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F1574a
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part I. First notebook [B] (July 1837-February 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (2) (January): 23-73.
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emboitement of all future generations within the parent involved predetermination which could not admit of modification; and Immanuel Kant, who repudiated it because otherwise evolution would have occurred, and he believed that it had not. As Loren Eiseley2 has remarked, it only remains to underline the irony with which this fallacy has been identified with the name of Lamarck who did not invent it. The term Lamarckism should in all justice be applied to evolution itself, since he was the first
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F1574a
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part I. First notebook [B] (July 1837-February 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (2) (January): 23-73.
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between Erasmus Darwin's volition and Lamarck's inner feeling as agents made responsible for evolution is remarkable, but there is no reason to suppose that the latter owed anything to the former; still less to imagine that Darwin was not speaking the truth when he said of Lamarck's work that he got not a fact or idea from it . Charles Lyell's work, without any doubt, exerted the most important influence on Darwin's thought. Curiously enough, this was not because of any facts which enabled Darwin to
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F1574a
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part I. First notebook [B] (July 1837-February 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (2) (January): 23-73.
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selection by which extinction was brought about:2 A faint image of the certain doom of a species less fitted to struggle with some new condition in a region which it previously inhabited, and where it has to contend with a more vigorous species, is presented by the extirpation of savage tribes of man by the advancing colony of some civilized nation. But as Lyell in these early years refused to accept evolution, natural selection had no part to play in bringing it about in his scheme. Lyell recognized
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F1574d
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. de Beer, G. ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part IV, Fourth notebook [E] (October 1838-10 July 1839). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (5) (September): 151-183.
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. Another case of inversion is provided by Lyell's attempt to use the principle of uniformitarianism to show that evolution could not have occurred, because catastrophism involved progressionism and catastrophism must be rejected.1 Again as a result of Darwin's work, it is now clear that application of the principle of uniformitarianism shows that evolution must have occurred, because organic progressionism is the only correct interpretation of the facts in spite of catastrophism being erroneous
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:147. 1836 History of British fishes, 1843 History of British birds. CD discussed evolution with before Origin. Tegetmeier claimed that Y introduced him to CD. Paul van Helvert John van Wyhe, Darwin: A Companion, 2021. 2 Thomas Campbell Eyton. Some remarks upon the theory of hybridity , Mag. Nat. Hist. N.S., vol. 1, 1837, p. 357. [deB] 3 John Gould. Observations on some species of the genus Motacilla of Linnaeus. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, September 1837. p. 459. Distinction between Motacilla flava
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F1574a
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part I. First notebook [B] (July 1837-February 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (2) (January): 23-73.
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theory of descent explains certain large classes of facts; in these respects I received no assistance from my predecessors. In arriving at a just appraisal of Darwin's character, this quoted passage is very important, and his contention is correct. Some of his predecessors, as will be seen, acknowledged evolution but had no notion of any mechanism adequate to explain its cause, let alone any idea of natural selection; two contemporaries1 recognized natural selection but used it to prove that
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F1574a
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part I. First notebook [B] (July 1837-February 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (2) (January): 23-73.
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disappointed, the proportion of speculation being so large to the facts given in the work of his grandfather. One observation Darwin did cull from Erasmus Darwin's Zoonomia, as the First Notebook shows (p. I), namely that sexual reproduction is conducive to variation, whereas asexual reproduction allows of none.4 This fact, which has no direct bearing of Erasmus Darwin's views on evolution, became the basis of Darwin's views on the supply of variation. Lamarck5 believed in the mutability of species
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F1574a
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part I. First notebook [B] (July 1837-February 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (2) (January): 23-73.
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work . The clock had been provided with a mainspring. There is another point on which the First Notebook throws light, for it contains a splendid discussion of the principle of branching and sub-branching of the evolutionary tree (pp. 21, 22), and this shows that Darwin had already grasped fully the principle of divergence. This emerges also from his query whether Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire visualized evolution as having taken place in straight or in branching lines (p. 113). The question naturally
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F1574d
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. de Beer, G. ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part IV, Fourth notebook [E] (October 1838-10 July 1839). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (5) (September): 151-183.
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meet, they act precisely like two species of animals, they fight, eat each other, bring diseases to each other c, but then comes the most deadly struggle, namely which have the best fitted organization, or instincts (i.e. intellect in man) to gain the day (IV 63). It is not difficult in this passage to recognize experiences which Darwin underwent during the voyage of the Beagle. With regard to the evolution of man and the question whether his ancestors were bimanous or quadruped, Darwin had
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F3484
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1909. [Letter to F. W. Hope, 1837, 19 letters to R. Trimen, 1863-71]. In E. B. Poulton ed. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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far the species of the same genus differ in the ocelli. As I know from your Orchid Drawings how skilful an artist you are, perhaps it would not give you much more trouble to sketch any variable ocelli than to describe them.—I am very much obliged to you for so kindly assisting 1 For a further account of this and other uses of these markings, together with references to the Original memoirs, see' eye-spots' in index of Essays on Evolution (1908), 424. [page] 23
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F3484
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1909. [Letter to F. W. Hope, 1837, 19 letters to R. Trimen, 1863-71]. In E. B. Poulton ed. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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females.3 My friend Mr. Harry Eltringham has recently pointed out to me a passage, marked by much confusion of thought, in Hewitson's Exotic Butterflies, which might be read as an anticipation 1 See' dardanus' in index of Essays on Evolution (1908), 414; also Plate XXIII in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1908 J, 427-45. 2 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1874), 137. 3 E. M. M. (Oct., 1874), 113. 4 London, 1862-66, III: text of plate' Nymphalidæ. Diadema iii.: (pages unnumbered). [page] 23
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F1574a
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part I. First notebook [B] (July 1837-February 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (2) (January): 23-73.
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simplification. cf. also Jean Rostand. L' tat pr sent du transformisme, Paris 1931, p. 13. 2 Charles Lyell. Principles of Geology, London 1832. vol. 2, p. II which contains the first use in English of the term evolution in its present accepted sense. 3 Eiseley. Charles Darwin, Edward Blyth, and the theory of natural selection. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. 103, 1959, p. 108. 4 Sir Ronald Fisher. Retrospect of the criticisms of the theory of natural selection , Evolution as a Process edited by Julian
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F1574a
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part I. First notebook [B] (July 1837-February 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (2) (January): 23-73.
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will be profitable to consider the legacies of Darwin's immediate predecessors and the contributions of his contemporaries that were known to him. First comes Erasmus Darwin.4 Erasmus Darwin believed in the transmutation of species and evolution because of the observed changes undergone by organisms during their life-history, the changes brought about by domestication and resulting from hybridization, and monstrous 1 William Sharp MacLeay. Horae entomologicae, London 1819-21. The Quinarian System
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F1574a
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part I. First notebook [B] (July 1837-February 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (2) (January): 23-73.
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fundamental difference between the Darwinian view of fortuitous variation (which has been experimentally demonstrated by Sir Ronald Fisher as correct), and all other attempts to explain evolution as due to adaptively directed mutation. It is at the base of the argument about design. If variation were designed, as Darwin wrote1 to Asa Gray, 26th November 1860, you would have to believe that the tail of the Fantail was led to vary in the number and direction of its feathers in order to gratify
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F1574a
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part I. First notebook [B] (July 1837-February 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (2) (January): 23-73.
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to Lyell about the succession of forms, Darwin forgot that he had himself published a paper on this subject in 1837. In 1860 when writing4 to Baden Powell he excused himself for not having given a list of his predecessors who rejected special creation, saying that he had attempted no history of the subject; yet later on the same day he remembered that he had a year or two previously drafted a Historical Sketch for his large work on evolution, in which Powell's name was mentioned with honour. All
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F1574a
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part I. First notebook [B] (July 1837-February 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (2) (January): 23-73.
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well worth while to study profoundly the origin and history of every terrestrial mammalia, especially moderately large ones. 1 Jean Baptiste de Lamarck. See Introduction. 2 Darwin means that arguments against the formation of species are absurd. The argument about the evolution of the otter through intermediate forms is developed in the Essay of 1844, p. 152. 3 Leonard Jenyns, afterwards Blomefield. Probably personal communication. 4 Thomas Bell. A History of British Quadrupeds, London 1837; pp
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F1574b
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part II. Second notebook [C] (February to July 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (3) (May): 75-118.
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varieties of many ages standing will not readily breed together (II 30). This may be compared with T. H. Huxley's caveat that Darwin had not proved his point until he could show that natural selection had led to sterility between divergent products of evolution. Darwin realized this diffi- 1cf. Developments in the study of animal communications by P. Marler, in Darwin's Biological Works, edited by P. R. Bell, Cambridge 1959, pp. 150-206. [page] 7
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F1574b
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part II. Second notebook [C] (February to July 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (3) (May): 75-118.
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realized that if species had not been separated and specially created, there must have been a mechanism of evolution. Before he hit upon the principle of natural selection his views on this problem could not be very precise, but the notion of competition appears in the following passage, albeit without defined penalties for the losers: Once grant that species and genus may pass into each other, grant that one instinct to be acquired (if the medullary point in ovum has such organization as to
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F1574c
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part III. Third notebook [D] (July 15 to October 2nd 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (4) (July):119-150.
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these principles and used this argument for the express purpose of discrediting the theory of evolution by natural selection. Other critics, more recent, have accepted Darwin's conclusions but claimed that he was mistaken in thinking that he had arrived at them inductively and even reproached him for speculating in his Notebooks, as if it was reprehensible. Darwin himself always maintained that he had used induction and wrote1 in his Autobiography that he worked on the true Baconian principles
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F1574c
Pamphlet:
de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part III. Third notebook [D] (July 15 to October 2nd 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2 (4) (July):119-150.
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reasons which led Darwin to abandon the view of the immutability of species and to accept the hypothesis of transmutation or evolution. It is noteworthy that the three facts which started Darwin on his train of thought do not figure in this exposition, and this is a measure of the amount of consideration which Darwin had given to the problem between the time when he was in the Beagle and July 1837 when he opened his First Notebook on Transmutation of Species. As the problem was one of differences
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