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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
name spike or ear (spica), is given to that mode of inflorescence in which stalkless flowers are arranged on a common axis. The spike may be simple or compound. In a simple spike, the lowermost flowers are first evolved, and then follow by degrees those higher up. But when the spike is compound, the evolution takes place in a reversed order. Spicula in the Grasses, is that mode of inflorescence in which several flowers are contained within a common calyx. The catkin (amentum) is a spike, which
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
fructification, have completed their evolution. We can determine this point, by observing the emptying of the pollen out of the opening anther . As the direction and position of the parts are different, before and after this point of time, we readily perceive the meaning of the expressions ante, and post anthesin. VI. The Nectaries. 101. Nectaries (nectaria), are all those organs formed within, or near the flower, which secrete a honeyed juice. This term has been employed too loosely by Linn
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
contempt. The change which organic matters undergo when they cease to live, is of so peculiar a kind, that it cannot take place in inorganic bodies, unless they are mixed with organic matter. It is an internal change, which, in the juices of plants and in other vegetable matters, commonly begins with the evolution of carbonic acid, and ends with the plentiful production of acetic acid. It is called Fermentation. In 2 [page] 22
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
saps pass into a state of fermentation. Not as if these matters were confined exclusively to each of the two organic kingdoms, since not only do albumen and gluten pass into a state of putrefaction, and disengage ammonia; but we have also shewn the evolution of azote and hydrogen from blossoms, and the predominance of both these matters in the pollen. Our concern at present is chiefly with the general difference of composition, which always observes the assigned relations in the two great
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
Cist ; from leaves to bracte and to the calyx; from the calyx to the corolla in the Liliace from petals to filaments (Pancratium), and to nectaries (Contort .) Nay, in the Canne and Orchide , the opposite parts of fructification are so run into each other, that even here transitions must be admitted. 388. When we are examining the evolution of the parts of plants, we must further attend to the law of nature, which was before stated (183.), namely, that simple forms always precede those that are
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
distributed by nature, although, by cultivation, they also can be forced to vegetate in the most distant countries, provided favourable circumstances occur. Of these circumstances, a considerable number must always co-operate for the perfect evolution of plants of the higher orders. Yet there are some exceptions to this rule. Verbena officinalis, Prunella vulgaris, Sonchus oleraceus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Potentilla anserina, and some other common European plants, grow also, according to Brown
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
feet high, and about the thickness of a finger. This contains a white, spongy pith, which consists of a compound cellular texture, and shews some scattered bundles of spiral vessels. At the top of the stalk stand the flowers in an umbel, which contains about fifteen flowers on stalks; and at its base there is a membranaceous sheath of four, five, and six membranaceous, dry, pointed leaves, which contained the flower before its evolution, but after it has flowered are reflex. The flower consists
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
parts of a double fruit touch each other, (PI. VIII. Fig. 6, 7.) Comparetti, 464 Composition of plants, 342, different from that of animals, 346, of parts, 45 Copper in plants, 360 Cordus, 439 Corolla, 90, its structure, 321 Corollist , 141 Corymb, 84 Costa, Da, 442 Cotyledons, 121, their evolution, 383, their functions, 385 [page] 48
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
Schrader, 465 Schreber, 467 Schultes, 462 Schwagrichcn, 467 Schweinitz, 467 Scopoli, 459 Screens, 347 Seeds, 108, their evolution, 383 Sequier, 459 Sennebier, 464 Seringe, 467 Sexual parts, 103, their structure, 333 Sheath, 77 Shoots, 71 Shrub, 66 Sibthorp, 466 Silex, 359 Silique, 114 Simplicity of parts, 45 Situation of parts Size of parts, 19, 203 Sleep of plants, 367 Slits of the surface, 309 Sloane, 448 Smell of flowers, 329 Smith, 465, 466, 467, 468 Soil, what plants take up from it, 347
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
state of the unripe germen, and of the ripe fruit, without remarking, that the former contains several ovula, whilst the latter always incloses but one seed. In the Siliculos , as in Crambe, Cakile, and Myagrum, we always find empty abortive loculi. Is it further necessary to multiply examples, by calling to recollection the common Snow-ball, and Hydrangea hortensis, where the abortive state of the sexual parts affords opportunity to the evolution of the beautifully coloured integuments of the
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
stands alone at the tip of a branch, where no other flower hinders its evolution, it will necessarily be regular, even when it belongs to a family with irregular flowers. Parnassia and Sauvagesia have regular flowers, although they belong to the Resede with irregular flowers. Asarum stands among the Aristolochi , because it has always a stalk with but one flower. But let us make the supposition, that around and near this blossom others arise, it will then become a whorl, a head, an ear, or an
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
the period when the former have attained their perfect state. Finally, the evolution of the sexual organs at different times, or what is called the Dichogamy, is a very obvious proof that in many cases fructification is accomplished by the nectaries. When we thus observe, that, in the same flower, the anther are much sooner ripe than the stigmata, or the reverse, it is evident that these latter organs cannot be impregnated by the former, in so far as they belong to the same plant. It hence
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
the union of azote, by the evolution of phosphorated iron, and of the colouring materials; as this neutral fluid frees itself in the secreting organs from its hydrogen, azote, oxygen, and carbon, that it may suffer a new oxydation in the lungs, and be prepared for undergoing again the same changes; in the same manner plants attract carbonic acid water saturated with azote; mix it with their own substance, and sometimes add more evolved hydrogen and carbon to the oxygen; and at other times free
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
the contraction in the whole body, and raise its entire irritability, we must be sensible, that this is the time when the expenditure of sap must be the greatest, although we should not take into consideration the fresh exhalation from die blossoms, or the evolution of azote and hydrogen from them. In fact, all our experience, both on a great and on a small scale, confirms this remark. In horticulture, it is known, that a plant requires the most powerful irrigation, when it puts on its
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
considerable heat is generated, namely, in the spadix of the Arum species, and, according to one report, also in the Pandanus when it flowers; although this phenomenon proceeds less from any preponderance of vital activity, than from a process which is truly chemical, and which relates to the evolution of elementary bodies in the blossoms; (Sennebier, Phys. Veget.; Hall in Bradley's and Adams' Med. and Phys. Jour.; Bory St Vincent in Ann. Gener. des Sciences Phys.) 378. We come now to another vital
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
peculiar pointed petal, until, after the complete evolution of the blossom, this petal relaxes, and thus leaves the fruit-stalk at liberty, which then stretches and raises itself up, although it still continues curved; (Fred. Bauer, Illustr. Nov. Holl.) The irritability of the arched margin of the corolla of the Leeuwenhoekia, R. B. is to be explained in the same manner. An irritability has also been ascribed to the parts of the glume or the Leersia lenticularis, Mich., which is known in North America
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
that the evolution of the embryon with its cotyledons is performed so much at the expense of the albuminous substance, that this substance is either entirely consumed, and becomes one with the chorion, or there remains only a small trace of it. 384. Although the chemical changes in the germ are of very high moment, yet this process cannot otherwise be fundamentally explained but in a dynamical way. The object of first importance in germs is their vital activity; and this in many plants dies so
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
stimuli which now awaken the life of the germ, and enable it to make use of its proper nourishment, the carbonic acid water impregnated with azote, for its full evolution. If the embryon remains still undeveloped in the seed, more arrangements and preparations must be had recourse to, before it will completely unfold itself. In many of the lower plants, the necessity of these preparations consists in this, that the awakening life, directed by no fixed original type, produces fluctuating forms
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A755    Beagle Library:     DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus and Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim. 1821. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany, nomenclature, theory of classification, phytography; anatomy, chemistry, physiology, geography, and diseases of plants: with a history of the science and practical illustrations. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and London: T. Cadell.   Text
sexual theory, (Das Neueste aus dem Planzenreich, Nurnberg, 1768, folio); and Caspar Frederick Wolf, of the academy at Petersburgh, who died 1794, gave, in his Theoria Generationis, Halle, 1774, the most complete discussion of the phenomena of fructification, as he also gave the first explanation of the evolution of the organs of plants from one another; (Nov. Comment. Petrop. XII. p. 403; XIII. p. 478.) 457. The anatomy of plants was neglected in the time of Linn us. But George Christian Reichel
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A773.01    Beagle Library:     Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 1.   Text
II. Conditions necessary for the existence of the Vital Principle. 22 1. A Parent, Univocal Generation. Equivocal Generation. Theory of Evolution. Transmutation of Species. 23 2. Moisture. Whether the vital principle resides in the solids or fluids. 29 3. Temperature. The increase of living beings as we approach the Equator. 30 4. Atmospheric air. Decomposed. Carbonic acid generated. 33 5. Nourishment. ib. III. Modifications of the Vital Principle. Health. Disease. Monsters, through excess or
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