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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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the finest expression that science has yet known—if it has known it—of the kernel-idea of what is called bathmism, the idea of an inherent growth-force —and at the same time he held that the way of life powerfully reacts upon all form and that the orderly growth of form yields to change from externally acting causes. Besides Buffon, Erasmus Darwin, Lamarck, Treviranus, and Goethe, there were other pioneers of evolution, whose views have been often discussed and appraised. tienne Geoffroy Saint
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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comprehensively studied that new class of evidence from which hereafter a true understanding of the process of Evolution may be developed. We each prefer our own standpoint of admiration; but I think that it will be in their wider aspect that his labours will most command the veneration of posterity. A treatise written to advance knowledge may be read in two moods. The reader may keep his mind passive, willing merely to receive the impress of the writer's thought; or he may read with his attention strained
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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, and all hypotheses of a mystic character. It was clear from the first that it was essential, in the monistic conception of evolution, to distinguish between the laws of conservative and progressive heredity. Conservative heredity maintains from generation to generation the enduring characters of the species. Each organism transmits to its descendants a part of the morphological and physiological qualities that it has received from its parents and ancestors. On the other hand, progressive
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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hypothetical elements. The experiments that have been devised to demonstrate their existence really prove nothing. It seems to me quite improper to describe this hypothetical structure as Neodarwinism. Darwin was just as convinced as Lamarck of the transmission of acquired characters and its great importance in the scheme of evolution. I had the good fortune to visit Darwin at Down three times and discuss with him the main principles of his system, and on each occasion we were fully agreed as to the
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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discriminating combination of the three great records—morphology, ontogeny, and palaeontology—was provided in the three volumes of my Systematische Phylogenie2 (1894 Protists and Plants, 1895 Vertebrates, 1896 Invertebrates). In my Anthropogenie3 I endeavoured to employ all the known facts of comparative ontogeny (embryology) for the purpose of completing my scheme of human phylogeny (evolution). I attempted to sketch the historical development of each organ of the body, beginning with the most
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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selection plays the same part as in the transformation of every other physiological function. The higher moral qualities of civilised man have been derived from the lower mental functions of the uncultivated barbarians and savages, and these in turn from the social instincts of the mammals. This natural and monistic psychology of Darwin's was afterwards more fully developed by his friend George Romanes in his excellent works Mental Evolution in Animals and Mental Evolution in Man1. Many valuable
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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altered. Higher organisation, judged by the test of success, is thus purely relative to the changing conditions, a fact of which we have a striking illustration in the sudden incoming of the Angiosperms with all their wonderful floral adaptations to fertilisation by the higher families of Insects. II. PHYLOGENY. The question of phylogeny is really inseparable from that of the truth of the doctrine of evolution, for we cannot have historical evidence that evolution has actually taken place without at
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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known, cannot, in the nature of things, throw any direct light on what is perhaps the most disputed question in the morphology of plants—the origin of the alternating generations of the higher Cryptogams and the Spermophyta. At the earliest period to which terrestrial plants have been traced back all the groups of Vascular Cryptogams were in a highly advanced stage of evolution, while innumerable Seed-plants—presumably the descendants of Cryptogamic ancestors—were already flourishing. On the
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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have to undertake in connection with the development of Darwin's ideas on the subject of evolution: First. How, when, and under what conditions was Darwin led to a conviction that species were not immutable, but were derived from pre-existing forms? Secondly. By what lines of reasoning and research was he brought to regard natural selection as a vera causa in the process of evolution? 1 Mr Francis Darwin has related how his father occasionally came up from Down to spend a few days with his brother
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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the evolutionary work, and despised himself for belonging to the blessed gang of compilers. And he correspondingly rejoiced in the employment of his wonderful power of observation in the physiological problems which occupied so much of his later life. But inasmuch as he felt evolution to be his life's work, he regarded himself as something of an idler in observing climbing plants, insectivorous plants, orchids, etc. In this physiological work he was to a large extent urged on by his passionate
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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evolution rendered possible. Such is the logical outcome of Darwin's teaching. Those who abide by the cardinal results of this teaching are bound to regard all behaviour as the expression of the functional activities of the living tissues of the organism, and all conscious experience as correlated with such activities. For the purposes of scientific treatment, mental processes are one mode of expression of the same changes of which the physiological processes accompanying behaviour are another
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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XXII THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONCEPTION OF EVOLUTION ON MODERN PHILOSOPHY BY H. H FFDING. Professor of Philosophy in the University of Copenhagen. I. IT is difficult to draw a sharp line between philosophy and natural science. The naturalist who introduces a new principle, or demonstrates a fact which throws a new light on existence, not only renders an important service to philosophy but is himself a philosopher in the broader sense of the word. The aim of philosophy in the stricter sense is to
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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conclusions in regard to the evolution of living beings, which are the outcome of Darwinism, from the particular explanations it offers of the ways and means by which that evolution is effected. That is to say, we must, as far as possible, estimate separately the influence of Darwin as an evolutionist and Darwin as a selectionist. The nineteenth century, said Cournot, has witnessed a mighty effort to r int grer l'homme dans la nature. From divers quarters there has been a methodical reaction against
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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personality, that the religious spirit in the course of its evolution through ancient magic and modern mysticism is ever blindly yet persistently moving. Be this as it may, it is by thinking of religion in the light of evolution, not as a revelation given, not as a r alit faite but as a process, and it is so only, I think, that we attain to a spirit of real patience and tolerance. We have ourselves perhaps learnt laboriously something of the working of natural law, something of the limitations of our
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Mme Curie had prepared as much as a gramme of radium chloride, the energy of the radiation became apparent as an evolution of heat. The radium salt itself, and the case containing it, absorbed the major part of the radiation, and were thus maintained at a temperature measurably higher than that of the surroundings. The rate of thermal evolution was such that it appeared that one gramme of pure radium must emit about 100 gramme-calories of heat in an hour. This observation, naturally as it
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Angiosperms, evolution of, 205-212, 313-316 Anglicus, Bartholomaeus, 487 Ankyroderma, 31 Anomma, 35 Antedon rosacea, 249 Antennularia antennina, 262, 263 Anthropops, 127 Ants, modifications of, 34-36, 39 Arber, E. A. N., 213, 214 —and J. Parkin, on the origin of Angiosperms, 221 Archaeopteryx, 196 Arctic regions, velocity of development of life in, 257 Ardigo, 453, 454 Argelander, 556, 560 Argyll, Huxley and the Duke of, 488 Aristotle, 5, 487, 490 Arrhenius, 249 Asterias, Loeb on hybridisation of
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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experimental study in relation to, 247-270 Eohippus, 190, 191 Epicurus, a poet of Evolution, 5 Eristalis, 57 Ernst, 378 Ernst, A., on the Flora of Krakatau, 317, 318 Eschscholzia californica, 414-417 Espinas, 473 Eudendrium racemosum, 260 Evolution, in relation to Astronomy, 543-564 —and creation, 485 —conception of, 4-6, 9, 139, 141, 447 —discontinuous, 23, 67 —experimental, 6, 7 —factors of, 10-13 —fossil plants as evidence of, 200 —and language, 512 —of matter, W. C. D. Whetham on, 565, 582
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A241
Periodical contribution:
Bryce, James. 1909. Personal Reminiscences of Charles Darwin and of the Reception of the "Origin of Species". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 48 (193) (September): iii-xiv.
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tive. But the specific doctrine of evolution, as applied to history, is not a new thing. In history it is a very old thing. All thoughtful and penetrating historians have always seen and recognized that there was constant progress and growth in human affairs, not necessarily permanent and perpetual progress, but at any rate change. They have recognized that there has been a process of flux and a ceaseless development always going on through human society. The process of change in ideas takes
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A241
Periodical contribution:
Bryce, James. 1909. Personal Reminiscences of Charles Darwin and of the Reception of the "Origin of Species". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 48 (193) (September): iii-xiv.
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development by a constant series of small changes. That is in the historical sphere, what we mean by evolution. So it has always been known that the stronger races survive and weaker races perish; that efficient institutions that is to say, such as are fitted to stand the strain of strife maintain themselves in the struggle for life, while other and weaker institutions, which do not so well hold men together, and give strength and vigor and vitality to the body politic, disappear. This is one of the
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A279
Pamphlet:
Darwin, George and Francis Darwin eds. 1909. Darwin celebration, Cambridge, June, 1909. Speeches delivered at the banquet held on June 23rd. Cambridge: Cambridge Daily News.
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from — I may not say quite apart, but distinct from — that great generalisation with which his name is immortally connected. Let us assume that Darwin was not the author of the theory of the Origin of Species ; let us assume that the great work which he did in connection with the ideas of the evolution of human beings had never taken place. Would he not still rank as one of the most remarkable investigators whom we have ever seen? I am, of course, not qualified to speak as an expert upon this
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