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A318
Pamphlet:
Weismann, August. 1909. Charles Darwin und sein Lebenswerk: Festrede gehalten zu Freiburg i. Br. am 12. Februar 1909. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
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— '5 — über erlangen lassen. So stellte er sich damals die Aufgabe seines Lebens. Es mag hier der Ort sein, zu fragen, ob und inwieweit etwa Charles Darwin den Gedanken der Evolution von seinen Vorgängern aus dem Anfang des Jahrhunderts, vor allem von seinem Großvater Erasmus übernommen hat. Soviel ist sicher, daß er mit sechszehn Jahren die „Zoonomia gelesen hatte und daß er damals sie bewunderte. Er erzählt in seiner Selbstbiographie, wie er während seiner Studienzeit in Edinburg mit einem
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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any touch of jealousy or self-assertion as Darwin. They made a deep and lasting impression on me—all the more because they were spoken very quietly and deliberately, and because they were the only words of censure I heard used by the greatest of naturalists.' [page] 29 OWEN AND EVOLUTION IN 188
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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suggested by H. W. Bates.1 Its development in the mind of the naturalist of the Amazons and the rival theory afterwards suggested by Fritz Müller, were both of them the direct outcome, in Bates's case the very speedy outcome, of the Origin. The deep interest which Darwin took in the 1 See pp. 123-4. [page] 145 MIMICRY AND EVOLUTIO
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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of arthemis, retaining unchanged every minute part of the old markings that could be worked into the new, and obliterating all the rest. Thus, extending in this direction and wiping out in that, the great transformation has boon effected and one of the most beautiful mimics in the world produced. The evolution of the mimetic pattern on the under surface has involved an even more elaborate change than on the upper; but it is not necessary to repeat here the details which have been only recently
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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friend Huxley. The two grounds on which Darwin based his emphatic protest are stated in the following passage. A mutationist conception of evolution based on' extreme variation' is the 1 To W. H. Harvey, August, 1860. –More Letters, i, 166. 2 To E. Häckel, December 27, 1871. –More Letters, i. 335. 3 To R. Meldola, August 13, 1873. –More Letters, i. 350. 4 To A. R. Wallace, January 5, 1880. –More Letters, i. 384. [page] 25
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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. Araschnia levana, mimicking Limenitis, 176. Archaeopteryx, discussed at Brit. Assoc. (1881), 29, 30. archippus, Limenitis, 137, 155, 161, 164-72, 176, 186-8, 191, 199, 204-5; evolution of mimicry in, 164-8; stripeless var. at Albany, 166 n. 2, 211-12. arctic alpine forms, 123, 123 n. 2 . Arctiidae, as mimics, 121. Argyll, Duke of, on natural selection, 44; criticisms by, 251-3; Darwin to, 251-2. Argynnis diana, female of mimics, L. astyattax, 189, 207. niphe, female of mimics, D. chrysippus, 161
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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, J. S. Duncan (in work of P. B. Duncan), 95-6. Caterpillars, warning colours of, 111, 112. Catskill Mountains, 211. Centres of creation, 248-9. Cethosia, mimicry in, 133, 136, 161. Ceylon, 157. Chalk, continuous evolution in the white, 280 n. 1. Challenger, 256. Chambers, R., 15. chamaeleon, Achaea, 224 n. 1. Chameleon, W. J. Burchell on, 97; Lloyd Morgan on, 97; colour of, adjustable on two sides independently, 109, 110. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection, Poulton, 126, 129
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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Weismann of, 39-40. continuous or discontinuous evolution, 48-51; mimicry and, 138-9, 14 7-8, 200, 208; fossils of the white chalk and, 280 n. 1. Cook, J. H., on stripeless L. archippus, 166 n. 2, 210-12; lanthanis var. named by Watson and, 212. Cope, E. D., American Palaeontology and, 2. Coprid beetles as mimics, 120-1. Coral islands, Darwin's theory of, 75; supported by A. Agassiz, 2; confirmed, 45. Cordilleras, 34. Cornhill Mag., 73. cornuta, Disa, 220 n. 1. Cosmodesmus, both sexes of
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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'continuous' evolution in the white chalk, 280 n. 1. Royal Institution, 67. Royal Society of Edinburgh, Proc. of, 19, 44. Royal Society, Phil. Trans. of, 101. Rugby School Nat. Hist. Soc., 109. S. America, Darwin and Wallace in, 1; thorn-bearing plants of, 98; n. forms m S. of, 46; butterfly models of, 153-4; invaded by Danaida from N., 163-4, 204. Salatura, see Danaida decipiens, genutia, and insolata. Salisbury Lord, D.C.L. offered to Darwin in 1870 by, 90. Sargassum resembled by Scyllaea, 107, 108
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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. Strelitzia reginae, fertilized by sun-bird, 217, 228-9, 228 n. 2. strigosa, f. of Danaida berenice, 154, 162-4, 171-2, 204-5. struggle for existence, the essential feature of Darwinism, 8, 9; rate of evolution determined by, 46-7; adaptation, natural selection and, 94-101. sublime, feelings of the, 34-7. Sugar-bird, see 'sun-bird'. Sun-bird, Strelitzia fertilized by, 228-9, 228 n. 2. [page] 300 INDE
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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Sybilla, Limenitis, 164. Sydney, 202. 'Tails' of Pharmacophagus, primitive, 181. tanager, scarlet, 142. Tasitia, see 'Danaida 'berenice' and 'D. strigosa'. Tasmanian insects of Beagle, 202. Teleology and adaptation, 94-8. Telephoridae as mimics, 120. Tendrils, Darwin on origin of, 73-4. Tennyson, natural selection and, 8, 9. Thackeray, F. St. J., on Tennyson and evolution, 9 n. 1. Thayer, A. H., on white under sides of animal, 109, 110. Thiselton-Dyer, Sir William, 234 n. 2; at Oxford
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F1481
Book:
Anon. 1909. Order of the proceedings at the Darwin celebrations held at Cambridge June 22-June 24, 1909. With a sketch of Darwin's life. Cambridge: University Press.
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working for the next twenty years. ...Had been greatly struck from about month of previous March on character of South American fossils, and species on Galapagos Archipelago. These facts origin (especially latter) of all my views. 1 On the question of when Darwin's mind was first turned towards Evolution, see Professor Judd in Darwin and Modern Science (Cambridge, 1909), also the introduction to The Foundations of the Origin of Species. [page] 1
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Therefore, as far more important than any further ferreting out of vague hints of Natural Selection in books which Darwin never read, we would indicate by a quotation the view that the central idea in Darwinism is correlated with contemporary social evolution. The substitution of Darwin for Paley as the chief interpreter of the order of nature is currently regarded as the displacement of an anthropomorphic view by a purely scientific one: a little reflection, however, will show that what has
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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century, but by his own observations, so it was in regard to the principle of selection. He was struck by the innumerable cases of adaptation, as, for instance, that of the woodpeckers and tree-frogs to climbing, or the hooks and feather-like appendages of seeds, which aid in the distribution of plants, and he said to himself that an explanation of adaptations was the first thing to be sought for in attempting to formulate a theory of evolution. But since adaptations point to changes which
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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attended its evolution. Of the six young brought forth by a pair of elephants in the course of their lives only two survive in a given area; similarly, of the millions of eggs which two thread-worms leave behind them only two survive. It is thus possible to estimate the dangers which threaten a species by its ratio of elimination, or, since this cannot be done directly, by its fertility. Although a great number of the descendants of each generation fall victims to accident, among those that remain it
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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minute steps, which, if useful, 1 Vortr ge ber Descendenztheorie, Jena, 1904, II. 269. Eng. Transl. London, 1904, II. p. 317. 2 See Poulton, Essays on Evolution, Oxford, 1908, pages xix-xxii. 3 Origin of Species (6th edit.), pp. 176 et seq. [page] 2
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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need only draw the conclusion that one and the same caterpillar may exhibit the initial stages of both, and that it depends on the manner in which these marking elements are intensified and combined by natural selection whether whitish longitudinal or oblique stripes should result. In this case then the useful variations were actually always there, and we see that in the same group of Lepidoptera, e.g. species of Sphingidae, evolution has occurred in both directions according to whether the
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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to weigh down the animal altogether. It is inconceivable, he says, that so many processes of selection should take place simultaneously, and we are therefore forced to fall back on the Lamarckian factor of the use and disuse of functional parts. And how, he asks, could natural selection follow two opposite directions of evolution in different parts of the body at the same time, as for instance in the case of the kangaroo, in which the forelegs must have become shorter, while the hind legs and
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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enemies. Wallace was the first to point out that in species with concealed nests the beautiful feathers of the male occurred in the female also, as in the parrots, for instance, but this is not the case in species which brood on an exposed nest. In the parrots one can often observe that the general brilliant colouring of the male is found 1 The Evolution Theory, London, 1904, I. p. 219. [page] 4
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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mimetic palatable forms—confirm it in the most convincing manner. Of the many cases now known I select 1 Essays on Evolution, 1889-1907, Oxford, 1908, passim, e.g. p. 269. 2 The expression does not refer to all the enemies of this butterfly; against ichneumon-flies, for instance, their unpleasant smell usually gives no protection. [page] 5
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