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A2094b
Book:
Hooker, J. D. 1918. [Recollections of Darwin]. In L. Huxley ed., Life and letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. London: John Murray, vol. 2.
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natural place in history, it must never be forgotten that he himself upheld in the 'Flora Tasmaniae' the mutability of species, and based his opinion, as Darwin stated, on 'his own self-thought.' Among botanists Hooker was in fact the Protagonist of Evolution. His influence during that stirring period, though quiet, was far-reaching and deep. His work was both critical and constructive. His wide knowledge, his keen insight, his fearless judgment were invaluable in advancing that intellectual
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A488
Book:
Nash, Wallis. 1919. A lawyer's life on two continents. Boston: Richard G. Badger, the Gorham Press. [Darwin reminiscences only]
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of Man. He was accused of substituting the evolution or development of Man from a less highly organized form of life for the creation of Man by a divine edict, as recorded in the Bible, and this by the operation of natural causes working throughout the earth from far-distant ages. But, he said, in effect, I am but a searcher after facts—a student of life in its origin and in its after history. It is not for me to attempt to reconcile the results of my observations with theology. It is for the
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evolution if Darwin had never existed, yet up to his time Evolution was unsupported by sufficient evidence. The minute period of geological time included in human history pointed to the permanence rather than the mutation of species. The development theory of Lamarck was not well based, and its failure only weakened the position of evolutionary thinkers. Thus the pre-Darwinian, though feeling that some proof of Evolution would one day be established, was forced to confront both parties with
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value of education and training; the other, that it is a popular fallacy to suppose that the trend of evolution is to a society where the strong and ruthless alone shall possess the land. In the state of nature, no doubt, natural selection works by battle and extermination; but as society takes shape the unit in the struggle is changed. It ceases to be the individual; it is the organized group, family, tribe or nation, special association, or general league. Within such a group the war of
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thronged and copies snatched from the hands of the assistants. The theory, as applied to the brute creation alone, would have left the public unmoved; the excitement began in its application to the origin, and therefore to the destinies, of man. In the Western world the very ancient doctrine of Evolution had been bound hand and foot and cast into outer darkness during the long centuries of theological domination, and still the ecclesiastical thunderbolts impended over those whose reasonings led
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generation creation without a creator was equally unsupported by any evidence. For those who rejected both hypotheses remained the obvious alternative creation of species by modification of previous species. From the time of the ancient Greeks down to Darwin's own day his idea had been repeatedly propounded. Within recent times the study of life had brought a number of thinkers to accept evolution in some form. Buffon believed in it; Erasmus Darwin had speculated on it with much imagination but
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come in. When at last Darwin had time to fulfil his promise of throwing new light upon the origin of man by the same process as in the case of other species, the implicit idea had lost its startlingness, and appeared as a logical expansion of the widely accepted conception of a general evolution. Haeckel's great book, also, had recently appeared discussing the scheme of evolution from the Monad to Man so fully that, if the Descent of Man had not been already written, Darwin declared he would
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later, and still in Darwin's lifetime, the same writer was able to record in The Coming of Age of The Origin of Species, that these investigations, stimulated by Darwin's thought, had spoken, and that both from pal ontology and from embryology an overwhelming mass of evidence had been accumulated in support of the process of Evolution. [page] 6
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expression in animals, with whatever differences in act from those of men, follow the same principles. In the simians, indeed, they come closest in form, and in many instances are affected by those very muscles of the face which sentiment claimed as the sole prerogative of mankind. Here, then, once more, evolution proved the key to an unsolved problem, and with this key in his hand Darwin found that the chief interest of the subject lay in following out the wonderfully complex results to be drawn from
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the islands appearing to be very ancient in a geological sense. There was less need to wait for the final examination of the specimens at home; he tells in the Journal how his attention was thoroughly aroused by comparing the birds shot by himself and others on board. The Galapagos thrust themselves upon him as a world of evolution in miniature. From this time on the whole subject haunted him. When he returned to England late in 1836, and began to prepare his Journal for press, he saw how many
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and judicious criticism. Darwin stimulated his friend to redoubled energy in his researches, which, without any sacrifice of originality, led him independently to similar views of evolution among plants views published immediately before the Origin. Their constant correspondence was supplemented by visits to Darwin's home at Down, when Hooker would come, it may be, for several days, bringing his own work with him, and for the allotted half-hour each morning all that Darwin's health allowed
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world where jealousy and self-seeking are too common, the magnanimity of these men, who laid aside rivalry and became allies, offers an inspiring spectacle. Nevertheless, while Darwin rehabilitated the ancient doctrine of evolution and secured its foundations among half-a-dozen branches of science, it is curious to note that neither he nor Wallace could claim absolute priority in regard to the doctrine of Natural Selection. The success of the Origin brought into the field Patrick Matthew, who
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science after another, from the fossilized tokens of geology to the living picture of telescoped evolution revealed in embryology; it threw light on countless problems of life, and gained additional strength from each new solution. The argument had gained by the twenty years' delay in its enunciation. The Origin was the fourth shape into which that argument had been cast by alternate expansion and condensation; the abstract of a much larger work based upon the preceding sketches. Cramful of
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changes in the heritable constitution itself, are of frequent occurrence. Moreover, crossing will continually be throwing up new combinations of the hereditary factors already existing, and these new combinations are of great importance for the evolution of new species. In their nature they resemble those variations which are strongly enough marked to be called sports by the breeders, and from which, as is well known, distinct varieties have been established by artificial selection. The
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buttressed by the subsequent discoveries it has itself stimulated. The main thing is that Evolution is a firmly established and fertile theory, and that scientific method a matter of more value than its results at any given moment has vindicated its worth. For the future all general conceptions, all reasoned thought and fruitful speculation, must rest on the idea of continuity in change, of the orderly succession which we call laws of nature, and the exclusion of irrational breaks in this order
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Roman parent would invoke Educa to teach the weanling to eat and Potina to drink; Iterduca to take the children safely out, and Domiduca to bring them safe home again. In the Western world, at all events, before Evolution took its new shape, the country parson knew better than to pray for rain during a spell of east wind; it remained for the conception so strongly refounded by Darwin to make a reasoned advanced towards including the most elusive and mysterious provinces of experience under the
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brain with the apes prepared the ground for the reception of the subsequent work. Considering that by this time many naturalists fully accepted the doctrine of the evolution of species, it seemed fitting to follow up the general mass of evidences in the Variation book by giving the evidence as to Man. The brief avowal in the Origin had not spared him the taunt that he concealed his views on the point, engrossed though he was with long years of work on Variation. The latter had fatigued him so much
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Fertilization of Orchids, for, in accordance with the principle of Evolution, it was impossible to account for climbing plants having been developed in so many widely different groups unless all kinds of plants possess some slight power of movement of an analogous kind. This I proved to be the case, and I was further led to a rather wide generalization viz., that the great and important classes of movements, excited by light, the attraction of gravity, etc., are all modified forms of the
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A240
Periodical contribution:
Gulick, Addison. 1922. Charles Darwin, the Man. The Scientific Monthly 15 (2) (August): 132-143.
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intellectual, esthetic and moral gifts of man are gratuities bestowed upon him by a benevolent deity through agencies entirely outside of the workings of biological evolution. In all these abstruser corollaries of evolution Darwin took absolutely no part whatever, and even when questioned he did little more than plead ignorance and incompetence. Theism seemed to him a deduction flung too far afield to be dependable. He can not help doubting whether our brain equipment was ever designed for such uses
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A240
Periodical contribution:
Gulick, Addison. 1922. Charles Darwin, the Man. The Scientific Monthly 15 (2) (August): 132-143.
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triumphed within a few decades of when it did actually triumph. The world had become accustomed to the idea of nature acting in strict accordance with law; to the concepts of stellar evolution, and of an inconceivably prolonged geological and paleontological history. It had even been recognized that such laws as the conservation of energy and the conservation of matter were valid in the kingdom of life. Goethe, Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck had long previously directed attention to the conception
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