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A2951
Book:
Bacon, G. W. [1882]. The life of Charles Darwin, with British opinion on evolution. Compiled by G. W. Bacon, F.R.G.S. London: G. W. Bacon & Co.
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the objects in the world are regarded as practically the equals and kinsfolk of man himself, we arrive, by a series of differentiations at modern society, with its manifold well-marked definitions and divisions. Thus philosophy, with its old theories of innate ideas and prenatal memories, is becoming nothing more than the history of man as determined by the laws of evolution. We no longer move about in world not realized since Mr. Darwin completed his task. Socrates bade the philosopher learn
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A2951
Book:
Bacon, G. W. [1882]. The life of Charles Darwin, with British opinion on evolution. Compiled by G. W. Bacon, F.R.G.S. London: G. W. Bacon & Co.
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sciences are farther apart than they were; no man pretends to universal knowledge; it is permitted to every inquirer to pursue his own path of research, without a too curious regards to the accordance of his results with accepted theories and common beliefs. But it is worth while to pint out that many sweeping generalizations, many negative conclusions announced in the name of a philosophy of evolution belong not to Mr. Darwin himself, but to some of the less judicious of his disciples. [page] 3
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A2951
Book:
Bacon, G. W. [1882]. The life of Charles Darwin, with British opinion on evolution. Compiled by G. W. Bacon, F.R.G.S. London: G. W. Bacon & Co.
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inflicted upon him many queer correspondents; but on the other hand it brought its reward, for all over the world all sorts of people were eager to send him what he most cared for ─ facts. He always gave credit for these where due, in the most cordial manner; and nothing is more characteristic of the two men than the behaviour towards each other of Mr. Darwin and Mr. Wallace in relation to their common exposition of Evolution. How often do we see disputes as to priority in some petty discovery
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A7
Periodical contribution:
Carpenter, W. B. 1882. Charles Darwin: his life and work. Modern Review. 3: 500-24.
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any question in Biology of more importance than that of the nature and causes of Variability. I * It is, I think, greatly to be regretted that some of the more ardent advocates of the Evolution-doctrine are continually (by neglect of this important distinction) leading their disciples to look at natural selection as the cause of particular adaptations of structure to function; whereas it simply expresses the fact that the creatures in which those adaptations had come to exist, would be the
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A886
Periodical contribution:
Anon. 1882. [Obituary] Charles Darwin. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 5) 9 (no. 53, May): 402-404.
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has so lately departed from among us. And we feel that it is the more incumbent upon us to give expression to our profound feeling of regret at the loss which the whole scientific world has just sustained, as we were at the first opposed to the doctrines put forward by Mr. Darwin, and have never been among the uncompromising supporters of the special form of the theory of evolution which was embodied in the 'Origin of Species.' Of the character of his writings it is unnecessary for us to speak
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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mental adjustments. But, nevertheless, the criterion is the best that is available, and, as it will be found sufficient for all the purposes of the present work, its more minute analysis had better be deferred till I shall have to treat of the probable evolution of mind from non-mental antecedents. I may, however, here explain that in my use of this criterion I shall always regard it as fixing only the upper limit of non-mental action; I shall never regard it as fixing the lower limit of mental
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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quoted from well known writers, 'looking upon instinct' in widely different ways; but as this is not an historical work, I shall pass on at once to the manner in which science looks upon it, or, at least, the manner in which it will always be looked upon throughout the present work. Without concerning ourselves with the origin of instincts, and so without reference to the theory of evolution, we have to consider the most conspicuous and distinctive features of instinct as it now exists. The most
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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tion, and the rest, as implying mental faculties the same in kind as those which in ourselves we call rational. Now it is notorious that no distinct line can be drawn between instinct and reason. Whether we look to the growing child or to the ascending scale of animal life, we find that instinct shades into reason by imperceptible degrees, or, as Pope expresses it, that these principles are 'for ever separate, yet for ever near.' Nor is this other than the principles of evolution would lead us
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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a time before the social instincts became so complex or consolidated, and when, therefore, bees lived in lesser communities. Probably this is the explanation, although I think we might still have expected that before this period in their evolution had arrived bees might have developed a compensating instinct, either not to allow the queen to lay so many drone eggs, or else to massacre the drones while still in the larval state. But here we must remember that among the wasps the males do work
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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instinct. This conclusion of course necessitates the supposition that the instinct must be one of enormous antiquity; and in this connection it is worthy of remark that we seem to have independent evidence to show that such is the case. It is a principle of evolution that the earlier any structure or instinct appears in the development of the race, the sooner will it appear in the development of the individual; and read by the light of this principle we should conclude, quite apart from all
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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heather bush, on the declivity of a low abrupt bank, where the only chance of dislodging the young birds was to eject them over the side of the nest remote from its support upon the bank.] As the young cuckoo was blind, it must have known the part of the nest to choose by feeling from the inside that that part was unsupported. Such being the facts, we have next to ask how they are to be explained on the principles of evolution. At first sight it seems that although the habit saves the bird which
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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from its theoretical side being thus one of much difficulty, I think it will be better to postpone its discussion till in 'Mental Evolution' I come to treat of the whole subject of instinct in relation to intelligence [page] 384 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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do well to remember that this grade of mental evolution is reached very early in the psychical development of the human child. In my next work I shall adduce evidence to show that children of one year, or even less, are able to distinguish pictures as representations of particular objects, and will point at the proper pictures when asked to show these objects. Coming now to cases more distinctly indicative of reason in the strict sense of the word, numberless ordinary acts performed by dogs
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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commencement of inflammatory softening of the brain, unconsciously imitate every word that is uttered, whether in their own or in a foreign language, and every gesture or action which is performed near them. The same sort of tendency is often observable in young children, so that it seems to be frequently distinctive of a certain stage or grade of mental evolution, and particularly in the branch Primates. Other animals, however, certainly imitate each other's actions to a certain extent, as I
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F1416
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. [Extracts from Darwin's draft chapter 10 of Natural selection]. In Romanes, G. J., Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co.
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. BLUNT, WilfredS, The Future of Islam. Crown 8vo, 6s. BONWICK, J., F.R.G.S. Pyramid Facts and Fancies. Crown 8vo, 5s. Egyptian Belief and Modern Thought. Large post 8vo, 10s. 6d. BOUVERIE-PUSEY, S. E. B. Permanence and Evolution. An Inquiry into the Supposed Mutability of Animal Types. Crown 8vo, 5s. BOWEN, H. C., M.A. Studies in English. For the use of Modern Schools. Third Edition. Small crown 8vo, 1s. 6d. English Grammar for Beginners. Fcap. 8vo, 1s. BRIDGETT, Rev. T. E. History of the Holy
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F2555
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1945. [Letter to James E. Todd, 10 April 1882]. Charles Darwin's last letter? Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 48, no. 3, (December): 317-18.
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seventy-fourth year, and it is fitting that his last known scientific utterance should be on a botanical matter. For there was an evolutionary progression in his own researches. His first insight into science was attained through geology; he moved on to zoology, and thence to botany, with the thread of world evolution connecting each subject. Fifty years before this letter was written he knew practically nothing of botany, and the exigencies of geological and zoological observations and deductions
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F955
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. 2d ed., fifteenth thousand.
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In the next chapter I shall make some few remarks on the probable steps and means by which the several mental and moral faculties of man have been gradually evolved. That such evolution is at least possible, ought not to be denied, for we daily see these faculties developing in every infant; and we may trace a perfect gradation from the mind of an utter idiot, lower than that of an animal low in the scale, to the mind of a Newton. ———————————— CHAPTER V. ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECTUAL
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F955
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. 2d ed., fifteenth thousand.
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. No doubt man, in comparison with most of his allies, has undergone an extraordinary amount of modification, chiefly in consequence of the great development of his brain and his erect position; nevertheless, we should bear in mind that he is but one of several exceptional forms of Primates. 14 Every naturalist, who believes in the principle of evolution, will grant that the two main divisions of the Simiadæ, namely the Catarhine and Platyrhine monkeys, with their sub-groups, have all proceeded
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F955
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. 2d ed., fifteenth thousand.
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development—Genealogy of man—Intellectual and moral faculties—Sexual selection—Concluding remarks. A BRIEF summary will be sufficient to recall to the reader's mind the more salient points in this work. Many of the views which have been advanced are highly speculative, and some no doubt will prove erroneous; but I have in every case given the reasons which have led me to one view rather than to another. It seemed worth while to try how far the principle of evolution would throw light on some of the more
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F955
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1882. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. 2d ed., fifteenth thousand.
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-socket ornaments; and it is probable that they were actually thus developed. Everyone who admits the principle of evolution, and yet feels great difficulty in admitting that female mammals, birds, [page] 61
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