Search Results - The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

By studying these relations, by carefully comparing the structure with the function, we arrive at a sure knowledge of the nature of organs. 176. Mistakes in this respect are committed, when we overlook three things, namely, the Abortion, Alteration, and Union of Organs. Respecting all these three phenomena of nature we must now give a more particular account. A. Of Abortive Organs. 177. The abortive state of an organ is often the consequence of an imperfect evolution. The cause lies not

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

. Saussure, indeed, has denied that hydrogen is exhaled from flowers, and he attributes the inflammation of the atmosphere of dittany to the burning of essential oils; but these also consist, for the most part, of hydrogen. 330. Every thing seems to shew, that the corolla is not only a covering of the sexual parts, but an organ by which the polarised primitive matters are directed to their evolution, and to their different attractions. The return of the sap to a more oxydized condition, and the

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

corresponding to the pattern which properly belongs to each plant. That electricity performs an important part in impregnation, has long been suspected; and the contraction of electrical matters in the blossom, and in the parts of fructification, seems to favour this idea. 382. As we thus consider the stimulus of the pollen to be a necessary condition of the evolution of seed from the ovula, we must at the same time defend ourselves against both the ancient and later objections to this

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

simpler than the later, as, for example, that the root leaves are simpler than the stem leaves, there are, however, many apparent exceptions in the Acaci of New Holland, the first leaves of which are separated into many parts, while those that come later appear to be simple. These later leaves, however, are rather intermediate forms between the leaf-stalk and the leaves. These last have not arrived at their evolution; they have thus become abortive, and the leaf-stalks supply their place, (181

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

Palms, Sarmentace , and Coronari , onwards to the Iride , Scitamine , and Orchide , where it is evolved in the greatest magnificence. Although these, in some respects, are families of a lower rank, we yet thus see, that in the progress of nature towards a more complete evolution of forms, it is seldom that a harmonious construction of all the parts takes place, but that commonly one organ is exquisitely fashioned, while others remain imperfect; since the Pine tribe, the Armentace and Urtiee

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

the side of the vessel, which is the first trace of the embryon. It seldom occurs that we find more than one embryon in the same ovulum, although this is observed in the Agrum and in Fuchsia. It still more seldom happens that no embryon is found in a proper seed, but that it first makes its appearance in the shoot. The farther evolution of the seed is different according to the type of its structure; that is to say, the embryon either does not increase, but remains unevolved, and continues to

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

multiplicate, and perfectly double or full. Cultivation stimulates the organs of nourishment, and the instruments of propagation pass into these. Yet there are inferior gradations of this disposition to become double, in which the organs of fructification remain unconfined in their evolution, and in the exercise of their functions. When in the Hydrangea of our gardens, the parts of the calyx expand, and become of the nature of a corolla, the evolution of the filaments suffers so little by this

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

name spike or ear (spica), is given to that mode of inflorescence in which stalkless flowers are arranged on a common axis. The spike may be simple or compound. In a simple spike, the lowermost flowers are first evolved, and then follow by degrees those higher up. But when the spike is compound, the evolution takes place in a reversed order. Spicula in the Grasses, is that mode of inflorescence in which several flowers are contained within a common calyx. The catkin (amentum) is a spike, which

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

fructification, have completed their evolution. We can determine this point, by observing the emptying of the pollen out of the opening anther . As the direction and position of the parts are different, before and after this point of time, we readily perceive the meaning of the expressions ante, and post anthesin. VI. The Nectaries. 101. Nectaries (nectaria), are all those organs formed within, or near the flower, which secrete a honeyed juice. This term has been employed too loosely by Linn

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

contempt. The change which organic matters undergo when they cease to live, is of so peculiar a kind, that it cannot take place in inorganic bodies, unless they are mixed with organic matter. It is an internal change, which, in the juices of plants and in other vegetable matters, commonly begins with the evolution of carbonic acid, and ends with the plentiful production of acetic acid. It is called Fermentation. In 2 [page] 22

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

saps pass into a state of fermentation. Not as if these matters were confined exclusively to each of the two organic kingdoms, since not only do albumen and gluten pass into a state of putrefaction, and disengage ammonia; but we have also shewn the evolution of azote and hydrogen from blossoms, and the predominance of both these matters in the pollen. Our concern at present is chiefly with the general difference of composition, which always observes the assigned relations in the two great

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

Cist ; from leaves to bracte and to the calyx; from the calyx to the corolla in the Liliace from petals to filaments (Pancratium), and to nectaries (Contort .) Nay, in the Canne and Orchide , the opposite parts of fructification are so run into each other, that even here transitions must be admitted. 388. When we are examining the evolution of the parts of plants, we must further attend to the law of nature, which was before stated (183.), namely, that simple forms always precede those that are

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

distributed by nature, although, by cultivation, they also can be forced to vegetate in the most distant countries, provided favourable circumstances occur. Of these circumstances, a considerable number must always co-operate for the perfect evolution of plants of the higher orders. Yet there are some exceptions to this rule. Verbena officinalis, Prunella vulgaris, Sonchus oleraceus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Potentilla anserina, and some other common European plants, grow also, according to Brown

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

feet high, and about the thickness of a finger. This contains a white, spongy pith, which consists of a compound cellular texture, and shews some scattered bundles of spiral vessels. At the top of the stalk stand the flowers in an umbel, which contains about fifteen flowers on stalks; and at its base there is a membranaceous sheath of four, five, and six membranaceous, dry, pointed leaves, which contained the flower before its evolution, but after it has flowered are reflex. The flower consists

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

parts of a double fruit touch each other, (PI. VIII. Fig. 6, 7.) Comparetti, 464 Composition of plants, 342, different from that of animals, 346, of parts, 45 Copper in plants, 360 Cordus, 439 Corolla, 90, its structure, 321 Corollist , 141 Corymb, 84 Costa, Da, 442 Cotyledons, 121, their evolution, 383, their functions, 385 [page] 48

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

Schrader, 465 Schreber, 467 Schultes, 462 Schwagrichcn, 467 Schweinitz, 467 Scopoli, 459 Screens, 347 Seeds, 108, their evolution, 383 Sequier, 459 Sennebier, 464 Seringe, 467 Sexual parts, 103, their structure, 333 Sheath, 77 Shoots, 71 Shrub, 66 Sibthorp, 466 Silex, 359 Silique, 114 Simplicity of parts, 45 Situation of parts Size of parts, 19, 203 Sleep of plants, 367 Slits of the surface, 309 Sloane, 448 Smell of flowers, 329 Smith, 465, 466, 467, 468 Soil, what plants take up from it, 347

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

state of the unripe germen, and of the ripe fruit, without remarking, that the former contains several ovula, whilst the latter always incloses but one seed. In the Siliculos , as in Crambe, Cakile, and Myagrum, we always find empty abortive loculi. Is it further necessary to multiply examples, by calling to recollection the common Snow-ball, and Hydrangea hortensis, where the abortive state of the sexual parts affords opportunity to the evolution of the beautifully coloured integuments of the

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

stands alone at the tip of a branch, where no other flower hinders its evolution, it will necessarily be regular, even when it belongs to a family with irregular flowers. Parnassia and Sauvagesia have regular flowers, although they belong to the Resede with irregular flowers. Asarum stands among the Aristolochi , because it has always a stalk with but one flower. But let us make the supposition, that around and near this blossom others arise, it will then become a whorl, a head, an ear, or an

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

the period when the former have attained their perfect state. Finally, the evolution of the sexual organs at different times, or what is called the Dichogamy, is a very obvious proof that in many cases fructification is accomplished by the nectaries. When we thus observe, that, in the same flower, the anther are much sooner ripe than the stigmata, or the reverse, it is evident that these latter organs cannot be impregnated by the former, in so far as they belong to the same plant. It hence

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A755 Beagle Library: DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell. Text

the union of azote, by the evolution of phosphorated iron, and of the colouring materials; as this neutral fluid frees itself in the secreting organs from its hydrogen, azote, oxygen, and carbon, that it may suffer a new oxydation in the lungs, and be prepared for undergoing again the same changes; in the same manner plants attract carbonic acid water saturated with azote; mix it with their own substance, and sometimes add more evolved hydrogen and carbon to the oxygen; and at other times free