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F1856
Book contribution:
[Darwin, C. R.] Charles Robert Darwin [with photographic portrait]. In L. Reeve and Edward Walford eds. 1866. Portraits of men of eminence in literature, science, and art with biographical memoirs. The photographs from life, by Ernest Edwards, B. A. London: Lovell Reeve & Co., vol. 5, pp. 49-52.
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to note that the editors omitted to mention the Galapagos, this being long before the legend arose that Darwin discovered evolution on those islands. However not all of the details in this biography are accurate. [page] 5
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F656
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. L'origine des espèces par sélection naturelle ou des lois de transformation des êtres organisés. Traduit en Français avec l'autorisation de l'auteur par Clémence Royer avec une préface et des notes du traducteur. Deuxième édition augmentée d'après des notes de l'auteur. Paris: Victor Masson et fils; Guillaumin et Cie.
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les habitants d'un archipel, bien que spécifiquement distincts, sont cependant alliés à ceux du 1 Toutes ces anomalies apparentes s'expliquent très-naturellement par l'hypothèse de l'évolution circulaire du pôle, à condition que cette évolution ait eu lieu dans l'hémisphère austral de l'est à l'ouest, c'est-à-dire de l'Amérique pur l'Australie à l'Afrique. Car, en effet, dans ce cas les formes glaciaires auront suivi le climat polaire dans sa marche, et auront émigré successivement de la pointe
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F656
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1866. L'origine des espèces par sélection naturelle ou des lois de transformation des êtres organisés. Traduit en Français avec l'autorisation de l'auteur par Clémence Royer avec une préface et des notes du traducteur. Deuxième édition augmentée d'après des notes de l'auteur. Paris: Victor Masson et fils; Guillaumin et Cie.
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les mers sur un rayon de cinquante degrés tout autour du cercle décrit par le pôle, c'est-à-dire jusqu'au delà de l'équateur dans l'Atlantique. Le pôle sud aura de même fait son évolution à travers les vastes mers inexplorées qui s'étendent entre le pôle actuel et la Nouvelle-Zélande. Il aura atteint cette île elle-même, puis la terre de Van-Diémen, et sera revenu au pôle actuel en s'approchant des îles de Kerguelen. De sorte que les montagnes de l'Amérique du sud, la Polynésie, l'Australie et
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plausible, and were brought forward not by one of Mr. Darwin's opponents, but by a gentleman who fully admits the great principles of evolution and development in organic nature, they may probably have weight with some persons. Believing, however, that they are entirely unsound, may I beg a little of your space to give my reasons for rejecting them. Mr. Sharp stated that four different causes might be sufficient to produce the phenomena of mimicry more or less completely, viz., first, accidental
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A2452
Review:
Anon. 1872 [Review of Origin, 6th ed.]. New edition of Darwin's 'Origin of species.' Annual Record of Science and Industry (New York): 292.
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selection, though a vera causa, have been overrated as an element in the evolution of species. If it is admitted that important modifications are due to spontaneous variability, that natural selection is not the exclusive means of modification, Darwinians and non-Darwinians have equally before them the problem to discover what these other laws are which are co-efficient in the production of new species, and what part each of these plays in producing the final result. –12 A, Feb. 22, 1872, 316
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as well as a more comprehensive view to regard it as operating by subordination and evolution rather than by 'interference' or 'violation.' According to this view, the idea of Law is so far from being contravened by the Christian miracles, that it is taken up by them and made their very basis. They are the expression of a Higher Law, working out its wise ends among the lower and ordinary sequences of life and history. These ordinary sequences represent nature nature, however, not as an
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, the mechanism of flight is carried through an ascending scale, to the highest degrees of power, both as respects endurance and facility of evolution. [page] 15
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partially folded inwards; and this contraction of the area is constantly resorted to. But a bird which has wings so small and scanty as to compel it to strike them always at full stretch, and with great velocity in order to fly at all, is incapable of standing still in the air. No man ever saw a Diver or a Duck performing the evolution which the Kestrel may be seen performing every hour over so many English fields. The cause of this is obvious if we refer to the principles which have already
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They are greatly assisted in this beautiful evolution by an adverse current of air; and it will always be observed that the Kestrel, when hovering, turns his head to wind, and hangs his whole body at a greater or less angle to the plane of the horizon. When there is no wind, or very little, the sustaining force is kept up by a short rapid action of the pinions, and the long tail is spread out like a fan to assist in stopping any tendency to onward motion. When there is a strong breeze, no
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lateral motion whatever. It does, indeed, materially assist the bird in turning, because it serves to stop the way of a bird when it rises or turns in the air to take a new direction. It contributes also largely to the general balance of the body, which in itself is an important element in the facility of flight. Accordingly, almost all birds which depend on great ease of evolution in flight or on the power of stopping suddenly, have largely developed tails. This is the case with all the birds
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in the sense in which Law is applied to an observed Order of facts. But like every other Order of this kind, it implies a, Force or an arrangement of Forces out of which the Order comes. It implies, too, that this arrangement of Forces is necessary to the evolution and play of mental faculties in the form in which they are possessed by us. Consequently these faculties are seen taking their place among all the other phenomena of the world. They are seen to be under the Reign of Law in this
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F2098
Book contribution:
Conway, Moncure Daniel. 1905. [Recollection of Darwin in 1867]. In Conway. Autobiography: memories and experiences. 2 vols. London: Cassell and Co, vol. 2, pp. 324-7.
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contributed something to represent them visibly in the constitution of the head able to interpret them. I was soon with Darwin in the garden, which was in floral glory. He expressed satisfaction that I had been able to derive from evolution the hopeful religion set forth in my discourse, but I remember that he did not express agreement with it. He spoke pleasantly of W. J. Fox M. P., my predecessor at South Place (whom he well knew), and asked me about [Ralph Waldo] Emerson, whose writings
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F2098
Book contribution:
Conway, Moncure Daniel. 1905. [Recollection of Darwin in 1867]. In Conway. Autobiography: memories and experiences. 2 vols. London: Cassell and Co, vol. 2, pp. 324-7.
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Darwin and Emerson died at nearly the same time (April 20 and April 27, 1882). The relation of these two minds to each other and to their time is striking. In the year (1836) when Darwin abandoned theology to study nature, Emerson, having also abandoned theology, published his first book, Nature, whose theme is Evolution. It was a notable circumstance that on the death of these two men who have done away with supernaturalism, no voice of odium theologicum broke the homage of England and
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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various forms; while the initial differences becoming intensified by development under different conditions will yield the diversities. The evolution of organisms, like the evolution of crystals, or the evolution of islands and continents, is determined by laws inherent in the substances evolved, and by their relations to the medium in which the evolution takes place. This being so, we may priori affirm that the resultant forms will have a community strictly corresponding with the identity
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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separate them into kingdoms, classes, orders, genera, species. The resemblances are many, and close, because (1) the forms evolved had a similar elementary composition, and (2) their stages of evolution were determined by similar conditions; the diversities are many, because (1) the forms evolved had from the first some diversities in elementary composition, and (2) their stages of evolution have been determined under conditions, which, though similar in general, have varied in particulars
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of evolution, we cannot but admire the patient perseverance of a philosopher who has accumulated so vast an array of facts as those in the volumes before us, and who has displayed so much calmness in laying down his opinions, and so much forbearance in replying to the bitter personalities in which his opponents have indulged. The two portions of the present work, though they are both branches of the evolution argument, are, nevertheless, somewhat distinct. In the first volume the author takes up
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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in following the demonstrations of embryologists, how from the common starting-point of a selfmultiplying epithelial cell parts so diverse as hairs, nails, hoofs, scales, feathers, crystalline lens, and secreting glands may be evolved, or how from the homogeneous germinal membrane the complex organism will arise, there are very few among the scorners of the dead hypothesis who seem capable of generalising the principles which have destroyed it, or can conceive that the laws of Evolution apply as
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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their histories. In the preceding observations the object has simply been to show that the phenomena to be explained can be rationally conceived as resulting from gradual Evolution, whereas they cannot be rationally interpreted on any other hypothesis. And here it may be needful to say a word respecting Epigenesis. The Preformation hypothesis, which regarded every organism is a simple educt and not the product of a germ, was called by its advocates an evolution hypothesis meaning that the adult
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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question. If, therefore, I venture to propose the one to which long meditation has led me, it is with the diffidence natural to such an attempt, and with the hope that some good must issue from a more thorough discussion. A few sentences will prepare the way. The evolution of Life is the evolution of the special from the general, the complex from the simple. An organism rises in power as it ramifies into variety. From a homogeneous organic mass a complex structure is evolved by successive
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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demonstrable that special forms have arisen thus. But there is a secondary aspect of the question, namely, Are all organic forms related to each other by the bond of kinship, or are many of them only related by the similarity of their evolution? Haeckel, Mr. Darwin's thorough-going disciple, who emphatically affirms that there is no other explanation of morphological phenomena except the blood-relationship of organisms, admits that it is possible some other causes besides Natural Selection may be
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