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F2111
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1896. [Recollections of Darwin and correspondence with Romanes, 1875-1881]. In E. D. Romanes ed., The life and letters of George John Romanes. 6th impression. London: Longmans, 1908.
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department of science, of literature, and also of art. Thirty-six years have passed away since the publication of the 'Origin of Species,' and we have lived to see that again tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis. Now we see that a man can fully accept the doctrine of evolution, and yet can also believe in a personal God and in the doctrines which logically follow on such a belief. But it was not so at first. To many on both sides the new teaching seemed to threaten destruction to Theism, at least
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F2111
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1896. [Recollections of Darwin and correspondence with Romanes, 1875-1881]. In E. D. Romanes ed., The life and letters of George John Romanes. 6th impression. London: Longmans, 1908.
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care. As far as I can imperfectly judge, it is the most important book on evolution which has appeared for some time. I believe that G. H. Lewes hinted at the same fundamental idea, viz. that there is a struggle going on within every organism between the organic molecules, the cells, and the organs. I think that his basis is that every cell which best performs its function is as a consequence at the same time best nourished and best propagates its kind. The book does not touch on mental phenomena
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F2111
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1896. [Recollections of Darwin and correspondence with Romanes, 1875-1881]. In E. D. Romanes ed., The life and letters of George John Romanes. 6th impression. London: Longmans, 1908.
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the Council of the Linnean nominated me Zoological Secretary, and some of the members having pressed me to accept, I have accepted. I also hear that your son is to be on the same Council, and that Sir John Lubbock is to be the new President. I have at length decided on the arrangement of my material for the books on Animal Intelligence and Mental Evolution. I shall reserve all the heavier parts of theoretical discussion for the second book making the first the chief repository of facts, with
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F2111
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1896. [Recollections of Darwin and correspondence with Romanes, 1875-1881]. In E. D. Romanes ed., The life and letters of George John Romanes. 6th impression. London: Longmans, 1908.
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well. Like yourself, most of the champions do not like the idea. G. J. ROMANES. There are many other letters, but care has been taken only to select the most interesting. In 1881 came the last visit to Down, full of brightness. Mr. Darwin was most particularly kind, and gave Mr. Romanes some of his own MSS., including a paper on 'Instinct,' which is bound up with Mr. Romanes' own book, 'Mental Evolution in Animals.' It transpired that Mr. Darwin was extremely fond of novels [page] 13
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F2111
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1896. [Recollections of Darwin and correspondence with Romanes, 1875-1881]. In E. D. Romanes ed., The life and letters of George John Romanes. 6th impression. London: Longmans, 1908.
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against admitting them, I do not think that I should publish them anywhere else, because where such a personality is concerned, independent publication (without the occasion furnished by the appearance of a biography) might seem presumptuous even on the part of an anonymous writer. Yesterday I received a letter from the Frenchman who translated my book on 'Mental Evolution,' asking me to let him know whether he might apply for the translation of the biography. His name is De Varigny, and he does
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A517
Book contribution:
Pitt-Rivers, A. Lane-Fox. 1906 [1875]. On the evolution of culture. In J. L. Myres ed., The evolution of culture and other essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 20-44.
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, not as a primary stage, but as the final and highest result of science. But the highest achievements of science, even the highest practical achievements, would never have been reached by the 1 Lectures on the Science of Language (London, 1861), i, Lecture 1. [page] 22 THE EVOLUTION OF CULTUR
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A517
Book contribution:
Pitt-Rivers, A. Lane-Fox. 1906 [1875]. On the evolution of culture. In J. L. Myres ed., The evolution of culture and other essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 20-44.
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constructive arts as to change the form of a language; the action of. the individual man is limited in both cases to the production of particular words or particular implements, which take their place like bricks in a building. Man is not the designer in the sense of an architect, but he is the constructor in the sense of a brickmaker or a bricklayer.. [page] 26 THE EVOLUTION OF CULTUR
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A517
Book contribution:
Pitt-Rivers, A. Lane-Fox. 1906 [1875]. On the evolution of culture. In J. L. Myres ed., The evolution of culture and other essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 20-44.
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a larger share of our attention, to the exclusion of any comprehensive survey of them as a whole. The arts present themselves to our mental vision on a larger scale, and we view them analytically; we are as it were in the brickmaker's yard seeing each brick turned out of hand, whereas in dealing with language we see only the finished building; the details are lost. We view [page] THE EVOLUTION OF CULTURE 2
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A517
Book contribution:
Pitt-Rivers, A. Lane-Fox. 1906 [1875]. On the evolution of culture. In J. L. Myres ed., The evolution of culture and other essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 20-44.
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appear that almost every tribe has a different name for the same weapon. The narrow parrying-shield, which consists of a. piece of wood with a place for the hand in the centre, in South Australia goes by the name of 'heileman', in other parts it is known under thename of 'mulabakka', in Victoria it is 'turnmung', and on the west coast we have ' murukanye' and l tamarang' for the same implement very slightly modified in size and. form.. [page] THE EVOLUTION OF CULTURE 2
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A517
Book contribution:
Pitt-Rivers, A. Lane-Fox. 1906 [1875]. On the evolution of culture. In J. L. Myres ed., The evolution of culture and other essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 20-44.
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scientists; but I cannot avoid quoting, in reference to this point, a passage from Dr. Carpenter's Mental Physiology, who in this controversy is certainly entitled to be regarded as the champion of free will; and therefore by quoting him we run no risk of overstating the case against free will. ' Our mental activity/ he says (p. 25), is 'entirely spontaneous or automatic, being determined by our congenital [page] THE EVOLUTION OF CULTURE 3
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A517
Book contribution:
Pitt-Rivers, A. Lane-Fox. 1906 [1875]. On the evolution of culture. In J. L. Myres ed., The evolution of culture and other essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 20-44.
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direction, flakes would be produced ; and by still further repeating the same motions, it would at last be found that by means of many blows a stone could be chipped to an edge or a point so as to form a very efficient tool. But this continued chipping of the stone in order to produce a tool, implies a considerable mental advance upon the effort of mind necessary to construct a tool with one blow. [page] THE EVOLUTION OF CULTURE 3
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A517
Book contribution:
Pitt-Rivers, A. Lane-Fox. 1906 [1875]. On the evolution of culture. In J. L. Myres ed., The evolution of culture and other essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 20-44.
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designed them for special uses, but arose from a selection of varieties produced accidentally in the process of manufacture. The forms were also suggested by those of the nodules out of which they were made. We see, by examining the outside surfaces that were left on some of them, how a long thin nodule produced a long thin celt, a broad thick nodule a broad thick celt, and so forth. Indeed, so completely does the [page] THE EVOLUTION OE CULTURE 3
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A517
Book contribution:
Pitt-Rivers, A. Lane-Fox. 1906 [1875]. On the evolution of culture. In J. L. Myres ed., The evolution of culture and other essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 20-44.
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in a paper on primitive warfare read some time ago, is a vestige of the overlapping flange of the earlier forms out of which it grew, which, like the rings on our brass cannon, are survivals of parts formerly serving for special uses (pp. 182-3 below). In the vertical columns I have given, in the order of their occurrence, the successive periods of prehistoric time, viz. the early palaeolithic, late palaeolithic, early neolithic, late neolithic, d a [page] 36 THE EVOLUTION OF CULTUR
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A517
Book contribution:
Pitt-Rivers, A. Lane-Fox. 1906 [1875]. On the evolution of culture. In J. L. Myres ed., The evolution of culture and other essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 20-44.
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flattened, then curved; one side becomes more developed than the other, and this being thrown develops into the waddy boomerang, the ridge of the earlier forms being still represented by a mark on the flat head of the weapon; an intermediate link connects it with the true boomerang. Many other examples might be given to illustrate the continuity which exists in the development of all savage weapons ; [page] THE EVOLUTION OF CULTURE 3
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A517
Book contribution:
Pitt-Rivers, A. Lane-Fox. 1906 [1875]. On the evolution of culture. In J. L. Myres ed., The evolution of culture and other essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 20-44.
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the forehead, representing probably a tattoo mark; the body is represented sitting in full. In the third figure the man is represented sitting sideways, simply by lopping off an arm and a leg on one side. In the fourth figure the legs have disappeared. In the fifth figure the whole body has disappeared. In the sixth figure the nose [page] 42 THE EVOLUTION OF CULTUR
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A517
Book contribution:
Pitt-Rivers, A. Lane-Fox. 1906 [1875]. On the evolution of culture. In J. L. Myres ed., The evolution of culture and other essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 20-44.
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figures above. Urns of this kind were used by the Egyptians to contain the viscera of the mummies; but with the cheaper form of burial, in which the viscera were retained in the body, stone models of urns, of which these figures are drawings from originals in the British Museum, were deposited in the graves as vestiges of the earlier and more expensive process; these objects therefore cannot be idols, but votive urns. The [page] 44 THE EVOLUTION OF CULTUR
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F1066.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. Die Abstammung des Menschen und die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl. Translated by J. V. Carus. 2 vols. 3d ed. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. Volume 1
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Cap. 2. Natürliche Zuchtwahl. 79 erschaffen worden sei, vollständig zu beseitigen, und dies führte mich zu der stillschweigenden Annahme, dass jedes einzelne Structurdetail, mit Ausnahme der Eudimente, von irgendwelchem speciellen, wenn auch unerkannten Nutzen sei. Mit dieser Annahme im Sinne würde wohl ganz natürlich Jedermann die Wirkung der natürlichen Zuchtwahl, sei es während früherer oder jetziger Zeiten, zu hoch anschlagen. Einige von Denen, welche das Princip der Evolution annehmen
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F1066.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. Die Abstammung des Menschen und die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl. Translated by J. V. Carus. 2 vols. 3d ed. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. Volume 1
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an Modifi- cationen in gewissen Merkmalen erfahren hat. Die grosse Unterbrechung in der organischen Stufenreihe zwischen dem Menschen und seinen nächsten Verwandten, welche von keiner aus- gestorbenen oder lebenden Species überbrückt werden kann, ist oft als ein schwer wiegender Einwurf gegen die Annahme vorgebracht worden, dass der Mensch von einer niederen Form abgestammt ist; für Dieje- nigen aber, welche durch allgemeine Gründe überzeugt an das allge- meine Princip der Evolution glauben
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F1066.1
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1875. Die Abstammung des Menschen und die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl. Translated by J. V. Carus. 2 vols. 3d ed. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. Volume 1
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Cap. 7. Sind die Menschenrassen Species? 231 Ende nehmenden Zweifeln, ob viele nahe verwandte Säugethiere, Vögel, Insecten und Pflanzen, welche einander iu Nordamerica und Europa vertreten, als Species oder als geographische Rassen aufgeführt werden sollen; und dasselbe gilt für die Erzeugnisse vieler Inseln, welche in geringer Entfernung von dem nächsten Festlande gelegen sind. Auf der auderen Seite werden diejenigen Naturforscher, welche das Princip der Evolution annehmen, — und dies wird
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F2106
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1970. [Recollection of and letters to de Vries]. In Peter W. van der Pas. The correspondence of Hugo de Vries and Charles Darwin. Janus 57: 173-213.
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DARWIN'S Origin of Species (1859) was preceded by his work on geology and his work on Cirripedia, both of which may be considered to lead to the Origin, thereafter his attention turned to the Fertilisation of Orchids (1862) and Climbing Plants (1865), Variation under Domestication (1868) and the Descent of Man (1871). After these books, DARWIN turns away from the subject of evolution, although some of his subsequent works show a casual interest in the topic. His attention turns to The
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