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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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been destroyed; and this is all the more remarkable from the great tenacity of life which the mutilated segments manifest. Quatrefages had observed portions of a worm, after gangrene had destroyed its head and several segments, move about in the water and avoid the light!1 A final argument to show that the reproduction is not determined by any ruling Idea, but by the organic conditions and the necessary stages of evolution, is seen in the re-appearance of a tumour or cancer after it has been
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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animal life appeared, therefore there could have been no special conditions determining the appearance of Life, the hypothesis of Evolution entirely rejects the notion of organic forms having been diversified by diversities in the few physical conditions commonly understood as representing the Medium. Mr. Darwin has the incomparable merit of having en (1) AGASSIZ, Essay on Classification, 1859, p. 15. VOL. IV. N.S. F [page] 6
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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becoming universal. In these papers I shall endeavour to sketch the course such a reconciliation may take. I may be deluding myself by a natural prepossession in favour of my own conception of the Evolution Hypothesis, which has been the growth of many years' meditation, and which was very indefinite until Mr. Darwin's work came to give it shape, both by what it furnished of direct instruction, and what it suggested indirectly; but I hope to lay before the reader sufficient evidence to justify the
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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series becomes more diversified. The structure and development of an organism are dependent on the affinities of its constituent molecules, and it is a biological principle of great importance which Mr. Paget insists on, when he shows how the existence of certain materials in the blood may determine the formation of structures in which they may be incorporated. 2 Any initial diversity may thus become the starting point of a considerable variation in subsequent evolution. Thus, supposing that on
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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although both plants and animals have albumen, fibrine, and caseine, the derivatives of these are unlike. Horny substance, connective tissue, nerve tissue, chitine, biliverdine, creatine, urea, hippuric acid, and a variety of other products of evolution or of waste, never appear in plants; while the hydrocarbons so abundant in plants are, with two or three exceptions, absent from animals. Such facts imply great differences in elementary composition; and this result is further enforced by the fact
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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receiving more nutriment, are developed. 1 That which distinguishes Mr. Darwin's hypothesis from all its predecessors is the precision with which it fixes what was vague and shifting, by assigning the several conditions that are necessary. In this respect it is analogous to his hypothesis of Natural Selection, which gave a sudden illumination to the old doctrine of Evolution, by substituting a precise and verifiable conception for the vague or metaphysical conceptions which were current
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A604
Review:
Lewes, George Henry. 1868. Mr. Darwin's hypotheses. Fortnightly Review n.s. 3 (April, June); 353-73, 611-28, 4 (July), (November): 61-80, 492-509.
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appreciable relation to the Organism are not properly to be included in its Medium. In consequence of this oversight we frequently hear it urged as an objection to the Evolution Hypothesis, that manifold organisms exist under the same external conditions, and that organisms persist unchanged amid a great variety of conditions. The objection is beside the question. In the general sum of external forces there are certain items which are nearly related to particular organisms, and constitute their Medium
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F912.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1868. De la variation des animaux et des plantes sous l'action de la domestication. Translated by J. J. Moulinié. Preface by Carl Vogt. Paris: C. Reinwald. vol. 2.
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propageant par bourgeons, rétrogradent si rarement pendant leur développement ; car pour chaque organisme, la conformation acquise à chaque phase de son évolution doit être adaptée à ses habitudes particulières. Or, chez des êtres produits par gemmation, — circonstance qui peut avoir lieu à toute époque de croissance, au contraire de ce qui se passe pour la génération sexuelle, — s'il y avait de la place pour le maintien d'un grand nombre d'individus à un état donné de développement, le mode le
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A606
Review:
[Dallas, William Sweetland?]. 1868. [Review of] Variation of animals and plants under domestication. Westminster Review n.s. 35 (January): 207-27.
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show of truth in this statement, it will be found on investigation that the agreement between Lamarck and Darwin is almost limited to their holding in common the opinion that species were not independently created, but produced by evolution from pre-existing organisms. The means by which this result is supposed to have been brought about are quite different in the two theories, and whilst Darwin has the advantage in the precision and rationality of the processes which he endeavours to demonstrate
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A603
Review:
[Dawkins, William Boyd]. 1868. [Review of] Variation of animals and plants under domestication. Edinburgh Review 128 (October): 414-50.
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,'* by his careful researches and earnest writings. In all probability the naturalists of the future, while endorsing his principle, will deny to selection the paramount power with which it is invested in his theory of evolution. Mr. Darwin concludes with an attempt to account for the obscure facts presented by reproduction, heredity, and variation, by the following hypothesis, which is very likely to be true, although it is not capable of direct proof: 'It is almost universally admitted that
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A263
Book:
Müller, Fritz. 1869. Facts and arguments for Darwin. Translated by W. S. Dallas. London: John Murray.
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CONTENTS. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CHAP. PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY. 1 II. THE SPECIES OF MELITA. 7 III. MORPHOLOGY OF CRUSTACEA. 13 IV. SEXUAL PECULIARITIES AND DIMORPHISM. 19 V. RESPIRATION IN LAND CRABS. 30 VI. STRUCTURE OF THE HEART IN EDRIOPHTHALMA. 39 VII. DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF PODOPHTHALMA. 47 VIII. DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF EDRIOPHTHALMA. 69 IX. DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF ENTOMOSTRACA, CIRRIPEDES, AND RHIZOCEPHALA. 83 X. ON THE PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION. 97 XI. ON THE PROGRESS OF EVOLUTION. 110
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A263
Book:
Müller, Fritz. 1869. Facts and arguments for Darwin. Translated by W. S. Dallas. London: John Murray.
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have been inserted in their proper places, and two longer pieces, one forming a foot-note near the close of Chap. XI. (p. 119), the other at the end of Chap. XII. (pp. 135-140), describing the probable mode of evolution of the Rhizocephala from the Cirripedia. Of the execution of the translation I will say but little. My chief object in this, as in other cases, has been to furnish, as nearly as possible, a literal version of the original, regarding mere elegance of expression as of secondary
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A263
Book:
Müller, Fritz. 1869. Facts and arguments for Darwin. Translated by W. S. Dallas. London: John Murray.
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CHAPTER XI. ON THE PROGRESS OF EVOLUTION. FROM this scarcely unavoidable but unsatisfactory side-glance upon the old school, which looks down with so great an air of superiority upon Darwin's intellectual dream and the giddy enthusiasm of its friends, I turn to the more congenial task of considering the developmental history of the Crustacea from the point of view of the Darwinian theory. Darwin himself, in the thirteenth chapter of his book, has already discussed the conclusions derived from
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A263
Book:
Müller, Fritz. 1869. Facts and arguments for Darwin. Translated by W. S. Dallas. London: John Murray.
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CHAPTER XII. PROGRESS OF EVOLUTION IN CRUSTACEA. ACCORDING to all the characters established in the last paragraph, the Prawn that we traced from the Nauplius through states analogous to Zoëa and Mysis to the form of a Macrurous Crustacean appears at present to be the animal, which in the section of the higher Crustacea (Malacostraca) furnishes the truest and most complete indications of its primitive history. That it is the most complete is at once evident. That it is the truest must be
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F3597
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1967. [Letter to A. R. Wallace, 21 Oct. 1869]. Sotheby & Co. Catalogue of valuable printed books autograph letters and historical documents. July. London.
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postscript is an understatement; in fact the author has entirely failed to understand the doctrine of Natural Selection as proposed by Darwin and Wallace. Thylacinus is the marsupial wolf of Australia and the resemblance to Canis, which is indeed striking, is by convergent evolution, and definitely not due to community of descent
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F1745
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1869. The formation of mould by worms. Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette no. 20 (15 May): 530.
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account of their assumed incapacity to do so much work. He remarks that considering their weakness and their size, the work they are represented to have accomplished is stupendous. Here we have an instance of that inability to sum up the effects of a continually recurrent cause, which has often retarded the progress of science, as formerly in the case of geology, and more recently in that of the principle of evolution. See Correspondence vol. 17, p. 222
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CUL-DAR205.1.2
Printed:
1869.10.09
Review of Haeckel E `The natural history of creation' `Academy' 1: 13-14
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points out that the assumption that it has occurred is a necessary part of the doctrine of Evolution. The fourteenth lecture, on Schöpfungs-Perioden und SchöpfungsUrkunden, answers pretty much to the famous disquisition on the Imperfection of the Geological Record in the Origin of Species. The following five lectures contain the most original matter of any, being devoted to Phylogeny, or the working out of the details of the process of Evolution in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, so as to
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [125r] (The question whether [text taped over] species has of late been much agitated by anthropologists, who are divided into the two schools of their monogenists polygenists. Those who do not admit the principle of evolution must look at species either as separate creations or as in some way manner as distinct entities; they must can decide what forms the rank what of forms thus to rank as species, as species only by the analogy of such altered
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classes of facts afford, as it appears to me, ample and conclusive evidence in favour of the principle of gradual evolution. The strong support derived from the other arguments should, however, always be kept before the mind
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A1826
Review:
Sharp, D. 1870. [Review of Origin]. [The Difficulties of Natural Selection]. Nature, 3, (24 November): 67.
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dispersion; and, second, another law or laws to explain the limitation and separation of the varieties so produced. It is quite out of the question to suppose that the theory of Natural Selection does all this. Those, however, who have studied Mr. Spencer's work will be well aware that his theory of evolution may be applied to deal with the question in this its more extended light. And I believe that those who wish well for the survival of Natural Selection will do well to insist on its only
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