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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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On reviewing the above details it is impossible not to be struck with the number of cases in which upraised organic remains, apparently belonging to the recent period, have been found on the shores now fringed by reefs, and which are coloured red on our map. It may, however, be thought that similar proofs of elevation could be found on the coasts coloured blue, and which we have good reason to believe have recently subsided; but such proofs cannot be found, with the few following and doubtful
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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any other atoll, on account of the possibility of a crater or flat bank of rock lying at the proper depth beneath the surface of the water, having afforded a foundation for a ring-formed coral-reef. I have, however, thought myself compelled, from its large size and symmetrical outline, to colour it blue. Some information and references are given by Dana (Corals and Coral Islands, pp. 324, 365) with respect to the reefs and islets extending for 2,000 miles in a N.W. line from Hawaii. SAMOA OR
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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: this therefore seems to be a submerged atoll, and is coloured blue. Savage Island, 19 S., 170 W., has been described by Cook and Forster. The younger Forster (vol. ii. p. 163) says it is about 40 feet high: he suspects that it contains a low plain, which formerly was the lagoon. The Rev. J. Williams gives 100 feet as its height, and he informs me that the reef fringing its shores resembles that round Mangaia; coloured red. FRIENDLY ARCHIPELAGO. Pylstaart Island: judging from the chart in
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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Baring Island, of which little is known (see Krusenstern's Appendix, 1835, p. 149). I have left it uncoloured; but Boston Island I have coloured blue, as it is described (ibid.) as consisting of 14 small islands, which, no doubt, inclose a lagoon, as represented in a chart in the Coquille's atlas. Three islands, Aur, Kawen and Gaspar Rico, are written in the French chart with capital letters; but this is an error, for from the account given by Chamisso in Kotzebue's First Voyage, they are
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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be noticed, excepting by chance; and hence I do not doubt that several of these islands, now left uncoloured, ought to be red. SANTA-CRUZ GROUP. Vanikoro (Fig. 1, Plate I.) offers a striking example of a barrier-reef: it was first described by the Chevalier Dillon, in his Voyage, and was surveyed in the Astrolabe; coloured pale blue. Tikopia and Fataka Islands appear, from the descriptions of Dillon and D'Urville, to have no reefs: Anouda is a low, flat island, surrounded by cliffs, (Astrolabe
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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or horse-shoe formed, like so many other submerged annular reefs, I have ventured to colour it blue. SALOMAN ARCHIPELAGO. The chart in Krusenstern's Atlas shows that these islands are not encircled; and as coral appears, from the works of Surville, Bougainville, and Labillardi re, to grow on their shores, this circumstance, as in the case to the New Hebrides, is a presumption that they are fringed. I cannot find out anything from Dentrecasteaux's Voyage, regarding the southern islands of the
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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Dillon, however, informs me this is not the case with the Baxos de Candelaria.1 Outong Java, according to the Spanish navigator, Maurelle, is thus characterized; but this is the only one which I have ventured to colour blue. NEW IRELAND. The shores of the S.W. point of this island and some adjoining islets, are fringed by reefs as may be seen in the atlases of the Voyages of the Coquille and Astrolabe. M. Lesson observes that the reefs are open in front of each streamlet. The Duke of York's
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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the land, and had formed a broad flat surface, were again to subside, the reefs which grew to the surface during the subsiding movement, would still closely skirt the coast. After some hesitation, I have thought myself justified in leaving these islands coloured blue. MARIANA ARCHIPELAGO, OR LADRONES. Guahan: almost the whole of this island is fringed by reefs, which extent in most parts about a third of a mile from the land. Even where the reefs are most extensive, the water within them is
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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come within the barrier class, and be coloured blue; but I have been forced to leave them uncoloured. The last-mentioned groups are connected with the east end of Ceram by a chain of small islands, of which the small groups of Ceram-laut, Goram, and Keffing are surrounded by very extensive reefs, projecting into deep water, which, as in the last case, I strongly suspect belong to the barrier class; but I have not coloured them. Form the south side of Keffing, the reefs project five miles
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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pale blue. Celebes. The western and northern coasts appear in the charts to be bold and without reefs. Near the extreme northern point, however, an islet in the Straits of Limbe, and part of the adjoining shore, appear to be fringed: the east side of the bay of Manado has deep water, and is fringed by sand and coral (Astrol. Voyage, Hydrog. Part, p. 453 4); this extreme point, therefore, I have coloured red. Captain Keppell, also, speaks (Expedition to Borneo, vol. i. p. 130) of the shore being in
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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-shaped; a third oval reef of the same group is entirely submerged (Lyell, Principles of Geolog., book iii. chap. xviii.);1 coloured blue. Scott's Reefs, lying north of Rowley Shoals, are briefly described by Captain Wickham (Naut. Mag., 1841, p. 440) as of great size, of a circular form, and 'with smooth water within, forming probably a lagoon of great extent. There is a break on the western side, where there probably 1 [Book iii. ch. xlix. 11th edition.] [page] 23
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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is an entrance: the water is very deep off these reefs; coloured blue. Proceeding westward along the great volcanic chain of the East Indian or Malay Archipelago, Solor Strait is represented as fringed in a chart published by Dalrymple from a Dutch MS.; as are parts of Flores, Adenara, and Solor. Horsburgh speaks of coral growing on these shores, and therefore I have no doubt that the reefs are of coral, and have coloured them red. We hear from Horsburgh (vol. ii. p. 602) that a coral flat
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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and gently sloping land. In the Bay of Bonin, between the two southern arms of Celebes, there are numerous coral-reefs; but none of them seem to have an atoll-like structure. I have, therefore, not coloured any of the islands in this part of the sea; I think it, however, exceedingly probable that some of them ought to be blue. I may add that there is a harbour on the S.E. coast of Bouton, which, according to an old chart, is formed by a reef, parallel to the shore, with deep water within; and
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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diameter is about ten miles; there are two well-defined passages leading into the lagoon; close outside and all round the reef, there is no bottom with 70 fathoms; coloured blue. Mindoro: the N.W. coast is represented in several charts as fringed by a reef; and Luban Island is said by Horsburgh (vol. ii. p. 436) to be 'lined by a reef.' Luzon: Mr. Cuming, who has lately investigated with so much success the Natural History of the Philippines, informs me that a length of about three miles of the
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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belt of coral-rock, 'with a basin of deeper water in the center,' and deep sea close outside. Bombay shoals appears (Horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 432) 'to be a basin of smooth water surrounded by breakers.' I have coloured these three shoals blue. The Paraquas Shoals are of a circular form, with deep gaps running through them; not coloured. A bank, gradually shoaling to the depth of 30 fathoms, extends to a distance of about 20 miles from the northern part of Borneo, and to 30 miles from the
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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Vol. vi. p. 29), and most of the reefs are circular; within several of them, as I am informed by Captain Moresby, there is deepish water; these, therefore, have been coloured blue. Directly north of the Laccadives, and almost forming part of the same group, there is a long, narrow slightly-curved bank, rising out of the depths of the ocean, composed of sand shells and decayed coral, with from 23 to 30 fathoms on it. I have no doubt that it has 1 [See Appendix II.][page] 24
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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in a semi-circular manner, round a space about 40 fathoms in depth, sloping to the S.E. to unfathomable depths; they are steep on both sides, but more especially on the ocean-side. Hence this bank closely resembles in structure, and I may add from Captain Moresby's information in composition, Pitt's Bank in the Chagos group; and Pitt's Bank must, from what we know about the great Chagos Bank, be considered as a sunken, half-destroyed atoll; hence coloured blue. Cargados Carajos Bank: its southern
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F277
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1889. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. 3d ed. With a preface to the third edition by Francis Darwin and an appendix by T. G. Bonney. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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formed of pure sand; and thirdly, from knowing that sediment is accumulating in many parts of the West Indies in banks parallel to the shore; I have not ventured to colour this reef as a barrier. To add to my doubts, close outside this barrier-like reef, Turneffe, Lighthouse, and Glover reefs are situated, and these have so completely the form of atolls, that if they had occurred in the Pacific, I should not have hesitated to colour them blue. Turneffe Reef seems almost entirely filled up with low
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Sunday, 17 August 1890 !!! m. sitting out. walking Monday, 18 August 1890 ! Marshalls Ernests went Tuesday, 19 August 1890 N.E rain till 12. B. to Basset Wednesday, 20 August 1890 ! Ailanthus cut down Thursday, 21 August 1890 Lady Derby called Miss Thompson did not see her - Friday, 22 August 1890 Leo Bee came Saturday, 23 August 1890 Furious rain in mg. poorly — G. came blue pill August 189
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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death and final obliteration. In my volume on Coral Formations I have published a map, in which I have coloured all the atolls dark blue, the barrier-reefs pale blue, and the fringing-reefs red. These latter reefs have been formed whilst the land has been stationary, or, as appears from the frequent presence of upraised organic remains, whilst it has been slowly rising: atolls and barrier-reefs, on the other hand, have grown up during the directly opposite movement of subsidence, which movement
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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CHAP. circles consist of atolls, originally by our theory formed during subsidence, but subsequently upheaved; and on the other hand, some of the pale blue or encircled islands are composed of coral-rock, which must have been uplifted to its present height before that subsidence took place, during which the existing barrier-reefs grew upwards. Authors have noticed with surprise, that although atolls are the commonest coral-structures throughout some enormous oceanic tracts, they are entirely
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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BOTOFOGO BAY, RIO JANEIRO. CHAPTER II Rio de Janeiro Excursion north of Cape Frio Great Evaporation Slavery Botofogo Bay Terrestrial Planari ; Clouds on the Corcovado Heavy Rain Musical Frogs Phosphorescent Insects Elater, springing powers of Blue Haze Noise made by a Butterfly Entomology Ants Wasp killing a Spider Parasitical Spider Artifices of an Epeira Gregarious Spider Spider with an unsymmetrical Web. RIO DE JANEIRO April 4th to July 5th, 1832. A few days after our arrival I became
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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. After Tierra del Fuego, the climate felt quite delicious the atmosphere so dry, and the heavens so clear and blue with the sun shining brightly, that all nature seemed sparkling with life. The view from the anchorage is very pretty. The town is built at the very foot of a range of hills, about 1600 feet high, and rather steep. [page] 269 BAY OF VALPARAIS
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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XVIII sovereign with Tahiti. On the lofty and broken pinnacles white massive clouds were piled up, which formed an island in the blue sky, as Eimeo itself did in the blue ocean. The island, with the exception of one small gateway, is completely encircled by a reef. At this distance, a narrow but well-defined brilliantly white line was alone visible, where the waves first encountered the wall of coral. The mountains rose abruptly out of the glassy expanse of the lagoon, included within this
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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XIX arms. The power which the Government possesses, by means of forced labour, of at once opening good roads throughout the country, has been, I believe, one main cause of the early prosperity of this colony. I slept at night at a very comfortable inn at Emu ferry, thirty-five miles from Sydney, and near the ascent of the Blue Mountains. This line of road is the most frequented, and has been the longest inhabited of any in the colony. The whole land is enclosed with high railings, for the
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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Musical frogs Phosphorescent insects Elater, springing powers of Blue Haze Noise made by a Butterfly Entomology Ants Wasp killing a Spider Parasitical Spider Artifices of an Epeira Gregarious Spider Spider with an unsymmetrical web . . . . . . 19-39 CHAPTER III Monte Video Maldonado Excursion to R. Polanco Lazoand Bolas Partridges Absence of trees Deer Capybara, or River Hog Tucutuco Molothrus, cuckoo-like habits Tyrant-flycatcher Mocking-bird Carrion Hawks Tubes formed by lightning House struck
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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CHAP. 13th we ran into an opening in the southern part of Guayatecas, or the Chonos Archipelago; and it was fortunate we did so, for on the following day a storm, worthy of Tierra del Fuego, raged with great fury. White massive clouds were piled up against a dark blue sky, and across them black ragged sheets of vapour were rapidly driven. The successive mountain ranges appeared like dim shadows; and the setting sun cast on the woodland a yellow gleam, much like that produced by the flame of
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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SYDNEY, 1835. CHAPTER XIX AUSTRALIA Sydney Excursion to Bathurst Aspect of the woods Party of natives Gradual extinction of the aborigines Infection generated by associated men in health Blue Mountains View of the grand gulf-like valleys Their origin and formation Bathurst, general civility of the lower orders State of society Van Diemen's Land Hobart Town Aborigines all banished Mount Wellington King George's Sound Cheerless aspect of the country Bald Head, calcareous casts of branches of
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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XIX ferry-boat. The river, although at this spot both broad and deep, had a very small body of running water. Having crossed a low piece of land on the opposite side, we reached the slope of the Blue Mountains. The ascent is not steep, the road having been cut with much care on the side of a sandstone cliff. On the summit an almost level plain extends, which, rising imperceptibly to the westward, at last attains a height of more than 3000 feet. From so grand a title as Blue Mountains, and from
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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CHAPTER XIX Sydney Excursion to Bathurst Aspect of the woods Party of natives Gradual extinction of the aborigines Infection generated by associated men in health Blue Mountains View of the grand gulf-like valleys Their origin and formation Bathurst, general civility of the lower orders State of Society Van Diemen's Land Hobart Town Aborigines all banished Mount Wellington King George's Sound Cheerless aspect of the country Bald Head, calcareous casts of branches of trees Party of natives
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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CHAP. XI Gregory Bay, that is about sixty miles, the difference is still more wonderful. At the former place we have rounded mountains concealed by impervious forests, which are drenched with the rain brought by an endless succession of gales; while at Cape Gregory there is a clear and bright blue sky over the dry and sterile plains. The atmospheric currents,1 although rapid, turbulent, and unconfined by any apparent limits, yet seem to follow, like a river in its bed, a regularly determined
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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outline, on a heavy bank of dark blue clouds. Judging from the appearance, and from similar cases in England, I supposed that the air was saturated with moisture. The fact, however, turned out quite the contrary. The hygrometer gave a difference of 29.6 degrees, between the temperature of the air, and the point at which dew was precipitated. This difference was nearly double [page] 5 ATMOSPHERIC DUS
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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contained very many. In one day we passed through two spaces of water thus stained, one of which alone must have extended over several square miles. What incalculable numbers of these microscopical animals! The colour of the water, as seen at some distance, was like that of a river which has flowed through a red clay district; but under the shade of the vessel's side it was quite as dark as chocolate. The line where the red and blue water joined was distinctly de [page] 17 DISCOLOURED SE
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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lucid, but at a greater distance all colours were blended into a most beautiful haze, of a pale French gray, mingled with a little blue. The condition of the atmosphere between the morning and about noon, when the effect was most evident, had undergone little change, excepting in its dryness. In the interval, the difference between the dew point and temperature had increased from 7 .5 to 17 . On another occasion I started early and walked to the Gavia, or topsail mountain. The air was
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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, where a line of blue water was seen mingling in little eddies with the adjoining fluid. July 26th. We anchored at Monte Video. The Beagle was employed in surveying the extreme southern and eastern coasts of America, south of the Plata, during the two succeeding years. To prevent useless repetitions, I will extract those parts of my journal which refer to the same districts, without always attending to the order in which we visited them. MALDONADO is situated on the northern bank of the Plata, and
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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gales, charged with moisture from the Pacific, prevail, every island on the broken west coast, from lat. 38 to the extreme point of Tierra del Fuego, is densely covered by impenetrable forests. On the eastern side of the Cordillera, over the same extent of latitude, where a blue sky and a fine climate prove that the atmosphere has been deprived of its moisture by passing over the mountains, the arid plains of Patagonia support a most scanty vegetation. In the more northern parts of the continent
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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sometimes their waists, were ornamented by broad bracelets of blue beads. Nothing could be more interesting than some of the family groups. A mother with one or two daughters would often come to our rancho, mounted on the same horse. They ride like men, but with their knees tucked up much higher. This habit, perhaps, arises from their being accustomed, when travelling, to ride the loaded horses. The duty of the women is to load and unload the horses; to make the tents for the night; in short to be
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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CHAP. carried it to a pool of water; not only was the little animal unable to swim, but I think without help it would soon have been drowned. Of lizards there were many kinds, but only one (Proctotretus multimaculatus) remarkable from its habits. It lives on the bare sand near the sea-coast, and from its mottled colour, the brownish scales being speckled with white, yellowish red, and dirty blue, can hardly be distinguished from the surrounding surface. When frightened, it attempts to avoid
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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CHAP. time. The central and intertropical parts of the Atlantic swarm with Pteropoda, Crustacea, and Radiata, and with their devourers the flying-fish, and again with their devourers the bonitos and albicores; I presume that the numerous lower pelagic animals feed on the Infusoria, which are now known, from the researches of Ehrenberg, to abound in the open ocean: but on what, in the clear blue water, do these Infusoria subsist? While sailing a little south of the Plata on one very dark night
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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two and three hundred feet above some masses of porphyry a wide plain extends, which is truly characteristic of Patagonia. The surface is quite level, and is composed of well-rounded shingle mixed with a whitish earth. Here and there scattered tufts of brown wiry grass are supported, and, still more rarely, some low thorny bushes. The weather is dry and pleasant, and the fine blue sky is but seldom obscured. When standing in the middle of one of these desert plains and looking towards the
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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were at night nearly above the tidal influence. The river here assumed a size and appearance which, even at the highest point we ultimately reached, was scarcely diminished. It was generally from three to four hundred yards broad, and in the middle about seventeen feet deep. The rapidity of the current, which in its whole course runs at the rate of from four to six knots an hour, is perhaps its most remarkable feature. The water is of a fine blue colour, but with a slight milky tinge, and not
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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from an oblique position the outlines of the separate and great terminal feathers of each wing; and these separate feathers, if there had been the least vibratory movement, would have appeared as if blended together; but they were seen distinct against the blue sky. The head and neck were moved frequently, and apparently with force; and the extended wings seemed to form the fulcrum on which the movements of the neck, body, and tail acted. If the bird wished to descend, the wings were for a moment
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F59
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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wide mantle of perpetual snow, and numerous cascades pour their waters, through the woods, into the narrow channel below. In many parts, magnificent glaciers extend from the mountain side to the water's edge. It is scarcely possible to imagine anything more beautiful than the beryl-like blue of these glaciers, and especially as contrasted with the dead white of the upper expanse of snow. The fragments which had fallen from the glacier into the water were floating away, and the channel with its
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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invariably given to the right owner. The Fuegian boy, whom Mr. Low had on board, showed, by going into the most violent passion, that he quite understood the reproach of being called a liar, which in truth he was. We were this time, as on all former occasions, much surprised at the little notice, or rather none whatever, which was taken of many things, the use of which must have been evident to the natives. Simple circumstances such as the beauty of scarlet cloth or blue beads, the absence of women
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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, as appearing to lead to another and worse world. The wind was fair, but the atmosphere was very thick; so that we missed much curious scenery. The dark ragged clouds were rapidly driven over the mountains, from their summits nearly down to their bases. The glimpses which we caught through the dusky mass were highly interesting; jagged points, cones of snow, blue glaciers, strong outlines, marked on a lurid sky, were seen at different distances and [page] 256 TIERRA DEL FUEG
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Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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likened to great frozen Niagaras; and perhaps these cataracts of blue ice are full as beautiful as the moving ones of water. By night we reached the western part of the channel; but the water was so deep that no anchorage could be found. We were in consequence obliged to stand off and on in this narrow arm of the sea, during a pitch-dark night of fourteen hours long. June 10th. In the morning we made the best of our way into the open Pacific. The western coast generally consists of low, rounded
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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CHAP. scented. I did not cease from wonder at finding each succeeding day as fine as the foregoing. What a difference does climate make in the enjoyment of life! How opposite are the sensations when viewing black mountains half-enveloped in clouds, and seeing another range through the light blue haze of a fine day! The one for a time may be very sublime; the other is all gaiety and happy life. August 14th. I set out on a riding excursion, for the purpose of geologising the basal parts of the
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Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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humble, quiet, industrious set of men. Although the fertile soil, resulting from the decomposition of the volcanic rocks, supports a rank vegetation, yet the climate is not favourable to any production which requires much sunshine to ripen it. There is very little pasture for the larger quadrupeds; and in consequence, the staple articles of food are pigs, potatoes, and fish. The people all dress in strong woollen garments, which each family makes for itself, and dyes with indigo of a dark blue colour
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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, but hope then to be in the Pacific Ocean, where a blue sky tells one there is a heaven, a something beyond the clouds above our heads. The north-west winds prevailing for the next four days, we only managed to cross a great bay, and then anchored in another secure harbour. I accompanied the Captain in a boat to the head of a deep creek. On the way the number of seals which we saw was quite astonishing: every bit of flat rock and parts of the beach were covered with them. They appeared to be of a
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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; they appeared so diminutive, there being nothing but the bleak mountains with which they could be compared. When near the summit, the wind, as generally happens, was impetuous and extremely cold. On each side of the ridge we had to pass over broad bands of perpetual snow, which were now soon to be covered by a fresh layer. When we reached the crest and looked backwards, a glorious view was presented. The atmosphere resplendently clear; the sky an intense blue; the profound valleys; the wild broken
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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out walking. To the south of the broken tuff-crater, in which the Beagle was anchored, there was another beautifully symmetrical one of an elliptic form; its longer axis was a little less than a mile, and its depth about 500 feet. At its bottom there was a shallow lake, in the middle of which a tiny crater formed an islet. The day was overpoweringly hot, and the lake looked clear and blue: I hurried down the cindery slope, and choked with dust eagerly tasted the water but, to my sorrow, I found
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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CHAP. December19th. In the evening we saw in the distance New Zealand. We may now consider that we have nearly crossed the Pacific. It is necessary to sail over this great ocean to comprehend its immensity. Moving quickly onwards for weeks together, we meet with nothing but the same blue, profoundly deep, ocean. Even within the archipelagoes, the islands are mere specks, and far distant one from the other. Accustomed to look at maps drawn on a small scale, where dots, shading, and names are
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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that near the Weatherboard, but perhaps even more stupendous. So early in the day the gulf was filled with a thin blue haze, which, although destroying the general effect of the view, added to the apparent depth at which the forest was stretched out beneath our feet. These valleys, which so long presented an insuperable barrier to the attempts of the most enterprising of the colonists to reach the interior, are most remarkable. Great armlike bays, expanding at their upper ends, often branch from
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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either a coarse vegetation of thin, low brushwood and wiry grass, or a forest of stunted trees. The scenery resembled that of the high sandstone platform of the Blue Mountains; the Casuarina (a tree somewhat resembling a Scotch fir) is, however, here in greater number, and the Eucalyptus in rather less. In the open parts there were many grass-trees, a plant which, in appearance, has some affinity with the palm; but, instead of being surmounted by a crown of noble fronds, it can boast merely of a tuft
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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brilliant expanse, several miles in width, is on all sides divided, either by a line of snow-white breakers from the dark heaving waters of the ocean, or from the blue vault of heaven by the strips of land, crowned by the level tops of the cocoa-nut trees. As a white cloud here and there affords a pleasing contrast with the azure sky, so in the lagoon bands of living coral darken the emerald green water. [page] 483 NATURAL HISTOR
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Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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white cedar, and the blue gum-wood of New Holland, in a perfectly sound condition. All the hardy seeds, such as creepers, retain their germinating power, but the softer kinds, among which is the mangostin, are destroyed in the passage. Fishing-canoes, apparently from Java, have at times been washed on shore. It is interesting thus to discover how numerous the seeds are, which, coming from several countries, are drifted over the wide ocean. Professor Henslow tells me, he believes that nearly all
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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extremely limited; following the level pathways, on each hand, only glimpses into the wooded valleys below can be obtained. The houses, I may add, and especially the sacred edifices, are built in a peculiar and rather fantastic style of architecture. They are all whitewashed; so that when illumined by the brilliant sun of mid-day, and as seen against the pale blue sky of the horizon, they stand out more like shadows than real buildings. Such are the elements of the scenery, but it is a hopeless
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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CHAP. have beheld, may be ranked the Southern Cross, the cloud of Magellan, and the other constellations of the southern hemisphere the waterspout the glacier leading its blue stream of ice, overhanging the sea in a bold precipice a lagoon-island raised by the reef-building corals an active volcano and the overwhelming effects of a violent earthquake. These latter phenomena, perhaps, possess for me a peculiar interest, from their intimate connexion with the geological structure of the world
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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V surprise, that they were very little less than those of the Rhea but of a slightly different form, and with a tinge of pale blue. This species occurs most rarely on the plains bordering the Rio Negro; but about a degree and a half farther south they are tolerably abundant. When at Port Desire, in Patagonia (lat. 48 ), Mr. Martens shot an ostrich; and I looked at it, forgetting at the moment, in the most unaccountable manner, the whole subject of the Petises, and thought it was a not full
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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it, is 13,210 feet above the sea; and the Portillo ridge, on the Mendoza side, which is 14,305 feet. The lower beds 1 I have heard it remarked in Shropshire, that the water, when the Severn is flooded from long-continued rain, is much more turbid than when it proceeds from the snow melting on the Welsh mountains. D'Orbigny (tom. i. p. 184), in explaining the cause of the various colours of the rivers in South America, remarks that those with blue or clear water have their source in the
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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XV Tupungato, the whole clothed with unbroken snow, in the midst of which there was a blue patch, no doubt a glacier; a circumstance of rare occurrence in these mountains. Now commenced a heavy and long climb, similar to that up the Peuquenes. Bold conical hills of red granite rose on each hand; in the valleys there were several broad fields of perpetual snow. These frozen masses, during the process of thawing, had in some parts been converted into pinnacles or columns,1 which, as they were
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F59
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1890. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle etc. London: John Murray. (First Murray illustrated edition.)
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Blackheath, Australia, 466 Blackwall, Mr., on spiders, 171 Blindness of tucutuco, 53 Blue Mountains, 465 Body, frozen, 93, 263 Bolabola, barrier-reef, 498, 504 Bolas, manner of using, 46, 117 Bombs, volcanic, 524 Bones of the guanaco collected in certain spots, 177 fire made of, 205 recent in Pampas, 142 fossil, 86, 134, 137, 164, 182 Bory St. Vincent on frogs, 407 Boulders, 197, 262 Bramador, El, 385 Brazil, great area of granite, 12 Brazilian whips, etc., 75 Breaches in coral reefs, 502
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A268
Book:
Holder, Charles Frederick. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life and work. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons.
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CHAPTER VIII. THE FOOT OF THE ANDES. At Valparaiso—Andean Life—An Old School-mate—An Ocean Bottom—In the Mines—Hot Springs—Darwin Excites Suspicion— Volcanoes—Tame Birds—The Myopotamus—Predaceous Gulls —Birds Killed by Them. FROM the barren, desolate shores of Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia the Beagle sailed for Valparaiso, where Darwin was to study the features of life along the base of the Andes. He was enthusiastic over the change, finding in the dry, bracing air and clear blue skies
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A268
Book:
Holder, Charles Frederick. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life and work. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons.
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appearance of the water through which the Beagle was sailing. From a rich opalescent-blue, it had changed to a reddish-brown, so that the entire ocean seemed to reflect a copper-bronze hue, weird and uncanny in its aspect. Some of the water, upon being placed under the microscope, appeared to contain large masses of chopped hay, which proved to be confervæ of a reddish tint. Some of the patches covered several miles in extent, entirely changing the tint of the ocean. Darwin comments on the
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A268
Book:
Holder, Charles Frederick. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life and work. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons.
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after generation which have shown similar characteristics. Trotters with a record. are mated; so with running horses, those adapted for the carriage, or the plough, and the result is existing varieties of the domestic horse. Man began with the original blue-rock pigeon, and has produced all the famous varieties—the tumblers, pouters, carriers, and others, this being accomplished by careful and intelligent selection. In dogs, the original companion of early man was a wild animal allied to the
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A268
Book:
Holder, Charles Frederick. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life and work. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons.
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(which was much above the average, and I should say fully six feet), his ponderous brow, and long white beard—the moustache being cut on a line with the lips and slightly brown from the habit of snuff-taking. His deep-set eyes were light blue-gray. He made the impression of a powerful man reduced somewhat by sickness. The massive brow and forehead show in his later photographs, but not so conspicuously as in a life-size head of him when younger, which hung in the parlour. In the brief hours I then
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F1461
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters [abridged edition]. London: John Murray.
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in guiding and stimulating the growing tendency to tolerate or accept the views set forth in the Origin of Species. He gave a series of lectures to working men at the School of Mines in November, 1862. These were printed in 1863 from the shorthand notes of Mr. May, as six little blue books, price 4d. each, under the title, Our Knowledge of the Causes of Organic Nature. Kingsley's Life, vol. ii. p. 171. In the Antiguity of Man, first edition, p. 480, Lyell criticised somewhat severely Owen's
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F1461
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters [abridged edition]. London: John Murray.
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. Though he took no personal share in the management of the garden, he had great delight in the beauty of flowers for instance, in the mass of Azaleas which generally stood in the drawing-room. I think he sometimes fused together his admiration of the structure of a flower and of its instrinsie beauty; for instance, in the case of the big pendulous pink and white flowers of Diclytra. In the same way he had an affection, half-artistic, half-botanical, for the little blue Lobelia. In admiring
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F1461
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters [abridged edition]. London: John Murray.
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small blue Lobelia is visited by bees and does set seed); I mention this because there are such beautiful contrivances to prevent the stigma ever getting its own pollen; which seems only explicable on the doctrine of the advantage of crosses. The paper was supplemented by a second in 1858.* The chief object of these publications seems to have been to obtain information as to the possibility of growing varieties of Leguminous plants near each other, and yet keeping them true. It is curious that
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F1461
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1892. Charles Darwin: his life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters [abridged edition]. London: John Murray.
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nursery garden, whence I bought the seed, and could only hear that it was 'the common blue Lupine,' the man saying 'he was no scholard, and did not know Latin, and that parties who make experiments ought to find out the names.' The book was published May 15th, 1862. Of its reception he writes to Mr. Murray, June 13th and 18th: The Botanists praise my Orchid-book to the skies. Some one sent me (perhaps you) the Parthenon, with a good review. The Athen um* treats me with very kind pity and contempt
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Sunday, 9 April 1893 wr Laura out very tired v. bad night Monday, 10 April 1893 bad day v. hot Leos went Fr B. came Tuesday, 11 April 1893 good day Saw Fr B. Wednesday, 12 April 1893 Carry went baddish night Thursday, 13 April 1893 5.10 6.51 v. b. mg Dr Allbutt better all p.m ex night Friday, 14 April 1893 wr H E L v. g. day till 6 blue pill not good night Saturday, 15 April 1893 wr. W. Villa aders Merano Ausbrian Tyne Leo Bee Litches came. – good night April 189
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Sunday, 14 May 1893 Dr Moore 75° E. wind out Monday, 15 May 1893 wr Elinor 75° Litches went out lots m. tired moved to N. room. g. night Tuesday, 16 May 1893 wr H E L slight rain in mg Laura went v uncomf day ex night Wednesday, 17 May 1893 rain at 8. for some hrs. wr H E L blue pills comf. in evg night. Thursday, 18 May 1893 1.5 7.47 wr Laura v. comf Mrs Newall soft high wind Friday, 19 May 1893 wr Leo – high wind went out Hen came v. comf - Saturday, 20 May 1893 Mrs J. W Clark wind no rain
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Sunday, 10 September 1893 5.29 6.25 wr. Bessy cold sunny Miss Stevens came Monday, 11 September 1893 wr B. cold bright Miss Stevens came Tuesday, 12 September 1893 wr Bessy cold bright !! Wednesday, 13 September 1893 wr Ida W. E D came stomach bad from 12. Thursday, 14 September 1893 5.35 6.15 wr B – st. bad in mg. better pm – Blue pill Friday, 15 September 1893 ex day – wr. Gwenny Boy W. to Scotland not v. hot !!! Saturday, 16 September 1893 wr Mrs Huxley B. G. Hope came rain did not go out
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Sunday, 24 September 1893 !! 5.51 5.52 Bill of Bessy to Anne £1-13-5 Monday, 25 September 1893 £1 to Anne [Mols] Husband ill – wr. Camilla blue pill - Tuesday, 26 September 1893 not out Wednesday, 27 September 1893 came to Cam [2 lines illeg] Thursday, 28 September 1893 pretty good day on sofa in bedroom not v. good night Friday, 29 September 1893 went in bow room till 8.30 ex night Saturday, 30 September 1893 wr Laur and Anne – Anne 34 days 68/- 6 [crossed] saw. G. Maud good night October
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Sunday, 4 March 1894 6.41 5.44 v uncomf day till 12.30 p.m - Monday, 5 March 1894 saw Dr M. Alister Laura came saw her comf p.m ex night Tuesday, 6 March 1894 ex day night Hen came saw Laura 2. Dr M. Alister blue p. Wednesday, 7 March 1894 wr. W. L. Dr Mc. Al – Blue pill Thursday, 8 March 1894 wr Camilla ex p.m night saw Geo Maud ch. Friday, 9 March 1894 wr Rowland – downstairs blue pill - Saturday, 10 March 1894 wr. Mrs Jackson good day ex night March 189
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Sunday, 10 June 1894 3.46 8.13 wr. Rose saw A. Snow – not v. comf – not out – blue pill Monday, 11 June 1894 wr H E L – out – windy blue pill Tuesday, 12 June 1894 wr Dr Moore Ida came bad flat after meals awake till 1-15 draught Wednesday, 13 June 1894 B. to Mr Treves – wr G – comf day – fog not out – blue pill Thursday, 14 June 1894 wro B H E L. out good day w some flat !! 67° Friday, 15 June 1894 Loveridge 10/ - flat from about 11. till 5.30 ex night Saturday, 16 June 1894 wr H E L B. from
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Sunday, 2 December 1894 wr Camilla 7.49 3.51 £1 Mr Jones Kurkhoff for Crittel Monday, 3 December 1894 Dr Allbutt blue pill gouty Tuesday, 4 December 1894 Miss Block Allens bad day for Greek play blue pill sick acid Wednesday, 5 December 1894 Dr A – bad day – r [illeg] appothe Thursday, 6 December 1894 better – up on sofa Friday, 7 December 1894 Hen R. went - Saturday, 8 December 1894 sat. v. g. day in bow room saw G. H Ida December 189
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Sunday, 22 April 1894 4.52 7.6 wr H E L saw Lord Fraser v. g. day - Monday, 23 April 1894 wr. Mrs Collison (£1) W. E. D B. from Wales Carry Fr rode - Tuesday, 24 April 1894 wr H E L. Sara down not v comf blue pill saw Maud - Wednesday, 25 April 1894 wr Leo – down out Nanny A. came Thursday, 26 April 1894 wr. H E L – Carry went out windy Carry went Blue Pill Friday, 27 April 1894 Parslow allowance [Parslow] all – Nanny went – ex day Litches came [Litchfields] Litches came late Dyer called
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Sunday, 4 February 1894 7.36 4.55 uncomf day saw Mildred [50°] W. [illeg] called Monday, 5 February 1894 G. illness of [gouty] symptom bowels began – wr H E L Dr Allbutt Blue pill. Tuesday, 6 February 1894 v. uncomf Dr Allbutt Wednesday, 7 February 1894 ex day Thursday, 8 February 1894 Mildred went Friday, 9 February 1894 saw Effie flat at 9. pm Saturday, 10 February 1894 wr Jessie K – Litches Urith C. came - February 189
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Sunday, 18 March 1894 6.10 6.8 wr Laura Leo. came !!! out Monday, 19 March 1894 Leo went wr. Hen Downstairs saw H. Ida - Tuesday, 20 March 1894 wr Carry Sara out saw Dora P. v. wakeful night Wednesday, 21 March 1894 wr H E L. uncomf day ex night blue pill Thursday, 22 March 1894 wr Elinor D H. E L – W. Sara came W. Sara came Friday, 23 March 1894 !!! not down saw G. Saturday, 24 March 1894 !!! wr H E L out ex day March 189
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Sunday, 8 April 1894 5.22 6.43 70° out in road Maud children Monday, 9 April 1894 wr. Mrs Osbourne £6 uncomf mg – out – blue pill Tuesday, 10 April 1894 wrote Cam £10 comf out !!! Wednesday, 11 April 1894 wr W. E D out 73° Prof. Newton Thursday, 12 April 1894 wr. Mrs Forrest Mrs Os. Friday, 13 April 1894 wr Mrs Os – walked downstairs Saturday, 14 April 1894 wr. Mrs Ruck C A T- Litches went Leo Bee to Orchard saw them in evg - April 189
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Sunday, 15 April 1894 5.1 6.44 saw L. Bee twice rain wind Monday, 16 April 1894 uncomf day Bessy to Aberdovey out wr. H E L. Carry came blue pill Tuesday, 17 April 1894 wr Bessy Jessie K – out rain Maud ch. to tea Wednesday, 18 April 1894 w H E L. Mary Anne much rain cold Thursday, 19 April 1894 B. to school wr. Bessy G. Friday, 20 April 1894 wr H. E L. a scrap drove out bad flat in night Saturday, 21 April 1894 wr B – uncomf till p.m Dr Allbutt Ex night not down April 189
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| 26% |
Sunday, 6 May 1894 4.25 7.29 wr Laura out in road g. day - Monday, 7 May 1894 wr Leo Harrison went out B to Hans Place Litches went B. to Hans Place Tuesday, 8 May 1894 wr W – out – dull day Miss Mann called B. from Hans Pl – Wednesday, 9 May 1894 wr Hen windy not out dinner party of L.W. ladies Thursday, 10 May 1894 out not v. brisk saw Horace_ Friday, 11 May 1894 wr H E L r uncomf. w flat Saturday, 12 May 1894 Dr Allbutt W. E D came Blue Pill May 189
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| 26% |
Sunday, 3 June 1894 349 87 wr B. Lil Fund £10 in New room awake till 12. sl. draught Blue Pill Monday, 4 June 1894 in New room saw B. Pearce comf day – m. rain Tuesday, 5 June 1894 comf day saw B. Pearce Wednesday, 6 June 1894 H. E L went cold rain down. saw Mrs Sales - Thursday, 7 June 1894 wr H E L. Anne 10/. to her mother out to sand walk Friday, 8 June 1894 wr L. Thompson £1 to Mrs Bestall – wr Mrs Forrest – out saw Betsey – wr C. Parker Saturday, 9 June 1894 out in sand walk saw Parslow
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| 26% |
[Litchfields] out ex day Blue pill June 189
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| 21% |
Sunday, 13 May 1894 4.14 7.40 wr H E L g. day out in road wr Snow — about Miss Cobbe Monday, 14 May 1894 out not brisk Blue pill Tuesday, 15 May 1894 wr Snow again bad day w. flat Iodine potion (left off) C. Thorley. came Wednesday, 16 May 1894 baddish day – saw C. A T. 3 times good night Dr Allbutt Thursday, 17 May 1894 C. A T. went wr Snow – uncomf till evg – began cocoa at 6.30 ex night Friday, 18 May 1894 Miss Cobbe affair upset me – more comf in p.m ex night began gentian Dr Allbutt
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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, the plain yellows, and the occasional patches of red, or blue, or orange that adorn our European species, we meet with the most intense metallic blues, the purest satiny greens, the most gorgeous crimsons, not in small spots but in large masses, relieved by a black border or background. In others we have contrasted bands of blue and orange, or of crimson and green, or of silky yellow relieved by velvety black. In not a few the wings are powdered over with scales and spangles of metallic green
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Sunday, 10 February 1895 7.26 5.4 3° wr H E L. Monday, 11 February 1895 23° 34° wr H E L Dr Allbutt Tuesday, 12 February 1895 12° wr H E L saw G – Dinner party Fosters Mr Sidgwick c blue pill Wednesday, 13 February 1895 wr Mrs Lister fine - Thursday, 14 February 1895 wr L. L Jace to Girling W. came Friday, 15 February 1895 30 in day wr Hen – Saturday, 16 February 1895 25° 35° in day Alice BC. came - February 189
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Sunday, 10 March 1895 6.28 5.54 wr Emily T. fine day Monday, 11 March 1895 Leo Bee went Litches went B. back from Windsor Tuesday, 12 March 1895 50° wr H E L out [crossed] Wednesday, 13 March 1895 50° !! out Thursday, 14 March 1895 40° wr H E L - Friday, 15 March 1895 55° wr Amy W - Jane Moss £1 out. saw Mrs Huddleston bad night ill 4 Saturday, 16 March 1895 Dr M' Alister no appetite blue pill March 189
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| 26% |
Sunday, 17 March 1895 6.12 6.6 better appetite Mrs Lister 10/ sleep dr. Ida H. down to Shelford Monday, 18 March 1895 wr Hen m. better up till 8 saw G - Tuesday, 19 March 1895 B. to M. Shaen Carry came – saw G. Maud after M. Alister's wedding uncomf day Wednesday, 20 March 1895 wr Hen B. blue pill — 2 1/2 g Thursday, 21 March 1895 60 !! wr B better wr H Friday, 22 March 1895 60 !!! wr H E L out saw Ida in garden ex night Saturday, 23 March 1895 wr B. March 189
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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nature and on the general laws of its development. Among naturalists, colour was long thought to be of little import, and to be quite untrustworthy as a specific character. The numerous cases of variability of colour led to this view. The occurrence of white blackbirds, white peacocks, and black leopards, of white blue-bells, and of white, blue, or pink milk-worts, led to the belief that colour was essentially unstable, that it could therefore be of little or no importance, and belonged to quite
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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dark, although this part is exposed to the blue and white light of the sky and clouds, while their bellies are very generally white, although these are constantly subjected to the deep blue or dusky green light from the bottom. It is evident, however, that these two tints have been acquired for concealment and protection. Looking down on the dark back of a fish it is almost invisible, while, to an enemy looking up from below, the light undersurface would be equally invisible against the light of
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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very remarkable, being rich steel-blue black, crossed by broad hairy bands of orange buff, and out of the many thousands of known species of Longicorns they are probably the only two which are so coloured. The Nemophas grayi is the larger, stronger, and better armed insect, and belongs to a more widely spread and dominant group, very rich in species and individuals, and is therefore most probably the subject of mimicry by the other species. Beetles mimicking other Insects We will now adduce a
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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about a dozen species of Eunica, which are of large size and conspicuous from their liveries of glossy dark blue and purple. A superbly adorned creature, the Callithea markii, having wings of a thick texture, coloured sapphire-blue and orange, was only an occasional visitor. On certain days, when the weather was very calm, two small gilded species (Sym [page] 27
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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richly banded with yellow or orange. The Pompilid comprise an immense number of large and handsome insects, with rich blue-black bodies and wings and exceedingly long legs. They may often be seen in the forests dragging along large spiders, beetles, or other insects they have captured. Some of the smaller species enter houses and build earthen cells, which they store with small green spiders rendered torpid by stinging, to feed the larv . The Eumenid are beautiful wasps with very long pedunculated
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Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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farthest towards the pole, being found not only in New Zealand, but as far as the Macquarie islands in 54 south, where the climate is very cold and boisterous, but sufficiently uniform to supply vegetable food throughout the year. There is hardly any part of the equatorial zone in which the traveller will not soon have his attention called to some members of the parrot tribe. In Brazil the great blue and yellow or crimson macaws may be seen every evening wending their way homeward in pairs, almost
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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themselves. Some of these are bright blue, others are adorned with yellow stripes, or have a red body with blue legs. Of the smaller tree-frogs of the tropics there must be hundreds of species still unknown to naturalists. X [page] 30
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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blue in the female, as in Psittacula diopthalma. In many South American Papilios, green spots on the male are represented by red on the female; and in several species of the genus Epicalia, orange bands in the male are replaced by blue in the female, a similar change of colour to that in the small parrot above referred to. For fuller details of the varieties of sexual coloration we refer our readers to 2 A [page] 35
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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successively sensations of orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, all fading imperceptibly into each other. Then come more invisible rays, of shorter wavelength and quicker recurrence, which produce, solely or chiefly, chemical effects. The red rays, which first become visible, have been ascertained to recur at the rate of 458 millions of millions times in a second, the length of each wave being 1/36900 of an inch; while the violet rays, which last remain visible, recur 727 millions of
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A238
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1895. Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology. London: Macmillan.
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white; when all are absorbed the colour is black. If blue rays only are absorbed the resulting colour is orange-red; and generally, whatever colour an object appears to us, it is because the complementary colours are absorbed by it. The reason why rays of only certain refrangibilities are reflected, and the rest of the incident light absorbed by each substance, is supposed to depend upon the molecular structure of the body. Chemical action almost always implies change of molecular structure; hence
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