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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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The failure of the earlier attacks on the Origin has been referred to in many pages of this book; but my chief object throughout has been to speak of Darwinism and of Darwin himself. Hence Mendelism, entirely unknown to the illustrious naturalist, is on this occasion barely mentioned.1 The conception of evolution by mutation, on the other hand, is shown to have been from the first entirely familiar to Darwin, and entirely rejected by him. In the Quarterly Review2 for July, 1909, I have
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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lost. DARWIN'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTION BY 'MUTATION' It is interesting to note that the word 'Mutation' appears at one time to have suggested itself to Darwin1 in order to express the evolution or This seems clear from the following passage in a letter written Feb. 14 (1845), to Rev. L. Blomefield (Jenyns): 'Thanks for your hint about terms of mutation , etc.; I had some suspicions that it was not quite correct, and yet I do not yet see [page] 43 'MUTATION' REJECTED BY DARWI
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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cases, although there is no reason to suspect any greater variability, the female is commonly a somewhat better mimic than the male and often a very much better mimic. Wallace's principle seems here to supply the obvious interpretation; but it is to be noted that the evolution of Mimicry is taking place in colours that are associated with sex. Otherwise, it is impossible to explain the fact that the more perfect Mimicry attained by one sex is not immediately transferred to the other. (6) When
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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space exposed to the sun and planted with abundant flowers and the food-plant of the species. It would probably be safe to use Long Island males, while female pupae or the freshly bred females themselves could be readily obtained from further south. THE EVOLUTION OF LIMENITIS (B.) ASTYANAX (F.) AS A MIMIC OF PH. PHILENOR AND ITS PAPILIO MIMICS Scudder states that L. astyanax' ranges from the Atlantic westward to the Mississippi Valley, and from the Gulf of Mexico northward to about the 43rd
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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APPENDIX C first of them; the assumption that he had made Natural Selection the sole motive cause of evolution forms the second: 'I am sorry to find that Sir Wyville Thomson does not understand the principle of Natural Selection, as explained by Mr. Wallace and myself. If he had done so, he could not have written the following sentence in the Introduction to the Voyage of the Challenger: The character of the abyssal fauna refuses to give the least support to the theory which refers the
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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HUGO DE VRIES considered himself led by his work on the Evening Primroses and by confirming Galton's law of' recession towards mediocrity', to the conclusion that evolution proceeds by Mutation or Transilience alone, and that individual differences, called by him' fluctuations', do not lead to marked or permanent change. He does not hesitate to conclude that 'fluctuations' are both hereditary and acquired, and that evolution proceeds by the intermittent explosive discharge of an internal
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A331
Book:
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. 1909. Charles Darwin and the Origin of species: addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
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are enough to stamp Mendel's discovery as among the greatest in the history of the biological sciences. But it does not alter the Darwin-Wallace conception of evolution in nature. The pattern of each mimetic form of the polymorphic female of Papilio dardanus is a complex unit character as defined by Castle, yet all of them exhibit clear evidence of a past history of 'continuous' improvement in the likeness to their respective models. Sports such as those which arise by the dropping out of some
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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certain end. To discern the outcrop of evolution-doctrine in the long interval between Aristotle and Bacon seems to be very difficult, and some of the instances that have been cited strike one as forced. Epicurus and Lucretius, often called poets of evolution, both pictured animals as arising directly out of the earth, very much as Milton's lion long afterwards pawed its way out. Even when we come to Bruno who wrote that to the sound of the harp of the Universal Apollo (the World Spirit), the
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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See J. Arthur Thomson, The Science of Life. London, 1899. Chap. XVI. Evolution of Evolution Theory . 3 See Carus Sterne (Ernst Krause), Die allgemeine Weltanschauung in ihrer historischen Entwickelung. Stuttgart, 1889. Chapter entitled Best ndigkeit oder Ver nderlichkeit der Naturwesen. 4 Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life, 2 vols. London, 1794; Osborn op. cit. p. 145. [page]
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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one cannot help feeling that the citation of them is apt to suggest two fallacies. It may suggest that Darwin simply entered into 1 See Alpheus S. Packard, Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution, His Life and Work, with Translations of his writings on Organic Evolution. London, 1901. 2 See Edward Clodd, Pioneers of Evolution, London, p. 161, 1897. [page]
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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certainly talks evolution and anticipates Prof. Weismann in denying the transmission of acquired characters. He is, however, sadly self-contradictory and his evolutionism weakens in subsequent editions—the only ones that Darwin saw. Prof. Poulton 1 Life and Letters, II. p. 301. 2 Science Progress, New Series, Vol. I. 1897. A Remarkable Anticipation of Modern Views on Evolution. See also Chap. VI. in Essays on Evolution, Oxford, 1908. [page] 1
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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selection; the only point that remains doubtful is whether they all must be referred to it. However that may be, whether the Lamarckian principle is a factor that has cooperated with selection in evolution, or whether it is altogether fallacious, the fact remains, that selection is the cause of a great part of the phyletic evolution of organisms on our earth. Those who agree with me in rejecting the Lamarckian principle will regard selection as the only guiding factor in evolution, which creates
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Heredity make the process of Evolution easier to understand? On the whole the answer may be given that they do. There is some appearance of loss of simplicity, but the gain is real. As was said above, the time is not ripe for the discussion of the origin of species. With faith in Evolution unshaken—if indeed the word faith can be used in application to that which is certain—we look on the manner and causation of adapted differentiation as still wholly mysterious. As Samuel Butler so truly said: To
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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the last section of this essay) or must still rely on Darwin's explanation of the absence of numerous intermediate varieties. The attempts which have been made to trace, in the Tertiary rocks, the evolution of recent species, cannot, owing to the imperfect character of the evidence, be regarded as wholly satisfactory. When we come to groups of a somewhat higher order we have an interesting history of the evolution of a recent family in the work, not yet completed, of Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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GILES, P., on Evolution and the Science of Language, 512-528 Giuffrida-Ruggeri, 131, 133 Giotto, 538, 539 Gizycki, 461 Glossopteris Flora, 314, 315 Gmelin, 303 Godlewski, on hybridisation, 249, 250 GOEBEL, K., on The Biology of Flowers, 401-423 —his work on Morphology, 912, 233, 2352 Goethe and Evolution, 8, 12, 13, 449 —on the relation between Man and Mammals, 148, 149 —463 Goldfarb, 260 Gondwana Land, 334 Goodricke, J., 554, 555, 560 Gore, Dr., 479 Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 128 Gosse, P. H., 485
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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of the last half century, and notice the various theories that have contributed to its advance. The first attempt to give extensive expression to the reform of biology by Darwin's work will be found in my Generelle Morphologie (1866)1 which was followed by a more popular treatment of the subject in my Nat rliche Sch pfungsgeschichte (1868)2, a compilation from the earlier work. In the first volume of the Generelle Morphologie I endeavoured to show the great importance of evolution in settling
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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of transformative heredity, and applies the two in conjunction to the facts of histology. He lays stress on the significance of functional adaptation, which I had described in 1866, under the head of cumulative adaptation, as the most important factor in evolution. Pointing out its influence in the cell-life of the tissues, he puts cellular selection above personal selection, and shows how the finest conceivable adaptations in the structure of the tissue may be brought about quite mechanically
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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I had endeavoured to show in 1874, in the first chapter of my Anthropogenie1, that this fundamental law of organic evolution holds good generally, and that there is everywhere a direct causal connection between ontogeny and phylogeny. Phylogenesis is the mechanical cause of ontogenesis ; in other words, The evolution of the stem or race is—in accordance with the laws of heredity and adaptation—the real cause of all the changes that appear, in a condensed form, in the development of the
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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every hypothesis is won by inference from certain presuppositions, and every inference is based on the general principles of human thought. The evolution hypothesis presupposes, then, human thought and its principles. And not only the abstract logical principles are thus presupposed. The evolution hypothesis purports to be not only a formal arrangement of phenomena, but to express also the law of a real process. It supposes, then, that the real data—all that in our knowledge which we do not
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A162
Book:
Seward, A. C. ed. 1909. Darwin and modern science. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The origin of species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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the last word of human thought? Does not the possibility, that man can do his duty, suppose that the conditions of life allow of continuous ethical striving, so that there is a certain harmony between cosmic order and human ideals? Darwin himself has shown how the consciousness of duty can arise as a natural result of evolution. Moreover there are lines of evolution which have their end in ethical idealism, in a kingdom of values, which must struggle for life as all things in the world must do
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