A1014.1    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1876. The geographical distribution of animals; with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth's surface. London: Macmillan & Co. vol. 1.   Text

most remarkable and longest-horned Anthotribidæ. Even in birds the same law may be seen at work, in the Tanysiptera nais of Ceram, which has a larger tail than any other in the genus; in Centropus goliath of Gilolo, being the largest and longest-tailed species; in Hydrornis maximus of Gilolo, the largest and perhaps the most elegantly and conspicuously coloured of all the Pittidæ; in Platycercus amboinensis, being pre-eminent in its ample blue tail; in the two Moluccan lories and Eos rubra, being

A2094    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, Francis. 1876. Breeds and breeding. Encyclopaedia Britannica 9th ed. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black4, pp. 244-51.   Text

pairing a mongrel female barb fantail with a mongrel male barb spot, neither of which mongrels had the least blue about them. It appears that blue barbs are exceedingly rare, that the spot has been known as a pure breed for nearly 200 years, and that a white fantail throwing any other colour is almost an unknown occurrence; nevertheless the offspring from the above two mongrels were of exactly the same blue tint over the whole back and wings as that of the wild rock pigeon from the Shetland

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

History' volume viii. 1842 page 108. In the 'North American Journal of Science' January 1842, there is an account of the pollen swept off the decks of a vessel. Riley, 'Fifth Report on the Noxious Insects of Missouri,' 1873 page 86. Kerner, 'Die Schutzmittel des Pollens' 1873 page 6. This author has also seen a lake in the Tyrol so covered with pollen, that the water no longer appeared blue. Mr. Blackley, 'Experimental Researches on Hay-fever' 1873 pages 132, 141-152. [page] 40

F1249    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

memory of former visits could have come into play, and the tinge of blue was so faint that it could hardly have served as a guide.* The conspicuousness of the corolla does not suffice to induce repeated visits from insects, unless nectar is at the same time secreted, together perhaps with some odour emitted. I watched for a fortnight many times daily a wall covered with Linaria cymbalaria in full flower, and never saw a bee even looking at one. There was then a very hot day, and suddenly many

F401    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]   Text   Image   PDF

fertile offspring. With some exceptions, presently to be given, I fully admit that this is the rule. But the subject is surrounded by difficulties, for, looking to varieties produced under nature, if two forms hitherto reputed to be varieties be found in any degree sterile together, they are at once ranked by most naturalists as species. For instance, the blue and red pimpernel, which are considered by most botanists as varieties, are said by G rtner to be quite sterile when crossed, and he

F401    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]   Text   Image   PDF

. Brown, Robert, on classification, 366. , Sequard, on inherited mutilations, 108. Busk, Mr., on the Polyzoa, 193. Butterflies, mimetic, 375, 376. Buzareingues, on sterility of varieties, 258. C. Cabbage, varieties of, crossed, 78. Cal eolaria, 239. Calry-birds, sterility of hybrids, 240. Cape de Verde islands, productions of, 354. , plants of, on mountains, 337. Cape of Good Hope, plants of, 101, 347. Carpenter, Dr., on foraminifera, 308. Carthamus, 173. Catasetum, 155, 372. Cats, with blue eyes

F401    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]   Text   Image   PDF

. Ratio of increase, 50. Rats supplanting each other, 59. , acclimatisation of, 113. , blind, in cave, 110. Rattle-snake, 162. Reason and instinct, 205. Recapitulation, general, 404. Recriprocity of crosses, 243. Record, geological, imperfect, 264. Rengger, on flies destroying cattle, 56. Reproduction, rate of, 50. Resemblance, protective, of insects, 181. to parents in mongrels and hybrids, 260. Reversion, law of inheritance, 11. , in pigeons, to blue colour, 127. Rhododendron, sterility of, 239

A1014.2    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1876. The geographical distribution of animals; with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth's surface. London: Macmillan & Co. vol. 2.   Text

Couchia, ii. 439 Coues, Dr., on the blue crow of the Rocky Mountains, ii. 128 Coursers, ii. 355 Cowries, ii. 508 Coypu, ii. 238 CRACIDæ, ii. 342 CRACINæ, ii. 343 Cracticus, ii. 273 Cranes, ii. 357 CRANIADæ, ii, 532 Cranorrhinus, ii. 317 Craspedocephalus, ii. 385 Craspedopoma, ii. 521 Crateropus, ii. 261 Crax, ii. 343 Creadion, ii. 287 Creagrus, ii. 364 Creagrutus, ii. 445 Creepers, ii. 264 Cremna, ii. 475 Crenicichla, ii. 439 Crenilabrus, ii. 437 Crenuchus, ii. 445 Creurgops, ii. 99 Cricetodon

F401    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]   Text   Image   PDF

quite whimsical: thus cats which are entirely white and have blue eyes are generally deaf; but it has been lately stated by Mr. Tait that this is confined to the males. Colour and constitutional peculiarities go together, of which many remarkable cases could be given amongst animals and plants. From facts collected by Heusinger, it appears that white sheep and pigs are injured by certain plants, whilst dark-coloured individuals escape: Professor Wyman has recently communicated to me a good

F401    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]   Text   Image   PDF

breed freely under domestication; these supposed species being quite unknown in a wild state, and their not having become anywhere feral; these species presenting certain very abnormal characters, as compared with all other Columbid , though so like the rock-pigeon in most respects; the occasional re-appearance of the blue colour and various black marks in all the breeds, both when kept pure and when crossed; and lastly, the mongrel offspring being perfectly fertile; from these several reasons

F401    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]   Text   Image   PDF

various colours are crossed, we see a strong tendency for the blue tint and bars and marks to reappear in the mongrels. I have stated that the most probable hypothesis to account for the reappearance of very ancient characters, is that there is a tendency in the young of each successive generation to produce the long-lost character, and that this tendency, from unknown causes, sometimes prevails. And we have just seen that in several species of the horse-genus the stripes are either plainer or appear

F401    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]   Text   Image   PDF

two of the Australian cuckoos, when they lay their eggs in an open nest, manifest a decided preference for nests containing eggs similar in colour to their own. The European species apparently manifests some tendency towards a similar instinct, but not rarely departs from it, as is shown by her laying her dull and pale-coloured eggs in the nest of the Hedge-warbler with bright greenish-blue eggs. Had our cuckoo invariably displayed the above instinct, it would assutedly have been added to

F401    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]   Text   Image   PDF

the several domestic breeds of the pigeon are descended from the blue and barred rockpigeon! On the ordinary view of each species having been independently created, why should specific characters, or those by which the [page] 41

A6248    Periodical contribution:     Wallace, A. R. 1876. Address. Report of the forty-sixth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Glasgow in September 1876, Notices and abstracts, pp. 100-110. [Darwin Pamphlet Collection]   Text   PDF

is to perfect vision. We can therefore understand why white cats with blue eyes are so often deaf, a peculiarity we notice more readily than their deficiency of smell or taste.If, then, the prevalence of white coloration is generally accompanied with some deficiency in the acuteness of the most important senses, this colour becomes doubly dangerous; for it not only renders its possessor more conspicuous to its enemies, but at the same time makes it less ready in detecting the presence of

A1139    Review:     [Tait, Lawson]. 1876. [Review of] The variation of animals and plants under domestication. The Spectator (4 March): 312-3.   Text   PDF

. to six in the posterior limbs; and the males are much more frequently affected than the females. In certain districts these polydactylous cats seem likely to evict the cats with only twenty toes, and that, probably, because the extra digits serve an evident and very useful purpose. It is further very remarkable that the moat specialised digit, the thumb, is that whose reduplication is most frequent in all animals. The writer has seen a white male cat which was perfectly deaf, had one eye blue

CUL-DAR139.19.1    Printed:    1876.09.07   Address 1 September 1876 to Section D (Biology) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science `Nature' 14: 403-412   Text   Image   PDF

and Ké islands (D. deois, D. hewitsonii, and D. polymena) are all more conspicuously white-marked than their representatives in the larger islands. In the beautiful genus Cethosia, a species from the small island of Waigiou (C. cyrene) is the whitest of the genus. Prothoë is represented by a blue species in the continental island of Java, while those inhabiting the ancient insular groups of the Moluccas and New Guinea are all pale yellow or white. The genus Drusilla, almost confined to these

CUL-DAR139.19.1    Printed:    1876.09.07   Address 1 September 1876 to Section D (Biology) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science `Nature' 14: 403-412   Text   Image   PDF

that they have become modified so as to be self-fertilized, or that they are fertilized by the visits of the minute Diptera and Hymenoptera, which are the only insects recorded from these islands. In Juan Fernandez, on the other hand, there is no such total deficiency of showy flowers. I am informed by Mr. Moseley that a variety of the Magnoliaceous winter-bark abounds and has showy white flowers, and that a Bignoniaceous shrub with abundance of dark blue flowers was also plentiful; while a

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

most beautiful species the head is bald, and of a rich cobalt blue, crossed by several lines of black velvety feathers. 74 Fig. 47. Paradisea Papuana (T. W. Wood). ———————————— in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.' vol xiii. 1854, p. 157: see also Mr. Wallace's much fuller account in vol. xx. 1857, p. 412, and in his 'Malay Archipelago.' 74 Wallace, 'The Malay Archipelago,' vol. ii. 1869, p. 405. [page] 38

F1951    Book contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. [Letter on Stock Dove]. In Kingsley, Fanny E., ed. Charles Kingsley: his letters and memories of his life. London: Henry S. King & Co. vol. 2: 135-6.   Text   Image   PDF

reason; though puzzled, as every one must be, by a hundred new questions which you have opened. What started us on you and your theory was the shooting in the park of a pair of 'blue rocks,' which I was called to decide on. There were several men there who knew blue rocks. The Duke said that the specimen was different from the blue rock of the Hebrides. Young Baring, that it was different from the blue rock of Gibraltar and of his Norfolk rabbit warrens (which I don't believe, from the

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

be successfully carried out. The chief obstacle would be the early and complete loss of the pale-blue tint, from the necessity of reiterated crosses with the slaty female, the latter not having at first any latent tendency to produce pale-blue offspring. On the other hand, if one or two males were to vary ever so slightly in paleness, and the variations were from the first limited in their transmission to the male sex, the task of making a new breed of the desired kind would be easy, for such

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

differently coloured in the several species, yet certain spots, marks, or stripes are retained by all. Analogous cases occur with the breeds of the pigeon, which usually retain the two wing-bars, though they may be coloured red, yellow, white, black, or blue, the rest of the plumage being of some wholly different tint. Here is a more curious case, in which certain marks are retained, though coloured in a manner almost exactly the opposite of what is natural; the aboriginal pigeon has a blue tail, with the

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

afforded by the three genera of Australian bower-birds already mentioned. Their bowers (see fig. 46, p. 382), where the sexes congregate and play strange antics, are variously constructed, but what most concerns us is, that they are decorated by the several species in a different manner. The Satin bower-bird collects gaily-coloured articles, such as the blue tail-feathers of parrakeets, bleached bones and shells, which it sticks between the twigs, or arranges at the entrance. Mr. Gould found in

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

former and recent times. But it deserves especial attention that brilliant colours have been transferred much more rarely than other tints. For instance, the male of the red-throated blue-breast (Cyanecula suecica) has a rich blue breast, including a sub-triangular red mark; now marks of nearly the same shape have been transferred to the female, but the central space is fulvous instead of red, and is surrounded by mottled instead of blue feathers. The Gallinaceæ offer many analogous cases; for

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

the males alone of Sitana possess a throat-pouch; and this is splendidly tinted with blue, black, and red. In the Proctotretus tenuis of Chile the male alone is marked with spots of blue, green, and coppery-red.71 In many cases the males retain the same colours throughout the year, but in others they become much brighter during the breeding-season; I may give as an additional instance the Calotes maria, which at this season has a bright red head, the rest of the body being green.72 Both sexes

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

mane, but slightly in the colour of the hair and of the naked callosities. In the drill (C. leucophæus) the females and young are much paler-coloured, with less green, than the adult males. No other member in the whole class of mammals is coloured in so extraordinary a manner as the adult male mandrill (C. mormon). The face at this age becomes of a fine blue, with the ridge and tip of the nose of the most brilliant red. According to some authors, the face is also marked with whitish stripes

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

hand, as if aware of the danger incurred from the bright blue of the upper surface of his wings, rests with them closed; and this shews that the blue colour cannot be in any way protective. Nevertheless, it is probable that conspicuous colours are indirectly beneficial to many species, as a warning that they are unpalatable. For in certain other cases, beauty has been gained through the imitation of other beautiful species, which inhabit the same district and enjoy an immunity from attack by

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

-comer was not noticed by any bird, except by a bullfinch, which is likewise black-headed. This bullfinch was a very quiet bird, and had never before quarrelled with any of its comrades, including another reed-bunting, which had not as yet become black-headed: but the reed-bunting with a black head was so unmercifully treated, that it had to be removed. Spiza cyanea, during the breeding-season, is of a bright blue colour; and though generally peaceable, it attacked S. ciris, which has only the

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

wing-feathers, which are ornamented with numerous ocelli. I request the reader to turn back to the drawing (fig. 51, p. 397) of a Polyplectron. In P. napoleonis the ocelli are confined to the tail and the back is of a rich metallic blue; in which respects this species approaches the Java Peacock. P. hardwickii possesses a peculiar top-knot, which is also somewhat like that of the Java peacock. In all the species the ocelli on the wings and tail are either circular or oval, and consist of a

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

there is a similar difference, the face and wing coverts moreover of the female being of a paler blue than in the male.23 In the family of the tits (Parinæ), which build concealed nests, the female of our common blue tomtit (Parus cæruleus) is much less brightly coloured than the male: and in the magnificent Sultan yellow tit of India the difference is greater.24 Again in the great group of the woodpeckers,25 the sexes are generally nearly alike, but in the Megapicus validus all those parts of

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

shall presently return. Differently from what occurs in L. grandiflorum, the long-styled flowers have stamens hardly more than half the length of those in the short-styled. The size of the pollen-grains is rather variable; after some doubt, I have come to the conclusion that there is no uniform difference between the grains in the two forms. The long stamens in the short-styled form project to some height above the corolla, and their filaments are coloured blue apparently from exposure to the

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

seen this fish during the spawning-season, when its hues are brightest, to conceive the admixture of brilliant colours with which it, in other respects so ill-favoured, is at that time adorned. Both sexes of the Labrus mixtus, although very different in colour, are beautiful; the male being orange with bright blue stripes, and the female bright red with some black spots on the back. Fig. 30. Xiphophorus Hellerii. Upper figure, male; lower figure, female. In the very distinct family of the

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

black Spanish cock is much enhanced by his white face and crimson comb; and no one who has ever seen the splendid blue wattles of the male Tragopan pheasant, distended in courtship, can for a moment doubt that beauty is the object gained. From the foregoing facts we clearly see that the plumes and other ornaments of the males must be of the highest importance to them; and we further see that beauty is even sometimes more important than success in battle. ———————————— CHAPTER XIV. BIRDS—continued

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

some degree probable that both sexes owe their elegant appearance to sexual selection. In the moustache-monkey (Cercopithecus cephus) the general colour of the fur is mottled-greenish with the throat white; in the male the end of the tail is chesnut, but the face is the most ornamented part, the skin being chiefly bluish-grey, shading into a blackish tint beneath the eyes, with the upper lip of a delicate blue, clothed on the lower edge with a thin black moustache; the whiskers are orange

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

of Longicorns. Messrs. R. Trimen and Waterhouse, jun., inform me of two Lamellicorns, viz., a Peritrichia and Trichius, the male of the latter being more obscurely coloured than the female. In Tillus elongatus the male is black, and the female always, as it is believed, of a dark blue colour, with a red thorax. The male, also, of Orsodacna atra, as I hear from Mr. Walsh, is black, the female (the so-called O. ruficollis) having a rufous thorax. [page] 29

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

the feet and parts of the abdomen spotted with the brightest vermilion. It crawled about the bare sandy or open grassy plains of La Plata under a scorching sun, and could not fail to catch the eye of every passing creature. These colours are probably beneficial by making this animal known to all birds of prey as a nauseous mouthful. In Nicaragua there is a little frog dressed in a bright livery of red and blue which does not conceal itself like most other species, but hops about during the daytime

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

agony of passion, we are led to suppose that the females which are present are thus charmed.50 The voice of the common rook is known to alter during the breeding-season, and is therefore in some way sexual.51 But what shall we say about the harsh screams of, for instance, some kinds of macaws; have these birds as bad taste for musical sounds as they apparently have for colour, judging by the inharmonious contrast of their bright yellow and blue plumage? It is indeed possible that without any

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

erects his glittering plumage, expands his finely-zoned tail and barred wing-feathers, and altogether, with his crimson and blue wattles, makes a superb, though to our eyes, grotesque 84 On the pelican, see Sclater, in 'Proc. Zool. Soc.' 1868, p. 265. On the American finches, see Audubon, 'Ornith. Biography,' vol. i. pp. 174, 221, and Jerdon, 'Birds of India,' vol. ii. p. 383. On the Fringilla cannabina of Madeira, Mr. E. Vernon Harcourt, 'Ibis,' vol. v., 1863, p. 230. 85 See also 'Ornamental

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

. The male chaffinch also stands in front of the female, thus shewing his red breast and blue bell, as the fanciers call his head; the wings at the same time being slightly expanded, with the pure white bands on the shoulders thus rendered conspicuous. The common linnet distends his rosy breast, slightly expands his brown wings and tail, so as to make the best of them by exhibiting their white edgings. We must, however, be cautious in concluding that the wings are spread out solely for display, as

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

while to give the few cases which I have been able to collect, relating chiefly to colour,—simple albinism and melanism being excluded. Mr. Gould is well known to admit the existence of few varieties, for he esteems very slight differences as specific; yet he states36 that near Bogota certain humming-birds belonging to the genus Cynanthus are divided into two or three races or varieties, which differ from each other in the colouring of the tail— some having the whole of the feathers blue, while

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

defend themselves) build in holes in banks, rocks, or trees, or construct domed nests. If we take the colours of the female goldfinch, bullfinch, or blackbird, as a standard of the degree of conspicuousness, which is not highly dangerous to the sitting female, then out of the above forty birds, the females of only twelve can be considered as conspicuous to a dangerous degree, ———————————— tomena macroura has the head and tail dark blue with reddish loins; the female Lampornis porphyrurus is blackish

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

after the second or third moults they differ only in their beaks having a slight greenish tinge. In the dwarf bitterns (Ardetta), according to the same authority, the male acquires his final livery at the first moult, the female not before the third or fourth moult; in the meanwhile she presents an intermediate garb, which is ultimately exchanged for the same livery as that of the male. So again the female Falco peregrinus acquires her blue plumage more slowly than the male. Mr. Swinhoe states

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

collar; or in the male having a black collar instead of a yellow demi-collar in front, with a pale roseate instead of a plum-blue head.55 As so many male birds have elongated tail-feathers or elongated crests for their chief ornament, the shortened tail, formerly described in the male of a humming-bird, and the shortened crest of the male goosander, seem like one of the many changes of fashion which we admire in our own dresses. Some members of the heron family offer a still more curious case

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

hear24 that neither the red summer-coat nor the blue winter-coat of the Virginian deer is at all affected by emasculation. With most or all of the highly-ornamented species of Tragelaphus the males are darker than the hornless females, and their crests of hair are more fully developed. In the male of that magnificent antelope, the Derbyan eland, the body is redder, the whole neck much blacker, and the white band which separates these colours, broader, than in the female. In the Cape eland also, the

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

and griseo-viridis one part of the body, which is confined to the male sex, is of the most brilliant blue or green, and contrasts strikingly with the naked skin on the hinder part of the body, which is vivid red. Lastly, in the baboon family, the adult male of Cynocephalus hamadryas differs from the female not only by his immense 29 Sclater, 'Proc. Zool. Soc.' 1866, p. 1. The same fact has also been fully ascertained by MM. Pollen and van Dam. See, also, Dr. Gray in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

Quadrumana. As the negro of Africa raises the flesh on his face into parallel ridges or cicatrices, high above the natural surface, which unsightly deformities, are considered great personal attractions; 34—as negroes and savages in many parts of the world paint their faces with red, blue, white, or black bars,—so the male mandrill of Africa appears to have acquired his deeply-furrowed and gaudily-coloured face from having been thus rendered attractive to the female. No doubt it is to us a

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

the branching horns of stags, and the elegant horns of certain antelopes, though properly serving as weapons of offence or defence, have been partly modified for ornament. When the male differs in colour from the female, he generally exhibits darker and more strongly-contrasted tints. We do not in this class meet with the splendid red, blue, yellow, and green tints, so common with male birds and many other animals. The naked parts, however, of certain Quadrumana must be excepted; for such parts

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

have created the fashions of painting, as well as those of garments. In one part of Africa the eyelids are coloured black; in another the nails are coloured yellow or purple. In many places the hair is dyed of various tints. In different countries the teeth are stained black, red, blue, c., and in the Malay Archipelago it is thought shameful to have white teeth like those of a dog. Not one great country can be named, from the Polar regions in the north to New Zealand in the south, in which the

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

merely on the form of inheritance whether this or any other tint is transmitted to both sexes or to one alone. The resemblance to a negro in minature of Pithecia satanas with his jet black skin, white rolling eyeballs, and hair parted on the top of his head, is almost ludicrous. The colour of the face differs much more widely in the various kinds of monkeys than it does in the races of man; and we have some reason to believe that the red, blue, orange, almost white and black tints of their skin

F948    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.   Text   PDF

TODAS-TURDUS. ———————————————— Todas, infanticide and proportion of sexes, 255; practice polyandry, 593; choice of husbands amongst, 593. Toe, great, condition of, in the human embryo, 11. Tomicus villosus, proportion of the sexes in, 253. Tomtit, blue, sexual difference of colour in the, 458. Tonga Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, 560, 581. Tooke, Horne, on language, 86. Tools, flint, 145; used by monkeys, 81; use of, 48. Topknots in birds, 384. Tortoise, voice of the male, 567

CUL-DAR66.79-94    Note:    1877.06.01--1878.02.13   [Bloom continued; experiments on many species]   Text   Image

1877 Iris (common garden) Blue-flowered June 5th 11˚ A. m. — cleaned both surface damp sponge of 3 leaves, tied to sticks with black wool. (July 7th no bloom removed on upper part, but leaf grown towards base covered with bloom; this now again removed. — Two of the leaves much or decayed than corresponding ones on the same plant — The thread leaf not at all injured.) (a) (July 11th rubbed right side alone (viewed from outside of plant) white wool —Sept 17th I am doubtful about result for I am