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A288
Pamphlet:
Hovey, Edmund Otis ed. 1909. Darwin memorial celebration. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 19, no. 1, Part 1 (31 July): 1-40.
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. Darwin. 48. Prehistoric Europe. By James Geikie. London, 1881. Quotes letters from Charles Darwin on Southampton gravels. 49. Studies in the Theory of Descent. By Weismann. London, 1882. Prefatory note by Charles Darwin. 50. The Fertilization of Flowers. By M ller. London, 1883. Preface by Charles Darwin. 51. Mental Evolution in Animals. By Romanes. New York, 1884. Posthumous essay on Instinct by Charles Darwin. 52. Darwinism. By Alfred Russel Wallace. London, 1889. 53. Miscellaneous and
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A297
Book:
Darwin, Francis & E. Hamilton Acton. 1909. Practical physiology of plants. Cambridge: University Press.
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immediately falls off greatly. After a time the water may be supplied with C02 by blowing vigorously into it through a glass tube, when the evolution of gas increases in amount. As a check on the result the beaker should finally be placed in the dark, to make sure that the increased rate of bubbling is not a physical effect like that produced by effervescent water. (44) Temperature. Provide two beakers of water, one at a temperature of 24°—26° C, the other at 4°—5° C. Place a specimen in the warmer of
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A297
Book:
Darwin, Francis & E. Hamilton Acton. 1909. Practical physiology of plants. Cambridge: University Press.
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. The effect is quite clear and unmistakeable. A control specimen should be placed in the dark so as to make sure that the effect is not due to diffusion from the gas in the intercellular spaces of the leaf. Or the specimen which has been illuminated may be darkened, for about 1 hour, or until the red colour disappears, when the light effect may once more be produced. According to Engelmann the most delicate method of showing the evolution of the oxygen is by means of the spectroscope, the
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A318
Pamphlet:
Weismann, August. 1909. Charles Darwin und sein Lebenswerk: Festrede gehalten zu Freiburg i. Br. am 12. Februar 1909. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
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nicht einmal der erste war, in dem der Gedanke der Evolution auftauchte, daß vielmehr schon ein halbes Jahrhundert vor ihm diese Idee in mehreren erleuchteten Köpfen entsprungen ist; man könnte es deshalb für ein Unrecht halten, wenn wir heute fast den ganzen Ruhm dieser folgenreichen Entdeckung auf das Haupt dieses einen Mannes zusammenhäufen. Aber die Geschichte ist eine strenge, unerbittliche Richterin. Nicht dem gibt sie die Palme, der eine Idee zum ersten Mal gehabt hat, sondern dem, der sie
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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are the three lines of argument—two based on geographical distribution, one on the relation between the living and the dead—which first led Darwin toward a belief in evolution. The thoughts which shook the world arose in a mind whose whole tone had been altered by Lyell's teachings. Inasmuch as the founder of modern geology received his first inspiration from Buckland, Oxford may claim some share in moulding the mind of Darwin.1 It is deeply interesting to set beside the evidence of Darwin's
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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reached the great author of In Memoriam.1 The light which has been recently thrown2 upon Philip Gosse's remarkable book, Omphalos, indicates that its appearance in 1858 was connected with the thoughts that were to arouse 1 In a valuable letter on Darwin and Tennyson in The Spectator for Aug. 7, 1909 (pp. 197, 198), the Rev. F. St. John Thackeray points out that the poet was from his youth deeply interested in evolution, and that in 1837 he studied Lyell's Principles. It is shown above, however
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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was to Hooker that Darwin first confided, Jan. 11, 1844, his belief in evolution, but did not at the time, even to him, give any account of natural selection:— 'At last gleams of light have come, and I am almost convinced (quite contrary to the opinion I started with) that 1 More Letters, ii. 380. 2 Ibid., i. 39. The passages here quoted are placed side by side by the editors of this work. [page] 22 FIFTY YEARS OF DARWINIS
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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the points about which I should feel curious. But on my life it is sublimely ridiculous, my making suggestions to such a man.'1 The friendship ripened very quickly, so that on July 20, 1856, Darwin gave Asa Gray an account of his views on evolution, 2 and on Sept. 5 of the following year, a tolerably full description of Natural Selection.3 From this last letter Darwin chose the extracts which formed part of his section of the joint essay published July 1, 1858. Asa Gray's opinion on first
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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. Newton's emphatic assertion that the bird had teeth left him quite unshaken, and even after Prof. Marsh, called on by the chairman, had drawn their form on the blackboard, and the section was proceeding to other business, Dr. Wright could be heard muttering savagely, 'Archaeopteryx is a very good bird.' And its excellence was in his opinion obviously incompatible with reptilian affinity. Disbelief in evolution was with him a matter of faith and could never have been affected by any amount of
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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variations that new species arise.2 We therefore find that when the Duke criticized Darwin's theory of Natural Selection as though it had been founded on mutation, the interpretation was repudiated by Darwin himself. I desire again to state most emphatically that, during the whole course of his researches and reflections upon evolution, Darwin was thoroughly 1 Scotsman, Dec. 6, 1864. 2 Life and Letters, iii. 33. See also Quarterly Review, July, 1909, 25, 26; also 10-12. [page] 45 DARWIN'S SURE
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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surrounding conditions.' After maintaining that the stability of states rises and declines, culminating when it reaches zero in revolution or extinction, and that the physicist witnesses results analogous with those studied by the politician and the historian, the author continues:— 1 Report Brit. Assoc. ( 1905), 8. In this address as originally delivered and printed in Fifty Years of Darwinism I fell into the error of believing that Sir George Darwin was advocating evolution by large steps. I was
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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of special creation, he could fearlessly follow his researches into all their bearings upon the evolution of species. And this had been clearly second and full account of his views (see pp. 6, 871: I hate argument from results, but on my views of descent, really Natural History becomes a sublimely grand result—giving subject (now you may quiz me for so foolish an escape of mouth).' —Life and Letters, ii. 30. 1 Rep. Brit. Assoc. (1904), 575. 2 I. c., p. 576. 3 Mendel's Principles of Heredity, W
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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foreseen by Darwin when, in 1837, he opened his first notebook and set forth the grand programme which the acceptance of evolution would unfold. He there said of his theory that 'It would lead to study of.. . heredity' , that 'It would lead to closest examination of hybridity and generation'. In the Origin itself the admirable researches of Kölreuter and Gärtner on these very subjects received the utmost attention, and were brought before the world far more prominently than they have ever been
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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of the joy which comes of intellectual effort and activity, as that doctrine of Organic Evolution which will ever be associated, first and foremost, with the name of Charles Robert Darwin. [page] II THE PERSONALITY OF CHARLES DARWIN Written from the notes of a speech delivered at the Darwin Banquet of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Baltimore, Jan. 1, 1909. IT is of special interest, on the evening of this New Year's Day so happily devoted to the memory of Charles
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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conceived the possibility of evolution, they must have been led, as Darwin was, by the same considerations, to Natural Selection. This was impossible for them, because the philosophy which they followed contemplated the phenomena of adaptation as part of a static immutable system. Darwin, convinced that the system is dynamic and mutable, was prevented by these very phenomena from accepting anything short of the crowning interpretation offered by Natural Selection.1 And the birth of Darwin's unalterable
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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the group of species hitherto regarded as ant-like, and he adds, 'It is most interesting that Burchell should have noticed the resemblance to an ant in its movements. This suggests that the perfect imitation in shape, as well as in movement, seen in many species was started in forms of an appropriate size and colour by the mimicry of movement alone.' Up to the present time Burchell is the only naturalist who has observed an example which still exhibits this ancestral stage in the evolution of
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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, ii. 392. 4 See Poulton, Essays on Evolution, 1908, 65, 85-8. [page] 126 VALUE OF COLOU
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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interesting and important of subjects in relation to this theory as well as to evolution. In Mimicry we investigate the effect of environment in its simplest form: we trace the effects of the pattern of a single species upon that of another far removed from it in the scale of classification. When there is reason to believe that the model is an invader from another region and has only recently become an element in the environment 1 More Letters, i. 175. 2 Life and Letters, ii. 245. See also pp
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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one so simple that we might have expected it to act as a' unit character', so small a fraction of the pattern that we could hardly speak of its sudden disappearance as 'discontinuous' evolution—that even this behaves differently on the two surfaces of the wing, while the individuals from which it has disappeared are [page] 168 MIMICRY IN N. AMERICAN BUTTERFLIE
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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of wine.'2 CONCLUSIONS It will probably be convenient to sum up rather fully the chief conclusions contained in the foregoing address. 1. The study of Mimicry possesses special advantages for an understanding of the history and causes of evolution. 1 The letter is addressed: 'The Revd. F. W. Hope, 56, Upper Seymour Street. 'At the head Mr. Hope had written' D', and the date' 1837' . The red-stamped postmark gives the date' Ju. 22, 1837'. Darwin's own address (36, Great Marlborough Street) does
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