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A483
Periodical contribution:
Vignoles, O. J. 1893. The home of a naturalist. Good Words 34: 95-101.
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selves, arose through chance, seems to me the chief argument for the existence of God. I have always considered that the theory of evolution is quite compatible with that belief. Darwin's Life, vol. i., pp. *Mr. De Barri Crawshay, of Sevenoaks. [page] 9
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A483
Periodical contribution:
Vignoles, O. J. 1893. The home of a naturalist. Good Words 34: 95-101.
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I had ventured on a closer scrutiny I might have discovered the copy of Paley's Evidences and of his Natural Theology, both of which works Darwin regarded as models of close and conclusive reasoning, the premises (as he says) being granted; and he always, and rightly, valued at the highest rate the exquisite clearness and perspicuity of the writer's style. But whether for good or ill Evolution has so largely remodelled our interpretation of Nature, and possibly is doing the same with many of our
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A483
Periodical contribution:
Vignoles, O. J. 1893. The home of a naturalist. Good Words 34: 95-101.
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the varieties of breeds and cross-breeds of countless families of pigeons; and the results of these patient and long-continued experiments became as we all know a very important factor in the practical confirmation of the theory of Evolution. Here (as Dr. E. Ray Lankester has put it) was proved the possibility of balance. or elaboration, or degeneration, in the genus Columb . The ingenuity of the philosopher discerns the direction of Nature's laws towards improvement or deterioration in
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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industry Darwin collected and marshalled a vast number of facts and observations to support his view. III. Darwin's work then leads up to that transcendent question, the Evolution of Man and of Mankind. There may be said to be three problems for solution—viz. (1) The Evolution of Man from some lower animal form; (2) The Evolution of the different races of Mankind; (3) Social Evolution. To all these the principle of Natural Selection has been applied, and Darwin did not shrink from carrying his
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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CHARLES DARWIN I. AT the present day Evolution is a word constantly used, and presumably conveys some meaning to those who use it and to those who hear it. The exact meaning of the word is perhaps not always very clear to the user or to the hearer. The reason for its widespread use, however, is not difficult to find. It is chiefly due to the labours and imagination of one man—Charles Darwin. Not that the idea usually associated with Evolution—viz., a gradual development, was unknown before
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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in the gradual evolution of the animal world. He moreover suggested the influences which might cause such modifications of structure as to enable us to understand how changes great enough to make such development possible had occurred. Lamarck's explanation was no doubt a very incomplete one, and was largely discounted by the paucity and poverty of the facts and experiments he brought forward to support it. Nevertheless, his celebrated work—LaPhilosophie Zoologique—in which his views were
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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originated ? What is the origin of species ? It is in the nature of their answers to this question that the difference in value of the work of the two men in solving the problem of Evolution lies. Lamarck attributed the changes necessary for the transmutation of species chiefly to two influences—viz. (i) The Environment, i.e. the totality of surrounding external circumstances ; (2) and the effects of Use and Disuse of parts. The changes produced by the environment and use and disuse of parts being
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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. 3. The Evolution of Civilised Races in the Scale of Humanity is the last rung in the ladder of development. Social Evolution, which has been so fully dealt with by Mr Herbert Spencer, was but lightly touched on by Darwin. But just as the Descent of Man was a necessary corollary of the Origin of Species, so evidently was Darwin convinced that the gradual upward development and improvement of mankind was a corollary of the animal origin of man. Just as the development of the individual organism
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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struggle and consequent selection is now between aggregates of individuals instead of between the individuals themselves. Social Evolution, then, like the evolution of the individual, is a process of adaptation to the environment. The more harmonious this correspondence the more advanced the evolution, in the sense I have already explained, of greater differentiation and greater division of labour. The ideal may be said to be reached when the adjustment between the social organism and its environment
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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realisation of this—of the interdependence and the perpetual action and interaction of them one upon another—-that we must look for a solution of the difficulties which apparently beset the complex question of Social Evolution. If such, an optimistic view, then, is tenable, it assuredly opens up a vista which should have an inspiring and hope-giving effect on mankind. However disappointing or retarded social progress may at times appear to be, yet we may always rest assured that the main
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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importance of that work, and its relation to Darwin's subsequent labours; (3) The connection between Darwinism and Evolution in a wide sense. That so large a subject should be dealt with in a space so small may be justified on the ground that a further important object I had in view was to arouse in the minds of my hearers interest, thought, and further inquiry. E. A. P. London, January 1894. [page 6
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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Fittest must apply, as has been ably and interestingly worked out by the late Mr Bagehot in Nation-making. Social Evolution, then, like the evolution of the individual necessarily involves adaptation to the environment. So long as that adaptation is imperfect, Natural Selection and Survival of the Fittest will come into play, and must ultimately lead to an advance, an upward development. This is on the assumption, of course, that the environment undergoes no such radical cosmic change as to be
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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was on his contemporaries, and lastly its influence and bearing on the greatest of all questions, the Evolution of Mankind. Charles Darwin was born in 1809 at Shrewsbury. His father was a son of Erasmus Darwin, who gained considerable repute by his poems and scientific speculations. His mother was the daughter of Josiah Wedgwood, the well-known Staffordshire potter. Those who are interested in heredity may see reason for not being surprised at the appearance of exceptional gifts in one
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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enthusiasm he maintained up to the time when I can remember him as a very old man teaching his class in London. Referring to Grant, Darwin says: He, one day, when we were walking together, burst forth in high admiration of Lamarck and his views on Evolution. I listened in silent astonishment, and, as far as I can judge, without any effect on my mind. I had previously read the Zoonomia of my grandfather, in which similar views are maintained, and without producing any effect on me. But he is careful to
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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in South America, I am tempted to carry parts to a greater extent even than he does. The influence of Lyell on Darwin personally, and as an unconscious and even unwilling forerunner in the spread of the doctrine of Evolution, can hardly be [page] CORAL REEFS. 1
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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the theory of Natural Selection, as the very basis on which it rests would be undermined. The ultimate result of Natural Selection will be, that by preserving and accumulating beneficial variations each creature tends to become more and more improved in relation to its conditions. This improvement leads to the gradual advancement of the organisation of the greater number of living beings throughout the world—or in other words, to the gradual process of Evolution. From the foregoing it will be
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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Darwin with Lamarck, and also in opening up a very important phase of Evolution. I refer to the influence of Environment. I referred just now to the importance attributed to the Environment on Animal development by Lamarck, so much, so that it is not unfre- [page] 28 CHARLES DARWIN
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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quently spoken of as one of the Lamarckian factors of Evolution. From his observations on Animals and Plants under domestication, Darwin formed the opinion that even very slight changes in the conditions of life (that is to say, slight alterations in the Environment) are often sufficient to cause Variation : of these excess of nutriment is perhaps the most exciting cause. He also concluded that the influence of Environment accumulates, so that variation may appear only two or three generations
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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outcome of a general mental development, is in fact only a phase of the much larger question of the mental differences between animals and man, then, on the evolution of the mental superiority of man being satisfactorily explained, the difficulty of language will at the same time be disposed of. This, in one sense, may be said to be a question which does not concern the mental altitude of civilised human beings. It is a question of explaining the mental differences between the highest animals
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A316
Pamphlet:
Parkyn, Ernest Albert. 1894. Darwin his work and influence a lecture delivered in the hall of Christ's College Cambridge. London: Methuen.
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to ten ? Assuredly we can interpret all these facts in no other way than by concluding that in all these so-called higher mental attributes, the differences between Man and Animals is one of degree and not one of kind. Now, the mental aspect of the subject was by no means overlooked, undervalued, or undealt with by Darwin. On the contrary, his contribution to the psychological side of Evolution was undoubtedly of great value. In him we see a mind of great natural power, stocked with
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