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A1778
Review:
"W. B. G.". 1884. [Review of] Darwin's Essay on instinct. Midlands Naturalist, 7: 18-19.
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [page] 18 DARWIN'S ESSAY ON INSTINCT. This so-called ''posthumous essay of the late Charles Darwin, which was written thirty years ago, was read at a recent meeting of the Linnean Society by Mr. G. J. Romanes, to whose forthcoming work on the Mental Evolution of Animals it will be added as an appendix. The following is an outline of the paper: —Under the head of migration the main points with which Darwin is concerned are—(1) that in different kinds
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A856
Book:
Walford Edward. 1884. Greater London: a narrative of its history, its people, and its places, vol. 2. London: Cassell
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kindred sciences. Everything connected with the past and with the future of man and of society is seen to be more or less bound up in the questions of evolution, development, and descent. Downe Hall, which was for so many years the residence of Darwin, is situated on the south side of the village, about a quarter of a mile from the church. It is an old-fashioned mansion, of no great size; it may be known by its white front, covered with clusters of ivy. On the right hand of the entrance-hall is
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A856
Book:
Walford Edward. 1884. Greater London: a narrative of its history, its people, and its places, vol. 2. London: Cassell
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the world that he was not idle with his pen. At last, in 1859, the Origin of Species burst upon the world, with its bold theories concerning evolution, natural selection, and the like. Instantly a storm of prejudice broke on the author's head. Undisturbed, he worked on, silently but un-wearyingly, and soon after published The Descent of Man, dealing specially with such features of the modification of species as may seem to throw light on the origin of man. In 1853 the Royal Society recognised the
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A119
Review:
Whittaker, Thomas. 1884. [Review of] Mental evolution in animals. Mind 9 (34) (April): 291-295.
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the deleterious, and to seek the beneficial; the raison d' tre of Consciousness may have been that of supplying the condition to the feeling of Pleasure and Pain. Be this as it may, however, it seems certain, as a matter of observable fact, that the association of Pleasure and Pain with organic states and processes which are respectively beneficial and deleterious to the organism, is the most important function of Consciousness in the scheme of Evolution (pp. 110-111). It is difficult to infer
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A119
Review:
Whittaker, Thomas. 1884. [Review of] Mental evolution in animals. Mind 9 (34) (April): 291-295.
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Whittaker, Thomas. 1884. [Review of] Mental evolution in animals. Mind 9 (34) (April): 291-295. [page 291] VII. CRITICAL NOTICES. Mental Evolution in Animals. By GEORGE JOHN ROMANES, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Zoological Secretary of the Linnean Society. With a Posthumous Essay on Instinct by CHARLES DARWIN. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1883. Pp. 411. This book is probably the first attempt to treat the psychology of animals systematically and as a whole. It is based on the theory of evolution
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A119
Review:
Whittaker, Thomas. 1884. [Review of] Mental evolution in animals. Mind 9 (34) (April): 291-295.
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evolved, we should expect them to fall into groups having the peculiarities pointed out by Darwin as characteristic of all groups that have originated by evolution. And the evolution of existing types of animal intelligence, as well as of existing types of animal organisation, ought to be shown by a genealogical tree, not by a structure that cannot represent the growth of more than one type, either of mind or of organisation. If the construction of such a genealogical tree is at present
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F1911
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. [Extract from a 1881 letter of Darwin and his unpublished notes]. In Romanes, G. J., The Darwinian theory of instinct. The Nineteenth Century no. 91 (September): 434-450.
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and clippings which he had been making for the past forty years in psychological matters. I have now gone carefully through all this material, and have published most of it in my work on 'Mutual Evolution in Animals.' I allude to this work on the present occasion in order to observe that, as it has so recently come out, I shall feel myself entitled to assume that few have read it; and therefore I shall not cramp my remarks by seeking to avoid any of the facts or arguments therein contained. [page
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F1911
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. [Extract from a 1881 letter of Darwin and his unpublished notes]. In Romanes, G. J., The Darwinian theory of instinct. The Nineteenth Century no. 91 (September): 434-450.
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was fully recognised by Mr. Darwin as a factor in the formation of instinct. The Darwinian theory of instinct, then, attributes the evolution of instincts to these two causes acting either singly or in combination—natural selection and lapsing intelligence. I shall now proceed to adduce some of the more important facts and considerations which, to the best of my judgment, support this theory, and show it to be by far the most comprehensive and satisfactory explanation of the phenomena which has
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F1911
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. [Extract from a 1881 letter of Darwin and his unpublished notes]. In Romanes, G. J., The Darwinian theory of instinct. The Nineteenth Century no. 91 (September): 434-450.
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an aim as those lower instincts of the brutes which we have been contemplating. And, even if the theory of evolution were ever to succeed in furnishing VOL. XVI.—No. 91. H H [page] 450 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. Sept
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leapt at once from the First Principles of evolution as a whole to the Principles of Biology, Psychology, and Sociology, omitting all reference to the application of evolution to the vast field of inorganic nature; and he did so on the distinctly stated ground that -its application to organic nature was then and there more important and interesting. That suggestive expression of belief aptly sums up the general attitude of scientific and philosophic minds at the precise moment of the advent of
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To most people Darwinism and evolution, mean one and the same thing. After what has here been said, however, with regard to the pre-Darwinian evolutionary movement, and the distinction between the doctrines of descent with modification and of natural selection, it need hardly be added that the two are quite separate and separable in thought, even within the limits of the purely restricted biological order. Darwinism is only a part of organic evolution; the theory, as a whole, owes much to
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of evolution. On the other hand, the total esoteric philosophic conception of evolution as a cosmical process, one and continuous from nebula to man, from star to soul, from atom to society, we owe rather to the other great prophet of the evolutionary creed, Herbert Spencer, whose name will ever be equally remembered side by side with his mighty peer's, in a place of high collateral glory. It is he who has given us the general definition of evolution as a progress from an indefinite, incoherent
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have been far more striking, noticeable, and evident than those which followed the establishment of the evolutionary conception in the astronomical and geological departments. It was possible to accept cosmical evolution and solar evolution and planetary evolution, without at the same time accepting evolution in the restricted field of life and mind. But it was impossible to accept evolution in biology without at the same time extending its application to psychology, to the social organism, to
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the evolution of evolution, but also as to the evolution of the evolutionist? On the other hand, though Erasmus Darwin defined a fool to his friend Edgeworth as 'a man who never tried an experiment in his life,' he was wanting himself in the rigorous and patient inductive habit which so strikingly distinguished his grandson Charles. That trait, as we shall presently see, the biological chief of the nineteenth century derived is all probability from another root of his genealogical tree. Erasmus
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slow growth of the past two centuries, a progressive development of the collective scientific and philosophical mind of humanity, not due in its totality to any one single commanding thinker, but summing itself up at last in our own time more fully in the person and teaching of Mr. Herbert Spencer than of any other solitary mouthpiece. Indeed, intimately as we all now associate the name of Darwin with the word 'evolution,' that term itself (whose vogue is almost entirely due to Mr. Spencer's
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subsequent development of those that naturally came after it. Nevertheless, the popular instinct which regards Darwinism and evolution as practically synonymous is [page] DARWINISM AND EVOLUTION 18
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MALTHUS VON BUCH natural selection, 99; slow Powell, Baden-, 78 acceptance of Darwinism, 'Physiological Units,' 126 119; 'Antiquity of Man,' 120 Psychology, evolution in, 183 MALTHUS, 15; influence on RAFINESQUE, 69 Darwin, 60, 67, 74, 94 Rio Janeiro, Darwin at, 45 Matthew, Patrick, 18; extracts from, 82 Mimicry, 79 ST. HILAIRE, Geoffroy, 9; the Monte Video, Darwin at, 46 younger, 77 Mould, formation of, 66 St. Paul's Rocks, 43 Mount, the, 31 Sexual selection, first glimpse Müller, Fritz, 124
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beginning of the century. This explains why Mr. Darwin's success was so rapid and complete, and it also explains why he came so near being anticipated.' To put it briefly, a priori, creation is from the very first unbelievable; but, as a matter of evidence, Lamarck failed to make evolution comprehensible, or to give a rationale of its mode of action, while Darwin's theory of natural selection succeeded in doing so for those who awaited a posteriori proof. Hence Darwin was able to convert the
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modifies its form by propagation.' In England, twelve months earlier, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, Charles Darwin's grandfather (of whom more anon), published his 'Zoonomia,' a treatise on the laws of animal life, in which he not only adopted Buffon's theory of the origin of species by evolution, but also laid down as the chief cause of such development the actions and needs of the animals themselves. According to Dr. Erasmus Darwin, animals came to vary from one another chiefly because they were always
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at large were induced by its ephemeral vogue to interest themselves in a question to which they had never previously given even a passing thought, though more practised biologists of evolutionary tendencies were grieved at heart that evolution should first have been popularly presented to the English world under so unscientific, garbled, and mutilated a form. From the philosophic side, Herbert Spencer found 'this ascription of organic evolution to some aptitude naturally possessed by organisms
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