red. SANTA-CRUZ GROUP.—Vanikoro (Fig. 1, Pl. I.) offers a striking example of a barrier-reef: it was first described by the Chevalier Dillon, in his Voyage, and was surveyed in the Astrolabe; coloured pale blue.—Tikopia and Fataka islands appear, from the descriptions of Dillon and D'Urville, to have no reefs: Anouda is a low, flat isld., surrounded by cliffs, (Astrolabe Hydrog. and Krusenstern Mem. vol. ii. p. 432); these are uncoloured.—Toupoua (Otooboa
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F271
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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high islets. The reef is broken in several places; and just within it, the depth in one place is 30 fathoms, and in another, 28, beyond which, to all appearance, there was un porte vaste et sur. (Lutké, vol. ii. p. 4.) coloured pale blue.—Hogoleu or Roug. This wonderful group contains at least 62 islands, and its reef is 135 miles in circuit. Of the islands, only a few, about six or eight, (see Hydrog. description, p. 428 of the Voyage of the Astrolabe, and the large accompanying chart taken
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F271
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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group is entirely submerged, (Principles of Geolog., Book iii. chap. xviii.); coloured blue.—Scott's Reefs, lying north of Rowley Shoals, are briefly described by Capt. Wickham (Naut. Mag., 1841, p. 440): they appear to be of great size, of a circular form, and with smooth water within, forming probably a lagoon of great extent. There is a break on the western side, where there probably is an entrance: the water is very deep off these reefs; coloured blue. Proceeding westward along the great
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F271
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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of them, as I am informed by Capt. Moresby, there is deepish water; these therefore, have been coloured blue. Directly north, and almost forming part of this group, there is a long, narrow, slightly-curved bank, rising out of the depths of the ocean, composed of sand, shells, and decayed coral, with from 23 to 30 fathoms on it. I have no doubt that it has had the same origin with the other Laccidive banks; but as it does not deepen towards the centre, I have not coloured it. I might have referred
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F271
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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not very deeply submerged, (the formation of which has been shown to be only secondarily connected with the growth of coral,) their origin may be due simply to the growth of knolls of corals, from an irregular foundation situated within a limited depth. But between lat. 18° and 20°, there are so many linear, elliptic and extremely small reefs, rising abruptly out of profound depths, that the same reasons, which led me to colour blue a portion of the west coast, have induced me to do the same
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F9.4
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. by Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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white spots; there are also portions of a paler tint, probably the remains of a fine blue. I see no distinct trace of the large deep black spot, said by Cuvier to occupy the seventh and eighth rays on the posterior face of the fin. Taken in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. The only respect in which it differs from the description of the T. kumu by Cuvier and Valenciennes, is its having one more spine in the first dorsal. 1. PRIONOTUS PUNCTATUS. Cuv. et Val. Prionotus punctatus, Cuv. et Val. Hist
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F9.4
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. by Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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projecting vertical scale or lamina, as in the last species. Ventrals immediately beneath the pectorals, also pointed, but shorter. COLOUR.— Above, and the fins, obscure greenish; sides obscure coppery, passing on the belly into salmon-colour. Pectorals edged with dull blue. Iris yellowish brown: pupil black-blue. —D.—The skin has dried to a nearly uniform brown. Habitat, Chatham Island, Galapagos Archipelago. I feel but little hesitation in referring this species, which is one of the many new
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F9.4
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. by Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. Ventrals about the same size as the pectorals, but attached a little further back. A slight elevation at the sides of the tail, but no distinct keel, properly so called. D. 6—1/24—I; A. 1/16—I; C. 17, c.; P. 20; V. 1/5. Length 18 inc. 3 lines. COLOUR.— Band on the side azure blue; above a duller greenish blue; beneath two greenish metallic stripes: lower half of the body snow white. —D. No trace of the longitudinal stripes remains in the dried skin. Habitat, Keeling Island, Indian Ocean. A tolerably
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F9.4
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. by Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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caudal, which Mr. Darwin's notes, taken from the recent fish, state to have had a pink tinge. In the same notes it is added,— belly silvery white mottled with brownish black; sides bluish with dusky greenish markings; iris yellow, with dark blue pupil. The fin-ray formula is as follows: D. 10—1/27; A. 3/27; C. 17, c.; P. 17 or 18; V. 1/5. Though these specimens are small, they have the appearance of being nearly full-sized. Cuvier and Valenciennes state that their specimens of the P. leucurus do
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F1556
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1909. The foundations of The origin of species. Two essays written in 1842 and 1844. Cambridge: University Press.
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sometimes differ in their 1 Note in original. Oxalis and Gentian. In Gentians blue, yellow and reddish colours occur. In Oxalis yellow, purple, violet and pink. 2 This section corresponds roughly to that on Hybrids and Mongrels compared independently of their fertility, Origin, Ed. i. p. 272, vi. p. 403. The discussion on Gärtner's views, given in the Origin, is here wanting. The brief mention of prepotency is common to them both. [page] 10
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F271
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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culty with respect to the foundation on which they must first have grown; and into fringing reefs on the other, where, owing to the nature of the slope of the adjoining land, there is no such difficulty. The two blue tints and the red colour on the map (Plate III.) represent this main division, as explained in the beginning of the last chapter. In the Appendix, every existing coral reef, except some on the coast of Brazil not included in the map, is briefly described in geographical order, as
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F271
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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result of many months' labour. I have consulted, as far as I was able, every original voyage and map; and the colours were first laid down on charts on a larger scale. The same blue colour, with merely a difference in the depth of tint, is used for atolls or lagoon-islands, and barrier-reefs; for we have seen, that as far as the actual coral-formation is concerned, they have no distinguishing character. Fringing-reefs have been coloured red, for between them on the one hand, and barrier-reefs and
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F1556
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1909. The foundations of The origin of species. Two essays written in 1842 and 1844. Cambridge: University Press.
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facts. I do not refer to seeds not ripening, perhaps the com- found that they were sterile together. See the case of the red and blue Anagallis given from Gärtner in the Origin, Ed. i. p. 247, vi. p. 368. 1 In the Origin, Ed. i. p. 258, where the author speaks of constitutional differences in this connexion, he specifies that they are confined to the reproductive system. 2 The sensitiveness of the reproductive system to changed conditions is insisted on in the Origin, Ed. i. p. 8, vi. p. 10. The
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F1556
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1909. The foundations of The origin of species. Two essays written in 1842 and 1844. Cambridge: University Press.
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like true species: it is known that the varieties of the same plant never have red, blue and yellow flowers, though the hyacinth makes a very near approach to an 1 The law of compensation is discussed in the Origin, Ed. i. p. 147, vi. p. 182. 2 Note in original. Boitard and Corbié on outer edging red in tail of bird,—so bars on wing, white or black or brown, or white edged with black or illegible : analogous to marks running through genera but with different colours. Tail coloured in pigeons
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