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F913.2
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. De la variation des animaux et des plantes à l'état domestique. Traduit sur la seconde édition anglaise par Ed. Barbier; préface de Carl Vogt. Paris: C. Reinwald et Cie. vol. 2.
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MONSTRUOSITÉS. 35 pement ; car, chez ces fleurs, tous les organes sont symétriques pendant les premières phases de leur développement, et ne pourraient pas devenir irréguliers s'ils étaient arrêtés a ce point de leur évolution. De plus, si l'arrêt de développement se produisait encore plus tût, il aurait pour résultat une simple, touffe de feuilles vertes, ce que personne ne regarderait probablement comme un cas de retour. Le Dr Masters désigne les premiers de ces cas sous le nom de pélorie
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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judge, a real advance has here been made in the mode of treating problems in Geographical Distribution, owing to the firm establishment of a number of preliminary doctrines or principles, which in many cases lead to a far simpler and yet more complete solution of such problems than have been hitherto possible. The most important of these doctrines are those which establish and define (1) The former wide extension of all groups now discontinuous, as being a necessary result of evolution ; (2
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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climate or general conditions of that country were not suitable to it, but in what the unsuitability consisted we could rarely hope to discover. Hence the exact locality of any species was not thought of much importance from a scientific point of view, and the idea that anything could be learnt by a comparative study of different floras and faunas never entered the minds of the older naturalists. But so soon as the theory of evolution came to be generally adopted, and it was seen that each animal
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A1492
Review:
Anon. 1880. [Review of Erasmus Darwin]. Argus, (Melbourne), (28 February): 5.
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Triangles, and since then his name is remembered chiefly by a couplet, presaging certainly with remarkable provision the triumph of steam:─ Soon shall thy arm, unconquered steam, afar, Drag the slow barge or drive the rapid car. Dr. Erasmus Darwin, by the testimony of his more illustrious grandson, was no doubt a man of considerable originality and power of mind, who was before his time in many things, and who even conceived something like an idea of the theory of evolution. His German editor, Dr
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A1924
Review:
Anon. 1880. [Review of Erasmus]. American Catholic Quarterly Review, 5, (July): 570-71.
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lace have elaborated into the modern theory of evolution. A fact which seems to have escaped Krause's notice is that in another question also, the government of the universe, Charles Darwin apparently holds the same position which was held by his grandfather. That there exists a superior Ens Entium, says the latter, which formed these wonderful creatures, is a mathematical demonstration. That he influences things by a particular providence is not so evident. The probability, according to my
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judge, a real advance has here been made in the mode of treating problems in Geographical Distribution, owing to the firm establishment of a number of preliminary doctrines or principles, which in many cases lead to a far simpler and yet more complete solution of such problems than have been hitherto possible. The most important of these doctrines are those which establish and define (1) The former wide extension of all groups now discontinuous, as being a necessary result of evolution ; (2
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climate or general conditions of that country were not suitable to it, but in what the unsuitability consisted we could rarely hope to discover. Hence the exact locality of any species was not thought of much importance from a scientific point of view, and the idea that anything could be learnt by a comparative study of different floras and faunas never entered the minds of the older naturalists. But so soon as the theory of evolution came to be generally adopted, and it was seen that each animal
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CUL-DAR202.12
Printed:
1880
Reply to a vegetarian (letter to) `Herald of Health' ns 31: 180.
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. Darwin's reply to a vegetarian. Herald of Health and Journal of Physical Culture n.s. 31: 180. [page 180] DARWIN'S REPLY TO A VEGETARIAN. —The following letter was received from Charles Darwin in answer to one written to him by a person1 who saw in the theory of evolution, as set forth by this great naturalist, evidence in favor of vegetarianism. We find it in a German vegetarian journal, and translate: DEAR SIR.—I have so many letters to answer that mine to you must be
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F1325
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray.
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forms of circumnutation; as again are the equally prevalent movements of stems, etc., towards the zenith, and of roots towards the centre of the earth. In accordance with these conclusions, a considerable difficulty in the way of evolution is in part removed, for it might have been asked, how did all these diversified movements for the most different purposes first arise? As the case stands, we know that there is always movement in progress, and its amplitude, or direction, or both, have only
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F1984
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. Darwin's reply to a vegetarian. Herald of Health and Journal of Physical Culture n.s. 31: 180.
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. Darwin's reply to a vegetarian. Herald of Health and Journal of Physical Culture n.s. 31: 180. [page] 180 DARWIN'S REPLY TO A VEGETARIAN. —The following letter was received from Charles Darwin in answer to one written to him by a person1 who saw in the theory of evolution, as set forth by this great naturalist, evidence in favor of vegetarianism. We find it in a German vegetarian journal, and translate: DEAR SIR.—I have so many letters to answer that mine to you must be
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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established between an animal and its native country, and a new set of problems at once sprang into existence. From the old point of view the diversities of animal life in the separate continents, even where physical conditions were almost identical, was the fact that excited astonishment; but seen by the light of the evolution theory, it is the resemblances rather than the diversities in these distant continents and islands that are most difficult to explain. It thus comes to be admitted that
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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most of the disputed questions as to the development of animals, and to confine ourselves to those general principles regulating the origin and development of species and genera which were first laid down by Mr. Darwin twenty years ago, and have now come to be adopted by naturalists as established propositions in the theory of evolution. The Origin of New Species. How, then, do new species arise, supposing the world to have been, physically, much as we now see it; and what becomes of them after
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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impossible, and that it either was or must have been effected by means of continents now sunk beneath the ocean. Concluding Remarks. When writing on the subject of distribution it usually seems to have been forgotten that the theory of evolution absolutely necessitates the former existence of a whole series of extinct genera filling up the gap between the isolated genera which in many cases now alone exist; while it is almost an axiom of natural selection that such numerous forms of one type could
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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nearest the shore, the finer silt and mud furthest from it. From the earliest geological times the great area of deposit has been as it still is, the marginal belt of sea-floor skirting the land. 1 Geographical Evolution. (Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. 1879, p. 426.) [page] 8
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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lecture on Geographical Evolution (which was published after the greater part of this chapter had been written) Professor Geikie expresses views in complete accordance with those here advocated. He says: The next long era, the Cretaceous, was more remarkable for slow accumulation of rock under the sea than for the formation of new land. During that time the Atlantic sent its waters across the whole of Europe and into Asia. But they were probably nowhere more than a few hundred feet deep over the
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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evolution, nothing can be more certain than that groups now broken up and detached were once continuous, and that fragmentary groups and isolated forms are but the relics of once widespread types, which have been preserved in a few localities where the physical conditions were especially favourable, or where organic competition was less severe. The true explanation of all such remote geographical affinities is, that they date back to a time when the ancestral group of which they are the common
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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Linnean Society, 1873, p. 496. On Diversity of Evolution under one set of External Conditions. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1873, p.80. On the Classification of the Achatinellidæ. [page] 30
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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our species, we must certainly hold them to be peculiar till they have been proved to be otherwise. The great speciality of the Irish fishes is very interesting, because it is just what we should expect on the theory of evolution. In Ireland the two main causes of specific change isolation and altered conditions are each more powerful than in Britain. Whatever difficulty continental fishes may have in passing over to Britain, that difficulty will certainly be increased by the second sea
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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maritimus, because its only near ally inhabits the coasts of the Mediterranean; and it thus offers an analogous case to the small moth, Elachista rufocinerea, which is found only in Britain and the extreme South of Europe. Looking, then, at what seem to me the probabilities of the case from the standpoint of evolution and natural [page] 33
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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presents us with a very large proportion of peculiar species, not only in its mammalia, which have no means of crossing the wide strait which separates it from the mainland, but also in its birds, many of which are quite able to cross over. Here, too, we obtain a glimpse of the way in which species die out and are replaced by others, which quite agrees with what the theory of evolution assures us must have occurred. On a continent, the process of extinction will generally take effect on the
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