F1744    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. On the specific difference between Primula veris, Brit. Fl. (var. officinalis, of Linn.), P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.) and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the hybrid nature of the common Oxlip. With supplementary remarks on naturally-produced Hybrids in the genus Verbascum. [Read 19 March] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 10: 437-454.   Text   Image   PDF

. Illegitimate union. Legitimate union. Short-styled oxlip, by pollen of short-styled oxlip: 20 flowers fertilized, did not produce one capsule. Short-styled oxlip, by pollen of long-styled oxlip: 10 flowers fertilized, did not produce one capsule. Long-styled oxlip, by pollen of long-styled oxlip: 24 flowers fertilized, produced five capsules, containing 6, 10, 20, 8, and 14 seeds. Average 11.6. Long-styled oxlip, by pollen of short-styled oxlip: 10 flowers fertilized, did not produce one capsule

F1744    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. On the specific difference between Primula veris, Brit. Fl. (var. officinalis, of Linn.), P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.) and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the hybrid nature of the common Oxlip. With supplementary remarks on naturally-produced Hybrids in the genus Verbascum. [Read 19 March] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 10: 437-454.   Text   Image   PDF

, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.), and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the common Oxlip. With Supplementary Remarks on naturally-produced Hybrids in the genus Verbascum. By CHARLES DARWIN, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., c.1 [Read March 19, 1868.] THE claim of the above three forms (namely, the common Cowslip, Primrose, and Bardfield Oxlip) to be ranked as distinct species has been discussed at greater length than that of almost any other plants. Linnæus considered them varieties, as do some

F1744    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. On the specific difference between Primula veris, Brit. Fl. (var. officinalis, of Linn.), P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.) and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the hybrid nature of the common Oxlip. With supplementary remarks on naturally-produced Hybrids in the genus Verbascum. [Read 19 March] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 10: 437-454.   Text   Image   PDF

tall thick scape, bearing many flowers, like that of the parent Oxlip, was thrown up. The third plant likewise produced at first only single-flowered scapes, with the flowers rather small and of a darker yellow; but it perished early; otherwise it would probably have thrown up an umbel. The second plant also died in September; and the first plant, though all three grew under very favourable conditions, looked very sickly. Hence we may infer that seedlings from a self-fertilized Oxlip would not

F1744    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. On the specific difference between Primula veris, Brit. Fl. (var. officinalis, of Linn.), P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.) and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the hybrid nature of the common Oxlip. With supplementary remarks on naturally-produced Hybrids in the genus Verbascum. [Read 19 March] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 10: 437-454.   Text   Image   PDF

ascertain whether the Bardfield oxlip, when crossed with the Cowslip and Primrose, behaved like a distinct species; for if it can be clearly proved not to be a hybrid, and if the Cowslip and Primrose are specifically distinct, I presume that no one will any longer doubt that the P. elatior is likewise distinct. The following Table shows the fertility of the four unions between the two forms of this dimorphic species:— Table VI. Primula elatior or Bardfield Oxlip. Nature of union. Number of

F1744    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. On the specific difference between Primula veris, Brit. Fl. (var. officinalis, of Linn.), P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.) and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the hybrid nature of the common Oxlip. With supplementary remarks on naturally-produced Hybrids in the genus Verbascum. [Read 19 March] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 10: 437-454.   Text   Image   PDF

Surrey found that twenty-nine Oxlips which grew in the neighbourhood of his house consisted of thirteen long-styled and sixteen short-styled plants; now, if the parent plants had been illegitimately united, either the long- or short-styled form would have greatly preponderated in number. The case of the Oxlip is interesting; for hardly any other instance is known of a hybrid spontaneously arising in such large numbers over so wide an extent of country. The common Oxlip (not the P. elatior of

F1744    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. On the specific difference between Primula veris, Brit. Fl. (var. officinalis, of Linn.), P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.) and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the hybrid nature of the common Oxlip. With supplementary remarks on naturally-produced Hybrids in the genus Verbascum. [Read 19 March] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 10: 437-454.   Text   Image   PDF

neighbouring species. Mr. H. C. Watson, a critical and most careful observer, made many experiments by sowing the seeds of Cowslips and of various kinds of Oxlips, and arrived at the following conclusion†, namely, that seeds of a Cowslip can produce Cowslips and Oxlips, and that seeds of an Oxlip can produce Cowslips, Oxlips, and Primroses. This conclusion harmonizes perfectly with the view that in all cases, when such results have been obtained, the unprotected Cowslips have been crossed by Primroses, and

F1742    Periodical contribution:     Darwin, C. R. 1868. On the character and hybrid-like nature of the offspring from the illegitimate unions of dimorphic and trimorphic plants. [Read 20 February] Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 10: 393-437.   Text   Image   PDF

reversion, namely, the small size and wild aspect of their flowers. Now I have elsewhere‡ given abundant evidence showing that the offspring of crossed species and varieties are eminently liable to reversion. Hence in the cases in which illegitimate birth appears to have been the exciting cause of reversion, illegitimacy has acted like hybridization. The parallelism in this particular instance is close; in a future paper I shall show that the common Oxlip is a hybrid between P. veris and vulgaris

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

forms of the common Oxlip. Illegitimate union. Legitimate union. Illegitimate union. Legitimate union. Short-styled oxlip, by pollen of short-styled oxlip: 10 flowers fertilised, did not produce one capsule. Short-styled oxlip, by pollen of long-styled oxlip: 10 flowers fertilised, did not produce one capsule. Long-styled oxlip, by its own pollen: 24 flowers fertilised, produced five capsules, containing 6, 10, 20, 8, and 14 seeds. Average 11 6. Long-styled oxlip, by pollen of short-styled oxlip

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

, by pollen of short-styled oxlip: 8 flowers fertilised, produced not one capsule. Long-styled cowslip, by pollen of short-styled oxlip: 8 flowers fertilised, produced one capsule, containing 26 seeds. Long-styled cowslip, by pollen of long-styled oxlip: 8 flowers fertilised, produced three capsules, containing 5, 6, and 14 seeds. Average 8 3. Short-styled cowslip, by pollen of long-styled oxlip: 8 flowers fertilised, produced eight capsules, containing 58, 38, 31, 44, 23, 26, 37, and 66 seeds

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

We see in these five tables the number of capsules and of seeds produced, by crossing both forms of the oxlip in a legitimate and illegitimate manner with one another, and with the two forms of the primrose and cowslip. I may premise that the pollen of two of the short-styled oxlips consisted of nothing but minute aborted whitish cells; but in the third short-styled plant about one-fifth of the grains appeared in a sound condition. Hence it is not surprising that neither the short-styled nor

F1297    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. Die verschiedenen Blüthenformen an Pflanzen der nämlichen Art. Translated by J. V. Carus. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. Ch. Darwin's gesammelte Werke. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. Autorisirte deutsche Ausgabe, vol. 9, part 3..   Text   Image   PDF

, ein Argume welchem Gewicht zu Gunsten der Ansicht zu sein, das/ /'. veris und ietäten sind und wird factisch ein Argument für [einung. Der hybride Ursprung einer Pflanze im Naturzustande kann durch vier Proben erkannt werden: erstens dasz Bie nur d ide Elternspeci.....sistiren oder neuerdings existirt haben; und dies tteln kann, bei dem Oxlip; a '.. welche, w ii larsteilt, darf nicht mit dem gemeinen Oxlip vei ' - die vermeintliche hybride Pflanze im Character nahezu intern a den zwei elterlichi

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

somewhat smaller and more deeply coloured than those of the common primrose. From what I have myself observed with oxlips, I cannot doubt that this plant was an oxlip in a highly variable condition, almost like that of the famous Cytisus adami. This presumed oxlip was propagated by offsets, which were planted in different parts of the garden; and if Prof. Henslow took by mistake seeds from one of these plants, especially if it had been crossed by a primrose, the result would be quite intelligible

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

illegitimately fertilising, pure cowslips and primroses. The four corresponding legitimate unions, however, were moderately fertile, and one (viz. that between a short-styled cowslip and the long-styled oxlip in Table 17) was nearly as fertile as if both parents had been pure. A short-styled primrose legitimately fertilised by the long-styled oxlip (Table 18) also yielded a moderately good average, namely 48 7 seeds; but if this short-styled primrose had been fertilised by a long-styled

F1297    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. Die verschiedenen Blüthenformen an Pflanzen der nämlichen Art. Translated by J. V. Carus. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. Ch. Darwin's gesammelte Werke. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. Autorisirte deutsche Ausgabe, vol. 9, part 3..   Text   Image   PDF

Pflanze 'du Oxlip in einem bedeutend variablen Zustande war, beinahe dem des berühmten i ermutb- liche Oxlip war durch Senker fortgepflanzt worden, welche en Stellen des Gartens gepflanzt waren: und wenn Prol low aus Versehen Pflanzen von einigen dieser Pflanzen nahm, ders we mit P. vulgaris gekreuzt waren, so würde das schwieriger zu verstehen: Dr. Eerberi ' zog aus dem Samen einer hoch cultivirten rothblühenden P. veris Pflanzen von /. Arten Oxlips und eine /'. vulgaris. Wenn dieser Fall richtig

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

Primula elatior, Jacq., or the Bardfield Oxlip, is found in England only in two or three of the eastern counties. On the Continent it has a somewhat different range from that of the cowslip and primrose; and it inhabits some districts where neither of these species live.* In general appearance it differs so much from the common oxlip, that no one accustomed to see both forms in the living state could afterwards confound them; but there is scarcely more than a single character by which they can

F1297    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. Die verschiedenen Blüthenformen an Pflanzen der nämlichen Art. Translated by J. V. Carus. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. Ch. Darwin's gesammelte Werke. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. Autorisirte deutsche Ausgabe, vol. 9, part 3..   Text   Image   PDF

gefunden werdi zweiten so müssen wir künftig /'. pulgm Priimik rdfield Oxlip wird in nur in zwei oder drei der östlichen Grafschaften gefunden. A.ul 18 Vel- Verbreitung; und sie bewohnt einige Districte, wo keii In der allgemeinen Erscheinung weichl Behr vom gemeinen Oxlip ab, dasz Niemand, der daran 'ormen im lebenden Zi r verwechseln kann: esgibt aber kaum mehr als einen einzigen Charaoter, durch welchen niiiii bezeichnet werden kann, nämlich, ihre tinear-nblongen sind dem Kelch an ls. Wenn

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

heterostyled dimorphic and trimorphic plants illegitimately fertilised with their own-form pollen, I shall have occasion to show that with the present species and several others, equal-styled varieties sometimes appear. PRIMULA ELATIOR, Jacq. Bardfield Oxlip of English Authors. This plant, as well as the last or Cowslip (P. veris, vel officinalis), and the Primrose (P. vulgaris, vel acaulis) have been considered by some botanists as varieties of the same species. But they are all three undoubtedly

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

smaller flowers, of a paler colour, almost like those of the primrose; the scapes were at first single-flowered, but later in the season a tall thick scape, bearing many flowers, like that of the parent oxlip, was thrown up. The third plant likewise produced at first only single-flowered scapes, with the flowers rather small and of a darker yellow; but it perished early. The second plant also died in September; and the first plant, though all three grew under very favourable conditions, looked

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

per capsule. So that out of the eight possible unions between the two forms of these two species, six were utterly barren, and two fairly fertile. We have seen also the same sort of extraordinary irregularity in the results of my twenty different crosses (Tables 14 to 18), between the two forms of the oxlip, primrose, and cowslip. Mr. Scott remarks, with respect to the results of his trials, that they are very surprising, as they show us that the sexual forms of a species manifest in their

F1297    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. Die verschiedenen Blüthenformen an Pflanzen der nämlichen Art. Translated by J. V. Carus. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. Ch. Darwin's gesammelte Werke. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. Autorisirte deutsche Ausgabe, vol. 9, part 3..   Text   Image   PDF

ii-| Hybride Primeln. Blüthen der /'. vulgaris, mit Pollen von dem lau Oxlip befruchtet, acht Kapseln producirten (Tabelli indessen nur ein niedriges Mittel an Samen enthielten, während dieselbe Zahl \on Blüthen der P. vulgaris ahnlich vom langgriffeligen B Oxlip, /'. elatior, befruchtet, nur eine einzige Kapsel re Pflanze eine durchaus um der /'. vulgaris vi dene Species ist. Pflanzen von P. elatior sind in einem Garten fünf- undzwanzig Jahre hindurch durch Samen fortgepflanzt worden und

F1297    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. Die verschiedenen Blüthenformen an Pflanzen der nämlichen Art. Translated by J. V. Carus. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. Ch. Darwin's gesammelte Werke. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. Autorisirte deutsche Ausgabe, vol. 9, part 3..   Text   Image   PDF

und in manchen Beziehungen nicht gut zur Bastardbefruchi teichfalls reichlich verbastardirt worden. England wird das gemeine ,Oxlip', m -lip'i und P. vulgaris var. (,primrose') häufig gefunden und es tritt gelegentlich beinahe überall auf. Ii indermediären hybriden Form und der Existenz der P. elatior (dem ,Bardfield Oxlip'j, welche in gewissem Grade dem gemeinen « xliji ahnlich ist, ist der Anspruch der drei .in den l.'.n._ i Arien häufiger und ausfuhrlicher I -iIniii. Jahr 1875, : und 5j s

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

extremely small. As these hybrids varied so much, an almost perfectly graduated series of forms, connecting together the two widely distinct parent-species, could easily have been selected. This case, like that of the common oxlip, shows that botanists ought to be * 'The Effects of Cross and Self-fertilisation,' 1876, p. 89. [page] 8

F1297    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. Die verschiedenen Blüthenformen an Pflanzen der nämlichen Art. Translated by J. V. Carus. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. Ch. Darwin's gesammelte Werke. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. Autorisirte deutsche Ausgabe, vol. 9, part 3..   Text   Image   PDF

\ -n ersten Blick sehr stark zu auf, von mehreren competent i, dasz sie P. und Oxlip au ler nämlichen Pflanze gezogen haben, und zweitens auf dem häufigen Vorkommen von Pflanzen im Naturzustande, welche alle inter- mediäre Stufen zw i geringem Werthe; denn da mau früher die Bedeutung der Heterostylie nicht kannte, wurden die tanzen in keinem Falle' gegen die Besuche der ln- hützt; und die Gefahr, das/, eine isolirte I mehrei wenn sie ron derselben Form sind, von einer be- nachbarten /' kreuzt

F1277    Book:     Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.   Text   Image   PDF

; Campanula colorata, 330 Ononis column , 325 minutissima, 326, 341 parviflora, 326 Origanum vulgare, 298 Oxalis acetosella, 181, 182; pistil of, 261; cleistogamic flowers, 321; pollen-grains, 338 Bowii, 179 compressa, 179 corniculata, 181 Deppei, 179 hedysaroides, 213 homostyled species, 181 incarnata, 322 Regnelli, 173 175, 212 rosea, 178, 213 (Biophytum) sensitiva, 181, 322; stigma, 253 speciosa, 169, 175, 212 stricta, 181, 182 trop oloides, 182 Valdiviana, 170 172, 211, 212 Oxlip, the Bardwell

A1517    Review:     Anon. 1878. [Review of Forms of flowers]. Hermaphrodite flowers. Otago Witness (27 April), issue 1378.   Text   PDF

give only a single illustration of the experiments of which this book gives us the results. He collected some hundreds, of each of the common cowslip, primrose, oxlip, loosestrife, and upwards of forty other species. Of one of these he made 223 unions, fertilising over a dozen flowers of each in the necessary eighteen different methods having eliminated the reproductive organs of each flower, and marked and numbered each thereby preserving a perfect record. He propagated plants from the seeds of