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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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XXVI EVOLUTION AND THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE BY P. GILES, M.A., LL.D. (Aberdeen), Reader in Comparative Philology in the University of Cambridge. IN no study has the historical method had a more salutary influence than in the Science of Language. Even the earliest records show that the meaning of the names of persons, places, and common objects was then, as it has always been since, a matter of interest to mankind. And in every age the common man has regarded himself as competent without special
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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configuration, happened to be shot out with the enormous velocity needed to ionize the surrounding gas. No evidence for such ray-less changes in ordinary elements is yet known, perhaps none may ever be obtained; but the possibility should not be forgotten. In the strict sense of the word, the process of atomic disintegration revealed to us by the new science of radio-activity can hardly be called evolution. In each case radio-active change involves the breaking up of a heavier, more complex atom into
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A211
Book:
Geikie, A. 1909. Charles Darwin as geologist: The Rede Lecture given at the Darwin Centennial Commemoration on 24 June 1909. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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characteristic phase in the evolution of opinion regarding the phenomena of the Ice-Age. At first the so-called Drift, also scattered boulders and striated rock-surfaces, were all attributed to powerful debacles produced by earthquake shocks whereby the sea was violently launched across the surface of the land. When the idea gained ground that ice had in some way helped in these operations, the superficial accumulations were still regarded as having been deposited in the sea, over which
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A288
Pamphlet:
Hovey, Edmund Otis ed. 1909. Darwin memorial celebration. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 19, no. 1, Part 1 (31 July): 1-40.
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aspects of the process of evolution of the human species, of other animals and of plants, with special reference to the Darwinian principle of natural selection. The exhibits were assembled and arranged by a subcommittee under the chairmanship of Professor Henry E. Crampton. The following general catalogue of the exhibition indicates its plan and scope. A VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION The exhibits demonstrate the results obtained by man with plants and animals which have been under cultivation
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A288
Pamphlet:
Hovey, Edmund Otis ed. 1909. Darwin memorial celebration. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 19, no. 1, Part 1 (31 July): 1-40.
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of once-useful parts, that have undergone regressive evolution. Rudimentary structures often occur in some forms, while in related species they reach a far higher degree of development. [page] 1
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A288
Pamphlet:
Hovey, Edmund Otis ed. 1909. Darwin memorial celebration. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 19, no. 1, Part 1 (31 July): 1-40.
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. Darwin. 48. Prehistoric Europe. By James Geikie. London, 1881. Quotes letters from Charles Darwin on Southampton gravels. 49. Studies in the Theory of Descent. By Weismann. London, 1882. Prefatory note by Charles Darwin. 50. The Fertilization of Flowers. By M ller. London, 1883. Preface by Charles Darwin. 51. Mental Evolution in Animals. By Romanes. New York, 1884. Posthumous essay on Instinct by Charles Darwin. 52. Darwinism. By Alfred Russel Wallace. London, 1889. 53. Miscellaneous and
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A297
Book:
Darwin, Francis & E. Hamilton Acton. 1909. Practical physiology of plants. Cambridge: University Press.
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immediately falls off greatly. After a time the water may be supplied with C02 by blowing vigorously into it through a glass tube, when the evolution of gas increases in amount. As a check on the result the beaker should finally be placed in the dark, to make sure that the increased rate of bubbling is not a physical effect like that produced by effervescent water. (44) Temperature. Provide two beakers of water, one at a temperature of 24°—26° C, the other at 4°—5° C. Place a specimen in the warmer of
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A297
Book:
Darwin, Francis & E. Hamilton Acton. 1909. Practical physiology of plants. Cambridge: University Press.
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. The effect is quite clear and unmistakeable. A control specimen should be placed in the dark so as to make sure that the effect is not due to diffusion from the gas in the intercellular spaces of the leaf. Or the specimen which has been illuminated may be darkened, for about 1 hour, or until the red colour disappears, when the light effect may once more be produced. According to Engelmann the most delicate method of showing the evolution of the oxygen is by means of the spectroscope, the
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A318
Pamphlet:
Weismann, August. 1909. Charles Darwin und sein Lebenswerk: Festrede gehalten zu Freiburg i. Br. am 12. Februar 1909. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
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nicht einmal der erste war, in dem der Gedanke der Evolution auftauchte, daß vielmehr schon ein halbes Jahrhundert vor ihm diese Idee in mehreren erleuchteten Köpfen entsprungen ist; man könnte es deshalb für ein Unrecht halten, wenn wir heute fast den ganzen Ruhm dieser folgenreichen Entdeckung auf das Haupt dieses einen Mannes zusammenhäufen. Aber die Geschichte ist eine strenge, unerbittliche Richterin. Nicht dem gibt sie die Palme, der eine Idee zum ersten Mal gehabt hat, sondern dem, der sie
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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are the three lines of argument—two based on geographical distribution, one on the relation between the living and the dead—which first led Darwin toward a belief in evolution. The thoughts which shook the world arose in a mind whose whole tone had been altered by Lyell's teachings. Inasmuch as the founder of modern geology received his first inspiration from Buckland, Oxford may claim some share in moulding the mind of Darwin.1 It is deeply interesting to set beside the evidence of Darwin's
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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reached the great author of In Memoriam.1 The light which has been recently thrown2 upon Philip Gosse's remarkable book, Omphalos, indicates that its appearance in 1858 was connected with the thoughts that were to arouse 1 In a valuable letter on Darwin and Tennyson in The Spectator for Aug. 7, 1909 (pp. 197, 198), the Rev. F. St. John Thackeray points out that the poet was from his youth deeply interested in evolution, and that in 1837 he studied Lyell's Principles. It is shown above, however
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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was to Hooker that Darwin first confided, Jan. 11, 1844, his belief in evolution, but did not at the time, even to him, give any account of natural selection:— 'At last gleams of light have come, and I am almost convinced (quite contrary to the opinion I started with) that 1 More Letters, ii. 380. 2 Ibid., i. 39. The passages here quoted are placed side by side by the editors of this work. [page] 22 FIFTY YEARS OF DARWINIS
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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the points about which I should feel curious. But on my life it is sublimely ridiculous, my making suggestions to such a man.'1 The friendship ripened very quickly, so that on July 20, 1856, Darwin gave Asa Gray an account of his views on evolution, 2 and on Sept. 5 of the following year, a tolerably full description of Natural Selection.3 From this last letter Darwin chose the extracts which formed part of his section of the joint essay published July 1, 1858. Asa Gray's opinion on first
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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. Newton's emphatic assertion that the bird had teeth left him quite unshaken, and even after Prof. Marsh, called on by the chairman, had drawn their form on the blackboard, and the section was proceeding to other business, Dr. Wright could be heard muttering savagely, 'Archaeopteryx is a very good bird.' And its excellence was in his opinion obviously incompatible with reptilian affinity. Disbelief in evolution was with him a matter of faith and could never have been affected by any amount of
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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variations that new species arise.2 We therefore find that when the Duke criticized Darwin's theory of Natural Selection as though it had been founded on mutation, the interpretation was repudiated by Darwin himself. I desire again to state most emphatically that, during the whole course of his researches and reflections upon evolution, Darwin was thoroughly 1 Scotsman, Dec. 6, 1864. 2 Life and Letters, iii. 33. See also Quarterly Review, July, 1909, 25, 26; also 10-12. [page] 45 DARWIN'S SURE
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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surrounding conditions.' After maintaining that the stability of states rises and declines, culminating when it reaches zero in revolution or extinction, and that the physicist witnesses results analogous with those studied by the politician and the historian, the author continues:— 1 Report Brit. Assoc. ( 1905), 8. In this address as originally delivered and printed in Fifty Years of Darwinism I fell into the error of believing that Sir George Darwin was advocating evolution by large steps. I was
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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of special creation, he could fearlessly follow his researches into all their bearings upon the evolution of species. And this had been clearly second and full account of his views (see pp. 6, 871: I hate argument from results, but on my views of descent, really Natural History becomes a sublimely grand result—giving subject (now you may quiz me for so foolish an escape of mouth).' —Life and Letters, ii. 30. 1 Rep. Brit. Assoc. (1904), 575. 2 I. c., p. 576. 3 Mendel's Principles of Heredity, W
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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foreseen by Darwin when, in 1837, he opened his first notebook and set forth the grand programme which the acceptance of evolution would unfold. He there said of his theory that 'It would lead to study of.. . heredity' , that 'It would lead to closest examination of hybridity and generation'. In the Origin itself the admirable researches of Kölreuter and Gärtner on these very subjects received the utmost attention, and were brought before the world far more prominently than they have ever been
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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of the joy which comes of intellectual effort and activity, as that doctrine of Organic Evolution which will ever be associated, first and foremost, with the name of Charles Robert Darwin. [page] II THE PERSONALITY OF CHARLES DARWIN Written from the notes of a speech delivered at the Darwin Banquet of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Baltimore, Jan. 1, 1909. IT is of special interest, on the evening of this New Year's Day so happily devoted to the memory of Charles
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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conceived the possibility of evolution, they must have been led, as Darwin was, by the same considerations, to Natural Selection. This was impossible for them, because the philosophy which they followed contemplated the phenomena of adaptation as part of a static immutable system. Darwin, convinced that the system is dynamic and mutable, was prevented by these very phenomena from accepting anything short of the crowning interpretation offered by Natural Selection.1 And the birth of Darwin's unalterable
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