F1452.1    Book:     Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 1. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

Captain would not wait. I find my life on board when we are on blue water most delightful, so very comfortable and quiet it is almost impossible to be idle, and that for me is saying a good deal. Nobody could possibly be better fitted in every respect for collecting than I am; many cooks have not spoiled the broth this time. Mr. Brown's little hints about microscopes, c., have been invaluable. I am well off in books, the 'Dictionnaire Classique' is most useful. If you should think of any thing

F1452.1    Book:     Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 1. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

of rain: I am not, therefore, in very good trim for writing; but, defying the blue devils, I will send you a few lines, if it is merely to thank you very sincerely for writing to me. I received your letter, dated December 1st, a short time since. We are now passing part of the winter in the Rio Plata, after having had a hard summer's work to the south. Tierra del Fuego is indeed a miserable place; the ceaseless fury of the gales is quite tremendous. One evening we saw old Cape Horn, and three

F1452.3    Book:     Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

, as six little blue books, price 4d. each, under the title, 'Our Knowledge of the Causes of Organic Nature.' When published they were read with interest by my father, who thus refers to them in a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker: * Krohn stated that the structures described by my father as ovaries were in reality salivary glands, also that the oviduct runs down to the orifice described in the 'Monograph of the Cirripedia' as the auditory meatus. Kingsley's 'Life,' vol. ii. p. 171. [page]

F1452.3    Book:     Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

seeds, without pollen be put on the stigma (whereas the small blue Lobelia is visited by bees and does set seed); I mention this because there are such beautiful contrivances to prevent the stigma ever getting its own pollen; which seems only explicable on the doctrine of the advantage of crosses. The paper was supplemented by a second in 1858.* The chief object of these publications seems to have been to obtain information as to the possibility of growing varieties of leguminous plants near

A1195    Review:     Argyll, Duke of. 1887. [Review of] Journal of researches: A great Lesson. The Nineteenth Century, no. CXXII (September): 293-309.   Text   PDF

of walled-in water, calm, green, and gleaming in the middle of the oceanic depths of blue. Did it not look as if there had once been an island in the middle? Did it not look as if the coral ring had been built up upon the rocky foundation of its former shores? Did it not look as if, somehow, this island bad been removed, and the encircling reef had been left alone? Somehow! This could not satisfy Darwin. How could such an island be removed? Its once fringing and encircling reef would have

F1452.3    Book:     Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

, through the action of Worms,' publication of the, i. 98; iii. 217; unexpected success of the, iii. 217, 218. Formica rufa, observations on habits of, iii. 191, 192. Forms, extinction of, ii. 212. Forster, Miss, letter to, iii. 224 note. Fossil bones, given to the College of Surgeons, i. 276. Fox, Rev. William Darwin, i. 4, 51. , authority for the deafness of blue-eyed cats, ii. 348; letters to: i. 174 184, 186, 190; ii. 84, 110; before sailing in the Beagle, i. 205, 211; from Botofogo Bay, i. 233

CUL-DAR242[.52]    Note:    1888   [Emma Darwin's diary for: 1888]   Text   Image

Sunday, 12 February 1888 1g Blue Monday, 13 February 1888 Dr Jackson Lady Wade Verralls Mrs Miss Stokes Horace dined v. well Tuesday, 14 February 1888 Snow — poorly Wednesday, 15 February 1888 well Miss Sharpley lunch — Mr Croft died Thursday, 16 February 1888 Friday, 17 February 1888 Clem. Emily Albert Dicey's lecture Saturday, 18 February 1888 well all week Newalls Protheros Clements Goodharts dined February 188

F1225    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

minute and weak animals, as are often captured, could force their way into the bladders, I tried many experiments to ascertain how this was affected. The free margin of the valve bends so easily that no resistance is felt when a needle or thin bristle is inserted. A thin human hair, fixed to a handle, and cut off so as to project barely of an inch, entered with some difficulty; a longer piece yielded instead of entering. On three occasions minute particles of blue glass (so as to be easily

F1225    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

splinters of white and blue glass, particles of cork, minute bits of gold-leaf, c.; and the proportional number of cases varied much in which the tentacles reached the centre, or moved only slightly, or not at all. One evening, particles of glass and cork, rather larger than those usually employed, were placed on about a dozen glands, and next morning, after 13 hrs., every single tentacle had carried its little load to the centre; but the unusually large size of the particles will account for

F2146    Book:     Harris, Stanford. 1888. Mr. Darwin and the Royal Commission on vivisection, being an inquiry into the foundations of the late Mr. Darwin's statements upon this subject. Manchester: "Guardian" Printing Works.   Text   Image

Commission proved that the accusations were false. This letter was written on April 14, 1881. The evidence which can be obtained from the Blue Book of this Royal Commission to disprove this statement of Mr. Darwin is of two kinds. First, there is the direct evidence of the perpetration of cruelty; secondly, there is what may be described as circumstantial evidence. This latter is really as important as the former: it consists of the opinion of English vivisectors as to what constitutes pain in animals

A1010    Periodical contribution:     Newton, Alfred. 1888. Early days of Darwinism. Macmillan's Magazine 57 (February): 241-249.   Text   PDF

would be useless to indicate the line, even if I could be sure that I remember it, which these frequent discussions took. In a general way I think we used to exhaust ourselves in wonder over some particular cases—the prevalence of blue Foxes in Iceland, the relations between the Red Grouse and the Willow-Grouse, and so forth. Of course we never arrived at anything like a solution of any of these problems, general or special, but we felt very strongly that a solution ought to be [page] 24

A252    Book contribution:     [Darwin, F.] 1888. Darwin, C. R. In L. Stephen and S. Lee eds., Dictionary of national biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co.14: 72-84.   Text   Image

struggle on in search of water when all were suffering from thirst and exhaustion. His face was ruddy, his eyes blue-grey under deep overhanging brows and bushy eyebrows. His high forehead was much [page] 8

CUL-DAR242[.53]    Note:    1889   [Emma Darwin's diary for: 1889]   Text   Image

Sunday, 17 February 1889 !! v. tired Monday, 18 February 1889 Tuesday, 19 February 1889 Wednesday, 20 February 1889 Thursday, 21 February 1889 D. P. Isabel Friday, 22 February 1889 G. Maud dined Blue p. Saturday, 23 February 1889 cold. February 188

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

; W. long.; coloured blue. Flint Island (11 S., 151 W.): Krusenstern believes that it is the same with Peregrino, which is described by Quiros (Burney's Chron. Hist. vol. ii. p. 283) as 'a cluster of small islands connected by a reef, and forming a lagoon in the middle;' coloured blue. Wostock is an island a little more than half a mile in diameter, and apparently quite flat and low, discovered by Bellingshausen; it is situated a little west of Caroline Island, but it is not placed on the French

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

these being in all essential respects closely related. Fringing-reefs, on the other hand, have been coloured dull red, for there is an important distinction between them and barrier-reefs and atolls with respect to the depth beneath the surface, at which, as we must believe, their foundations lie. The two distinct colours, therefore mark two great types of structure. The dark blue colour represents atolls and submerged annular reefs with deep water in their centres. I have coloured a few low

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

this island is in the close vicinity of other low islands, and as it is said that the natives make reservoirs of water in old cocoa-nut trees (which shows the nature of the land), I have no doubt it is an atoll, and have coloured it blue. York Island (8 S., 172 W.) is described by Commodore Byron (chap: x. of his Voyage) as an atoll; blue. Sydney Island (4 S., 172 W.) is about three miles in diameter, with its interior occupied by a lagoon (Captain Tromelin, Annal. Marit. 1829, p. 297

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

remained stationary, or having been upraised with new reefs re-formed on them. Where red and blue circles do occur near each other, I am able, in several instances, to show that there have been oscillations of level; subsidence having preceded the elevation of the red spots; and elevation having preceded the subsidence of the blue spots; and in this case the juxtaposition of reefs belonging to the two great types of structure is little surprising. We find, therefore, that atolls and barrier-reefs

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

AUSTRALIAN BARRIER-REEF. This great reef, which has already been described, has been coloured from the charts of Flinders and King. Jukes has given many details respecting it in the Voyage of H.M.S. Fly (vol. i. 1847, chap. xiii.). In the northern parts, an atoll-formed reef, lying outside the barrier, has been described by Bligh, and is coloured dark blue. In the space between Australia and New Caledonia, called by Flinders the Corallian Sea, there are numerous reefs. Of these, some are

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

the most singular shapes, rise from this bank. Many of them may have been formed by the growth of coral on small abraded islets; but some almost atoll-formed reefs rising from deep water near a promontory in lat. 24 , are probably allied to the barrier class. I have not, however, ventured to colour this portion of coast blue. On the west coast, from lat. 19 to 17 (south of the space coloured blue on the map), there are many low islets of small dimensions not much elongated, and rising out of

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

extensive and deep lagoon: this bank of sand rests on coral-rock, which undoubtedly was once a living reef. North of Bolabola lies the atoll of Toubai (Motou-iti of the Coquille's atlas), which is coloured dark blue; all the islands which are surrounded by barrier-reefs are coloured pale blue: three of them are represented in figures 3, 4, and 5, in Plate I. There are three low coral-groups lying a little W. of the Society Archipelago, and almost forming part of it, namely, Bellingshausen, which

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

far from clear; coloured blue. Washington Island (4 N., 159 W.) is engraved as a low island in D'Urville's chart, but is described by Fanning (p. 226) as having a much greatest elevation than Fanning Island, and hence I presume it is not an atoll; not coloured. Palmyra Island (6 N., 162 W.) is an atoll divided into two parts (Krusenstern's Mem. Suppl. p. 50, also Fanning's Voyage, p. 233); blue. Smyth's, or Johnston's Islands (17 N., 170 W.): Captain Smyth, R.N., has had the kindness to inform me

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

there are breakers nearly all round; 'the water within seems pretty deep in some places; although steep in most parts outside, there appear to be several parts where a ship might find anchorage outside the breakers;' coloured blue. The Paracells have been accurately surveyed by Captain D. Ross, and charts on a large scale published: only a few low islets have been formed on these shoals, and this seems to be a general circumstance in the China Sea; the sea close outside these reefs is deep

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

are surrounded and penetrated by areas of subsidence;1 so that the prevailing movements now in progress, seem to accord with the present state of the great terrestrial and oceanic divisions of the world. The blue spaces on the map are nearly all elongated; such as the great north and south line of atolls in the Indian Ocean, the space between the barrier-reefs of Australia and New Caledonia, the Caroline Archipelago, c. Whether adjoining elongated spaces, running in different directions, have

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

, however, a number of very curious facts showing that colour in animals, as in plants, is often correlated with constitutional differences of a remarkable kind, and as these have a close relation to the subject we are discussing, a brief summary of them will be here given. Correlation of Colour with Constitutional Peculiarities. The correlation of a white colour and blue eyes in male cats with deafness, and of the tortoise-shell marking with the female sex of the same animal, are two well-known

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

. The shrimps and crabs which swarm in the weed are of exactly the same shade of yellow as the weed, and have white markings upon their bodies to represent the patches of Membranipora. The small fish, Antennarius, is in the same way weed-colour with white spots. Even a Planarian worm, which lives in the weed, is similarly yellow-coloured, and also a mollusc, Scyll a pelagica. The same writer tells us that a number of little crabs found clinging to the floats of the blue-shelled mollusc, Ianthina

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

Other Examples of Mimicry among Lepidoptera. In tropical Asia, and eastward to the Pacific Islands, the Danaid take the place of the Heliconid of America, in their abundance, their conspicuousness, their slow flight, and their being the subjects of mimicry. They exist under three principal forms or genera. The genus Eupl a is the most abundant both in species and individuals, and consists of fine broad-winged butterflies of a glossy or metallic blue-black colour, adorned with pure white, or

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

. Many flowers change their colour as soon as fertilised and this is beneficial, as it enables bees to avoid wasting time in visiting those blossoms which have been already fertilised and their nectar exhausted. The common lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis), is at first red, but later turns blue; and H. M ller observed bees visiting many red flowers in succession, but neglecting the blue. In South Brazil there is a species of Lantana, whose flowers are yellow the first day, orange the second, and

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

. Bennett (Grograph. Journ. vol. vii. p. 227) as a narrow, low strop of coral formation; not coloured. Brook is a small, low island between the two latter; its position, and perhaps even existence is doubtful; not coloured. Pescado and Humphrey Islands: I can find out nothing about these island, except that the latter appears to be small and low; not coloured. Rearson, or Grand Duke Alexander's (10 S., 161 W.): an atoll, of which a plan is given by Bellingshausen; blue. Souvoroff Island (13 S., 163

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

once contained a lagoon; uncoloured.1 St. Augustin: from a chart and view of it, given in the atlas of the Coquille's Voyage, it appears to be a small atoll, with its lagoon partly filled up; coloured blue. GILBERT GROUP. The chart of this group, given in the atlas of the Coquille's Voyage, shows that it is composed of ten well-characterized, but very irregularly shaped atolls. In D'Urville and Lottin's chart, Sydenham is written with a capital letter, signifying that it is high; but this

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

at the distance of a mile; and two miles eastward of it (Krusenstern, Append. 1835, p. 42) there is a little island containing a lagoon. Near here, also, lies Circular Reef (Horsburgh Direct. Vol. ii. p. 796, 8th edit.), 'three or four miles in diameter, having deep water inside with an opening at the N.N.W. part: the reef on the outside is steep to.' I have from these data, coloured the group pale blue, and Circular Reef dark blue. The Anachorites, Echequier, and Hermites consist of innumerable

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

shore, and there are spaces within them, not opposite to any valley, from 10 to 15 fathoms deep. According to a MS. chart of the group by Lieut. Elmer in the Admiralty, there is a large space within the reef with deepish water: although the high land does not hold a central position with respect to the reefs, as is generally the case, I have little doubt that the reefs of the Pelew Islands ought to be ranked in the barrier class, and I have coloured them pale blue. In Lieut. Elmer's chart

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

distance of two miles from the shore; in some parts, however, the reef must be attached, since Lieut. Boteler (Narr. vol. i. p. 161) describes a passage through it, within which there is room only for a few boats. Its height, as I am informed by Dr. Allan, is about 3,500 feet; it is very precipitous, and is composed of granite, greenstone, and quartz; coloured blue. Mohilla: on the S. side of this island there is anchorage between a reef and the shore in from 30 to 45 fathoms (Horsburgh, vol

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

depth outside the reef and the slope of the encircled land are both known. In the present edition I have added some new facts and have revised the whole book; the latter chapters having been almost re-written. The appended map of the Pacific and Indian Oceans remains in nearly the same state as before, for I have added only two red and two blue circles. I have removed an active volcano, which was formerly supposed to exist in Torres Straits. An account of a remarkable bar of sandstone off

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

Amargura coloured, for I have not seen plans of them on a large scale, and I do not know whether they are fringed: Amargura is said (Athen um, 1848, p. 40) to have been lately in violent eruption. Niouha, 16 S., 174 W., or Keppel Island of Wallis, or Cocos Island: from a view and chart of this island, given in Wallis's Voyage, (4to edit.) it is evidently encircled by a reef; coloured blue. It is, however, remarkable that Boscawen Island, immediately adjoining, has no reef of any kind

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

Chamisso,1 speaking in general terms of the lagoons in the Marshall atolls, says the lead generally sinks 'from a depth of two or three fathoms to twenty or twenty-four, and you may pursue a line in which on one side of the boat you may see the bottom, and on the other the azure-blue deep water.' The shores of the lagoon-like channel within the barrier-reef at Vanikoro have a similar structure. Captain Beechey has described a modification of this structure (and he believes it is not uncommon

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

relationship, that they compose little sub-groups; in the Caroline Archipelago, one such sub-group consists of Pouynip te, a lofty island encircled by a barrier-reef, and separated by a channel only four miles and a half in width from Andeema atoll, with a second atoll a little further removed. On the direct evidence of the blue spaces in the map having subsided during the upward growth of the reefs thus coloured, and of the red spaces having remained stationary, or having been upraised. With

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

Island probably contains a volcano, and it is only twenty miles distant from the barrier-reef of Mohilla. Ambil volcano, in the Phillippine Archipelago, is distant only a little more than sixty miles from the atoll-formed Appoo reef: and there are two other volcanos on the map within ninety miles of circles coloured blue. But there is not a single active volcano within several hundred miles of group, even a small group, of atolls; and it is clear that a group of atolls, surmounting a number of

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

have been derived from one wild species, the common rock-pigeon (Columba livia). As this is a very important point it is well to state the evidence on which the belief is founded. The wild rock-pigeon is of a slaty-blue 1 See Darwin's Animals and Plants under Domestication, vol. i. pp. 40-42. [page] 9

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

closely allied to each other. The form most akin to our blue tit is the azure tit of Central Asia (Parus azureus); the Parus ledouci of Algeria is very near our coal tit, and the Parus lugubris of South-Eastern Europe and Asia Minor is nearest to our marsh tit. So, our four species of wild pigeons the ring-dove, stock-dove, rock-pigeon, and turtle-dove are not closely allied to each other, but each of them belongs, according to some ornithologists, to a separate genus or subgenus, and has its

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

absolutely hyaline and transparent, but the liver and digestive tract often remain opaque and of a yellow or brown colour, and exactly resemble when seen in the water small pieces of floating seaweed. Such marine organisms, however, as are of larger size, and either occasionally or habitually float on the surface, are beautifully tinged with blue above, thus harmonising with the colour of the sea as seen by hovering birds; while they are white below, and are thus invisible against the wave-foam and

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

sitting. 1 The trees referred to are species of Eucalyptus which abound in Timor. They have whitish or yellowish bark and very open foliage, and it is the intense sunlight casting black curved shadows of one branch upon another, with the white and yellow bark and deep blue sky seen through openings of the foliage, that produces the peculiar combination of colours and shadows to which the colours and markings of this bird have become so closely assimilated. Even such brilliant and gorgeously

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

up its eggs, as its ally the moor-hen usually does. The beautiful blue or greenish eggs of the hedge-sparrow, the song-thrush, the blackbird, and the lesser redpole seem at first sight especially calculated to attract attention, but it is very doubtful whether they are really so conspicuous when seen at a little distance among their usual surroundings. For the nests of these birds are either in evergreens, as holly or ivy, or surrounded by the delicate green tints of our early spring vegetation

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

odour and taste, which lead to their being almost entirely free from attack by insectivorous creatures; they possess a peculiar form and mode of flight, and do not seek concealment; while their colours although very varied, ranging from deep blue-black, with white, yellow, or vivid red bands and spots, to the most delicate semitransparent wings adorned with pale brown or yellow markings are yet always very distinctive, and unlike those of all the other families of butterflies in the same country

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

found at Chontales. The pretty longicorn, Callia albicornis, closely resembles two species of malacoderms (Silis chalybeipennis and Colyphus signaticollis), all being small beetles with red head and thorax and bright blue elytra, and all three have been found at Panama. Many other species of Callia also resemble other malacoderms; and the longicorn genus Lycidola has been named from its resemblance to various species of the Lycid , one of the species here figured (Lycidola belti) being a good

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

by this conspicuous coloration that even the spider-hunting wasps avoid it.2 Locusts and grasshoppers are generally of green protective tints, but there are many tropical species most gaudily decorated with red, blue, and black colours. On the same general grounds as those by which Mr. Belt predicted the inedibility of his conspicuous frog, we might safely predict the same for these insects; but we have fortunately a proof that they are so protected, since Mr. Charles Horne states that one of the

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

usually alike, and Mr. Darwin was only able to find about a dozen cases in which there was any conspicuous difference between them.1 They exhibit, however, numerous sexual characters, in the length of the antenn , and in horns, legs, or jaws remarkably enlarged or curiously modified in the male sex. It is in the family of dragonflies (order Neuroptera) that we first meet with numerous cases of distinctive sexual coloration. In some of the Agrionid the males have the bodies rich blue and the wings

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

coloured flowers to others; but that does not prove, or even render probable, any preference for the colour itself, but only for flowers of certain colours, on account of the more agreeable or more abundant nectar obtained from them. Dr. Schulte called Mr. Darwin's attention to the fact, that in the Diadema bolina the brilliant blue colour surrounding the white spots is only visible when we look towards the insect's head, and this is true of many of the iridescent colours of butterflies, and

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

importance to the perpetuation of the species, that the flowers which bloom intermingled at the same season are usually very distinct both in form and colour. In the sandy districts of Surrey, in the early spring, the copses are gay with three flowers the primrose, the wood-anemone, and the lesser celandine, forming a beautiful contrast, while at the same time the purple and the white dead-nettles abound on hedge banks. A little later, in the same copses, we have the blue wild hyacinth (Scilla

A1015    Book:     Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.   Text

flowering creation subservient to his daily wants. His buttercup, his dandelion, and his meadow-sweet grow thick in every English field. His thyme clothes the hillside; his heather purples the bleak gray moorland. High up among the alpine heights his gentian spreads its lakes of blue; amid the snows of the Himalayas his rhododendrons gleam with crimson light. Even the wayside pond yields him the white crowfoot and the arrowhead, while the broad expanses of Brazilian streams are beautified by

F277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.   Text   Image   PDF

; the coral-islets on the reef are marked by small linear unstippled spaces, on which a few cocoa-nut trees, out of all proportion too large, have been introduced for the sake of clearness. The entire annular reef, which when surrounding an open expanse of water, forms an 'atoll,' and when surrounding one or more high islands, forms an encircling 'barrier-reef,' has a nearly uniform structure, and has been tinted, in order to catch the eye. of a pale blue colour. The reefs in some of the original