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A505.2
Beagle Library:
Lyell, Charles. 1830. Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. 3 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 2.
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fancied evolution of one species out of another. When the celebrated anatomist, Camper, first attempted to estimate the degrees of sagacity of different animals, and of the races of man, by the measurement of the facial angle, some speculators were bold enough to affirm, that certain simi differed as little from the more savage races of men, as do these from the human race in general; and that a scale might be traced from apes, with foreheads villanous low, to the African variety of the human
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A505.2
Beagle Library:
Lyell, Charles. 1830. Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. 3 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 2.
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calcareous matter in their stems, to abound near springs impregnated with carbonate of lime. We know that if the common hen be deprived altogether of calcareous nutriment, the shells of her eggs will become of too slight a consistency to protect the contents, and some birds eat chalk greedily during the breeding season. If on the other hand we turn to the phenomena of inorganic nature, we observe that, in volcanic countries, there is an enormous evolution of carbonic acid, mixed with water or
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F3450
Pamphlet:
Darwin, C. R. 1971. A letter of Charles Darwin about preparations for the voyage of the Beagle, 1831. [Philadelphia]: Friends of the Library, American Philosophical Society. Stinehour Press and the Meriden Gravure Company.
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evolution in its elementary form, means nothing more than that everything that exists has been derived from something that pre-existed; that the former is related to the latter as effect is to cause. And it is most pleasing evidence of the acceptibility of this doctrine, that it is now heard from many pulpits in the land, as a strong illustration of the instructions which are thence given. Therefore, while lamenting the death of Darwin, at a ripe old age, and losing the benefit of his vast
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F1840
Book:
Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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tree finch C. crassirostris. 3 The four birds called Gross-beaks by CD were Geospiza magnirostris, of which Gould's G. strenua is a subspecies. CD claimed that the specimens with the largest beaks came from Chatham and Charles Islands, but G. magnirostris has not been found since on those two islands, where either the form has since become extinct, or evolution of beak size has taken place in the manner described by Peter Grant in his book Ecology and Evolution of Darwin's Finches (Princeton
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F1840
Book:
Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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examples of his unimpeachable accuracy in describing the wide range of animals seen in the course of his travels, and of his closely analytical approach towards every one of his observations. Only at the very end of the voyage were his first thoughts about the immutability of species consciously expressed, but here are to be found the initial seeds of his theory of evolution, and of the fields of behavioural and ecological study of which he was one of the founding fathers. [page break
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F1840
Book:
Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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crucial stage in the evolution of higher animals was reached in the cnidarians some 550 Ma ago (see Bertil Hille (1992) Evolution and diversity. Chapter 20 in Ionic channels of excitable membranes. 2nd edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.) It has also been pointed out recently by Richard Keynes Fredrik Elinder (1999) The screw-helical voltage gating of ion channels. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266:843-852 that across the whole of the animal kingdom, voltage-gated ion channels of every
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F1840
Book:
Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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, Camarhynchus psittaculus, Camarhynchus crassirostris, Cactornis scandens, Cactornis assimilis and Certhidea olivacea. For the reasons discussed by Frank J. Sulloway in his article 'Darwin and his finches: the evolution of a legend' (Journal of the History of Biology Vol. 15, pp. 1-53, 1982), it is not always possible to identify the surviving specimens with CD's original numbers, some of them may have been collected by FitzRoy or other members of the Beagle's crew, and there are doubts in deciding on
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F1840
Book:
Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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pp. 259-60. 77 Cambridge University Library MS DAR 29.1. 78 Richard Burkhardt (1985) Darwin on animal behaviour and evolution. Darwinian Heritage Chapter 13, pp. 327-65. 79 Patrick Armstrong Darwin's Desolate Islands: a Naturalist in the Falklands, 1833 and 1834. Picton Publishing (Chippenham) Ltd., 1992. Also: An ethologist aboard HMS Beagle: the young Darwin's observations on animal behaviour. Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences 29:339-44, 1993. 80 Letter from CD to Catherine
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F1840
Book:
Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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is the slightest foundation for these remarks the zoology of Archipelagoes will be well worth examining; for such facts would undermine the stability of Species.' Nevertheless, several of the issues to which he often returned earlier may give some indication as to how, albeit subconsciously, his ideas about evolution were taking shape. Thus he always asked himself whether the rats and mice, and other domestic animals, were indigenous or introduced species, and how much variation they displayed
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F1840
Book:
Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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terrestrial animals. He was thus enabled to examine the animals occupying many different environments, and had the very good fortune to be taken by the Beagle to the Galapagos, which turned out eventually to be an ideal place, rivalled only by Hawaii and Madagascar, for studying the evolution of new species in isolated islands. In addition, the Beagle landed him at places where exceptionally informative fossils were lodged in the cliffs, and enabled him to visit the Andes and the coastal plains on
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F1840
Book:
Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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-66. 29 Q. Bone, H. Kapp and A.C. Pierrot-Bults (1991) The Biology of Chaetognaths. Oxford University Press. See also C. Nielsen (1995) Animal Evolution. Inter-relationships of the Living Phyla. Oxford University Press. 30 Charles Darwin (1844) Observations on the Structure and Propagation of the Genus Sagitta. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology 13:1-6. Reprinted in Collected Papers 1:177-82. 31 A monograph on the sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of
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F1840
Book:
Keynes, Richard Darwin ed. 2000. Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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from external case. But I suspect the two bear to each other somewhat same relation which Actinia does to Caryophillia. 1 Systellommatophora, Onchidiidae, a sluglike intertidal mollusc. Onchidella steindachneri is listed as endemic in the Galapagos by Yves Finet in Chapter 12, pp. 253-60, on 'Marine mollusks of the Gal pagos Islands', in Gal pagos Invertebrates: Taxonomy, Biogeography and Evolution in Darwin's Islands, edited by M.J. James. Plenum Press, New York, 1991. 2 Sea anemone. 3 Another of
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F3450
Pamphlet:
Darwin, C. R. 1971. A letter of Charles Darwin about preparations for the voyage of the Beagle, 1831. [Philadelphia]: Friends of the Library, American Philosophical Society. Stinehour Press and the Meriden Gravure Company.
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no man more than to Darwin, does the present age owe as much, for the gradual reception of the modern method of close observation over the scholastic or a priori formulae, which, up to a brief period, affected all biological investigations. To him, above all men, we owe the recurrence to the old Aryan doctrine of evolution (though in those ancient times promulgated under the guise of inspiration) as preferable, by reasonable demonstration, to the Shemitic views, which have prevailed to within a
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A827
Beagle Library:
Seoane, Mateo. 1831. Neuman and Baretti's dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages. 5th ed. 2 vols. London: n.p. Volume 1: Spanish and English.
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loom. V. Viadera. 3. (Mil. y Na t.) Evolution, by means of which a body of troops or division of ships change their front. CONTRAMARCH R, va. To counter-march, to march backward. CONTRAM RCO, sm. Counter-frame of a glass window. CONTRAMAR A, sf. (Na t.) Counter-tide, or spring-tide. CONTRAMES NA, sf. (Na t.) Mizen-mast. CONTRAM NA, sf. 1. Countermine; a mine intended to seek out and destroy the enemy's mines. 2. A subterraneous communication between two or more mines of metals or minerals
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A827
Beagle Library:
Seoane, Mateo. 1831. Neuman and Baretti's dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages. 5th ed. 2 vols. London: n.p. Volume 1: Spanish and English.
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period of time. 2. (Teol.) Eternity, endless duration. EVOCACI N, sf. Evocation, pagan invocation. EVOC R, va. 1. To call out. 2. To invoke, to solicit a favour, to implore assistance. EVOLUCI N, sf. (Mil.) Evolution, the act of changing the position of troops. Evoluciones navales, Naval evolutions. EX, prep. Lat. Used in the Spanish only in composition, where it either amplifies the signification, as exponer; or serves as a negative, as ex nime. Ex-provincial, Former or late provincial. EX, sm
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A832
Beagle Library:
Turner, Sharon. 1832. The sacred history of the world, as displayed in the Creation and subsequent events to the Deluge, attempted to be philosophically considered in a series of letters to a son. Volume 1. 2nd ed. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman.
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it is not so generally admitted that this was the period of the first evolution of the Botanical Kingdom. It has been affirmed, that no organic remains are found in rocks that were anterior to the coal formation.21 But this idea has been disproved by later discoveries. Some places in England show that the Limestone group below the coal contains vegetable fossils, altho they but rarely occur.22 It is therefore with propriety that the secondary strata, earlier than the coal, have been
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A832
Beagle Library:
Turner, Sharon. 1832. The sacred history of the world, as displayed in the Creation and subsequent events to the Deluge, attempted to be philosophically considered in a series of letters to a son. Volume 1. 2nd ed. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman.
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that from this commencing nursery, it was gradually disseminated from region to region, according to the laws and qualities of each individual species. The simpler Cryptogamias the lichens and mosses, would diffuse themselves on the barren rocks and mineral surface, to begin the first layers of carbonaceous matter. The Simple Fern tribes would find in this sufficient nourishment for their evolution. Their remains would enable the floating seeds of the Grasses to find a congenial bed for their
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A832
Beagle Library:
Turner, Sharon. 1832. The sacred history of the world, as displayed in the Creation and subsequent events to the Deluge, attempted to be philosophically considered in a series of letters to a son. Volume 1. 2nd ed. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman.
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considerably altered by other. The Crustaceous animals have been separated from his insects; and the Testaceous ones from his worms. The Mollusc and Infusoria have also received a more distinct consideration, and a different arrangement. All these form together another vast and multifarious evolution and portraiture of the Divine Mind, to the contemplation of its intelligent creatures. But altho very diversified in external figures, and in their habits, yet they are all linked together by very
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A766
Beagle Library:
De la Beche, Henry Thomas. 1832. A geological manual, 2nd ed., corrected and enlarged. London: Treuttel and Würtz, Treuttel Jun. and Richter.
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canic regions. Its occurrence in the Grotto del Cane, of which such overcharged descriptions have been given, is well known. M M. Bischof and N ggerath notice a pit, on the side of the lake of Laach, in which they found dead birds, squirrels, bats, frogs, toads, and insects, killed by the evolution of carbonic acid gas. A very copious discharge of carbonic acid gas occurs on the Kyll, nearly opposite Birresborn. The gas rises through fissures of the rock, and traverses a pool of rain-water
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A832
Beagle Library:
Turner, Sharon. 1832. The sacred history of the world, as displayed in the Creation and subsequent events to the Deluge, attempted to be philosophically considered in a series of letters to a son. Volume 1. 2nd ed. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman.
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body is nourished, and from which the peculiar secretions are made.'31 Vegetables are not generally affected by the narcotic poisons, but they will absorb arsenic by their vessels and cellular tissues.32 Iodine facilitates the germination of seeds much more than chlorine, if they be watered with a solution of it: even those which have apparently lost all vital power, may frequently be made to germinate by Iodine.33 Light represses the evolution of the seed,34 but is essential to the production
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